RESUMO
The immune system employs recognition tools to communicate with its microbial evolutionary partner. Among all the methods of microbial perception, T cells enable the widest spectrum of microbial recognition resolution, ranging from the crudest detection of whole groups of microbes to the finest detection of specific antigens. The application of this recognition capability to the crucial task of combatting infections has been the focus of classical immunology. We now appreciate that the coevolution of the immune system and the microbiota has led to development of a lush immunological decision tree downstream of microbial recognition, of which an inflammatory response is but one branch. In this review we discuss known T cell-microbe interactions in the gut and place them in the context of an algorithmic framework of recognition, context-dependent interpretation, and response circuits across multiple levels of microbial recognition resolution. The malleability of T cells in response to the microbiota presents an opportunity to edit immune response cellularity, identity, and functionality by utilizing microbiota-controlled pathways to promote human health.
Assuntos
Microbiota , Linfócitos T , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can induce both immune activation and immune tolerance according to the peripheral cues. Recent work has established that DCs comprise several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte differentiation. This review summarizes both mouse and human DC subset phenotypes, development, diversification, and function. We focus on advances in our understanding of how different DC subsets regulate distinct CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation outcomes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, and T regulatory cells. We review DC subset intrinsic properties, local tissue microenvironments, and other immune cells that together determine Th cell differentiation during homeostasis and inflammation.
Assuntos
Tolerância Imunológica , Ativação Linfocitária , Animais , Células Dendríticas , Humanos , Camundongos , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Células Th17RESUMO
Primary atopic disorders describes a series of monogenic diseases that have allergy- or atopic effector-related symptoms as a substantial feature. The underlying pathogenic genetic lesions help illustrate fundamental pathways in atopy, opening up diagnostic and therapeutic options for further study in those patients, but ultimately for common allergic diseases as well. Key pathways affected in these disorders include T cell receptor and B cell receptor signaling, cytokine signaling, skin barrier function, and mast cell function, as well as pathways that have not yet been elucidated. While comorbidities such as classically syndromic presentation or immune deficiency are often present, in some cases allergy alone is the presenting symptom, suggesting that commonly encountered allergic diseases exist on a spectrum of monogenic and complex genetic etiologies that are impacted by environmental risk factors.
Assuntos
Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/etiologia , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Citocinas/metabolismo , Gerenciamento Clínico , Meio Ambiente , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/diagnóstico , Mastócitos/imunologia , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
The complement system is an evolutionarily ancient key component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was discovered more than 100 years ago and was originally defined as a liver-derived, blood-circulating sentinel system that classically mediates the opsonization and lytic killing of dangerous microbes and the initiation of the general inflammatory reaction. More recently, complement has also emerged as a critical player in adaptive immunity via its ability to instruct both B and T cell responses. In particular, work on the impact of complement on T cell responses led to the surprising discoveries that the complement system also functions within cells and is involved in regulating basic cellular processes, predominantly those of metabolic nature. Here, we review current knowledge about complement's role in T cell biology, with a focus on the novel intracellular and noncanonical activities of this ancient system.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/imunologia , Imunomodulação , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Imunidade Adaptativa , Animais , Autoimunidade , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Ativação do Complemento/imunologia , Metabolismo Energético , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Proteína Cofatora de Membrana/metabolismo , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/metabolismoRESUMO
Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection from helminth infection and are central to the pathogenesis of many allergic inflammatory diseases. Molecular analysis of Th2 cell differentiation and maintenance of function has led to recent discoveries that have refined our understanding of Th2 cell biology. Epigenetic regulation of Gata3 expression by chromatin remodeling complexes such as Polycomb and Trithorax is crucial for maintaining Th2 cell identity. In the context of allergic diseases, memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells have been identified in both mice and humans. To better understand these disease-driving cell populations, we have developed a model called the pathogenic Th population disease induction model. The concept of defined subsets of pathogenic Th cells may spur new, effective strategies for treating intractable chronic inflammatory disorders.
Assuntos
Helmintíase/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epigênese Genética , Fator de Transcrição GATA3/genética , Fator de Transcrição GATA3/metabolismo , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral , Memória Imunológica , Interleucina-13/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Interleucina-5/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/genética , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/metabolismo , Proteínas do Grupo Polycomb/genética , Proteínas do Grupo Polycomb/metabolismoRESUMO
Interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-17 are well-validated therapeutic targets in autoinflammatory diseases. Antibodies targeting IL-23 and IL-17 have shown clinical efficacy but are limited by high costs, safety risks, lack of sustained efficacy, and poor patient convenience as they require parenteral administration. Here, we present designed miniproteins inhibiting IL-23R and IL-17 with antibody-like, low picomolar affinities at a fraction of the molecular size. The minibinders potently block cell signaling in vitro and are extremely stable, enabling oral administration and low-cost manufacturing. The orally administered IL-23R minibinder shows efficacy better than a clinical anti-IL-23 antibody in mouse colitis and has a favorable pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution profile in rats. This work demonstrates that orally administered de novo-designed minibinders can reach a therapeutic target past the gut epithelial barrier. With high potency, gut stability, and straightforward manufacturability, de novo-designed minibinders are a promising modality for oral biologics.
Assuntos
Colite , Interleucina-17 , Células Th17 , Animais , Administração Oral , Camundongos , Humanos , Ratos , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Células Th17/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina/antagonistas & inibidores , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Masculino , Interleucina-23/metabolismo , Interleucina-23/antagonistas & inibidores , Distribuição Tecidual , Feminino , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response by providing help to B cells and cytotoxic T cells and by releasing different types of cytokines in tissues to mediate protection against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. These functions are performed by different types of Th cells endowed with distinct migratory capacities and effector functions. Here we discuss how studies of the human T cell response to microbes have advanced our understanding of Th cell functional heterogeneity, in particular with the discovery of a distinct Th1 subset involved in the response to Mycobacteria and the characterization of two types of Th17 cells specific for extracellular bacteria or fungi. We also review new approaches to dissect at the clonal level the human CD4(+) T cell response induced by pathogens or vaccines that have revealed an unexpected degree of intraclonal diversification and propose a progressive and selective model of CD4(+) T cell differentiation.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Biodiversidade , Micoses/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Vacinas/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Seleção Clonal Mediada por Antígeno , Células Clonais , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
Tissue immunity and responses to injury depend on the coordinated action and communication among physiological systems. Here, we show that, upon injury, adaptive responses to the microbiota directly promote sensory neuron regeneration. At homeostasis, tissue-resident commensal-specific T cells colocalize with sensory nerve fibers within the dermis, express a transcriptional program associated with neuronal interaction and repair, and promote axon growth and local nerve regeneration following injury. Mechanistically, our data reveal that the cytokine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) released by commensal-specific Th17 cells upon injury directly signals to sensory neurons via IL-17 receptor A, the transcription of which is specifically upregulated in injured neurons. Collectively, our work reveals that in the context of tissue damage, preemptive immunity to the microbiota can rapidly bridge biological systems by directly promoting neuronal repair, while also identifying IL-17A as a major determinant of this fundamental process.
Assuntos
Interleucina-17 , Microbiota , Regeneração Nervosa , Células Th17 , Axônios , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais , Animais , Camundongos , Células Th17/citologiaRESUMO
In the 40 years since their discovery, dendritic cells (DCs) have been recognized as central players in immune regulation. DCs sense microbial stimuli through pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) and decode, integrate, and present information derived from such stimuli to T cells, thus stimulating immune responses. DCs can also regulate the quality of immune responses. Several functionally specialized subsets of DCs exist, but DCs also display functional plasticity in response to diverse stimuli. In addition to sensing pathogens via PRRs, emerging evidence suggests that DCs can also sense stress signals, such as amino acid starvation, through ancient stress and nutrient sensing pathways, to stimulate adaptive immunity. Here, I discuss these exciting advances in the context of a historic perspective on the discovery of DCs and their role in immune regulation. I conclude with a discussion of emerging areas in DC biology in the systems immunology era and suggest that the impact of DCs on immunity can be usefully contextualized in a hierarchy-of-organization model in which DCs, their receptors and signaling networks, cell-cell interactions, tissue microenvironment, and the host macroenvironment represent different levels of the hierarchy. Immunity or tolerance can then be represented as a complex function of each of these hierarchies.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Animais , Comunicação Celular/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Seleção Clonal Mediada por Antígeno , Resistência à Doença , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Linfócitos/citologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
How intestinal microbes regulate metabolic syndrome is incompletely understood. We show that intestinal microbiota protects against development of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and pre-diabetic phenotypes by inducing commensal-specific Th17 cells. High-fat, high-sugar diet promoted metabolic disease by depleting Th17-inducing microbes, and recovery of commensal Th17 cells restored protection. Microbiota-induced Th17 cells afforded protection by regulating lipid absorption across intestinal epithelium in an IL-17-dependent manner. Diet-induced loss of protective Th17 cells was mediated by the presence of sugar. Eliminating sugar from high-fat diets protected mice from obesity and metabolic syndrome in a manner dependent on commensal-specific Th17 cells. Sugar and ILC3 promoted outgrowth of Faecalibaculum rodentium that displaced Th17-inducing microbiota. These results define dietary and microbiota factors posing risk for metabolic syndrome. They also define a microbiota-dependent mechanism for immuno-pathogenicity of dietary sugar and highlight an elaborate interaction between diet, microbiota, and intestinal immunity in regulation of metabolic disorders.
Assuntos
Síndrome Metabólica , Microbiota , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Açúcares da Dieta , Interleucina-17 , Mucosa Intestinal , Lipídeos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Obesidade , Células Th17RESUMO
Fungal communities (the mycobiota) are an integral part of the gut microbiota, and the disruption of their integrity contributes to local and gut-distal pathologies. Yet, the mechanisms by which intestinal fungi promote homeostasis remain unclear. We characterized the mycobiota biogeography along the gastrointestinal tract and identified a subset of fungi associated with the intestinal mucosa of mice and humans. Mucosa-associated fungi (MAF) reinforced intestinal epithelial function and protected mice against intestinal injury and bacterial infection. Notably, intestinal colonization with a defined consortium of MAF promoted social behavior in mice. The gut-local effects on barrier function were dependent on IL-22 production by CD4+ T helper cells, whereas the effects on social behavior were mediated through IL-17R-dependent signaling in neurons. Thus, the spatial organization of the gut mycobiota is associated with host-protective immunity and epithelial barrier function and might be a driver of the neuroimmune modulation of mouse behavior through complementary Type 17 immune mechanisms.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Micobioma , Receptores de Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Comportamento Social , Animais , Fungos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa Intestinal , Camundongos , MucosaRESUMO
While intestinal Th17 cells are critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis, recent studies have implicated their roles in the development of extra-intestinal autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which tissue Th17 cells mediate these dichotomous functions remain unknown. Here, we characterized the heterogeneity, plasticity, and migratory phenotypes of tissue Th17 cells in vivo by combined fate mapping with profiling of the transcriptomes and TCR clonotypes of over 84,000 Th17 cells at homeostasis and during CNS autoimmune inflammation. Inter- and intra-organ single-cell analyses revealed a homeostatic, stem-like TCF1+ IL-17+ SLAMF6+ population that traffics to the intestine where it is maintained by the microbiota, providing a ready reservoir for the IL-23-driven generation of encephalitogenic GM-CSF+ IFN-γ+ CXCR6+ T cells. Our study defines a direct in vivo relationship between IL-17+ non-pathogenic and GM-CSF+ and IFN-γ+ pathogenic Th17 populations and provides a mechanism by which homeostatic intestinal Th17 cells direct extra-intestinal autoimmune disease.
Assuntos
Autoimunidade , Intestinos/imunologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Movimento Celular , Células Clonais , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/imunologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Homeostase , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Especificidade de Órgãos , RNA/metabolismo , RNA-Seq , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR6/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina/metabolismo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Família de Moléculas de Sinalização da Ativação Linfocitária/metabolismo , Análise de Célula Única , Baço/metabolismoRESUMO
Very low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diets (KDs) induce a pronounced shift in metabolic fuel utilization that elevates circulating ketone bodies; however, the consequences of these compounds for host-microbiome interactions remain unknown. Here, we show that KDs alter the human and mouse gut microbiota in a manner distinct from high-fat diets (HFDs). Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses of stool samples from an 8-week inpatient study revealed marked shifts in gut microbial community structure and function during the KD. Gradient diet experiments in mice confirmed the unique impact of KDs relative to HFDs with a reproducible depletion of bifidobacteria. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that ketone bodies selectively inhibited bifidobacterial growth. Finally, mono-colonizations and human microbiome transplantations into germ-free mice revealed that the KD-associated gut microbiota reduces the levels of intestinal pro-inflammatory Th17 cells. Together, these results highlight the importance of trans-kingdom chemical dialogs for mediating the host response to dietary interventions.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Intestinos/imunologia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/métodos , Dieta Cetogênica/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microbiota/imunologia , Microbiota/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células Th17/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The precise mechanism by which oral infection contributes to the pathogenesis of extra-oral diseases remains unclear. Here, we report that periodontal inflammation exacerbates gut inflammation in vivo. Periodontitis leads to expansion of oral pathobionts, including Klebsiella and Enterobacter species, in the oral cavity. Amassed oral pathobionts are ingested and translocate to the gut, where they activate the inflammasome in colonic mononuclear phagocytes, triggering inflammation. In parallel, periodontitis results in generation of oral pathobiont-reactive Th17 cells in the oral cavity. Oral pathobiont-reactive Th17 cells are imprinted with gut tropism and migrate to the inflamed gut. When in the gut, Th17 cells of oral origin can be activated by translocated oral pathobionts and cause development of colitis, but they are not activated by gut-resident microbes. Thus, oral inflammation, such as periodontitis, exacerbates gut inflammation by supplying the gut with both colitogenic pathobionts and pathogenic T cells.
Assuntos
Colite/patologia , Enterobacter/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Klebsiella/fisiologia , Boca/microbiologia , Animais , Colite/microbiologia , Colo/microbiologia , Colo/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Enterobacter/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/deficiência , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Klebsiella/isolamento & purificação , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Periodontite/microbiologia , Periodontite/patologia , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/metabolismoRESUMO
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful tool for defining cellular diversity in tumors, but its application toward dissecting mechanisms underlying immune-modulating therapies is scarce. We performed scRNA-seq analyses on immune and stromal populations from colorectal cancer patients, identifying specific macrophage and conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets as key mediators of cellular cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment. Defining comparable myeloid populations in mouse tumors enabled characterization of their response to myeloid-targeted immunotherapy. Treatment with anti-CSF1R preferentially depleted macrophages with an inflammatory signature but spared macrophage populations that in mouse and human expresses pro-angiogenic/tumorigenic genes. Treatment with a CD40 agonist antibody preferentially activated a cDC population and increased Bhlhe40+ Th1-like cells and CD8+ memory T cells. Our comprehensive analysis of key myeloid subsets in human and mouse identifies critical cellular interactions regulating tumor immunity and defines mechanisms underlying myeloid-targeted immunotherapies currently undergoing clinical testing.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Sequência de Bases/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , China , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Lymphoid cells that produce interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines protect barrier tissues from pathogenic microbes but are also prominent effectors of inflammation and autoimmune disease. T helper 17 (Th17) cells, defined by RORγt-dependent production of IL-17A and IL-17F, exert homeostatic functions in the gut upon microbiota-directed differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells. In the non-pathogenic setting, their cytokine production is regulated by serum amyloid A proteins (SAA1 and SAA2) secreted by adjacent intestinal epithelial cells. However, Th17 cell behaviors vary markedly according to their environment. Here, we show that SAAs additionally direct a pathogenic pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation program, acting directly on T cells in collaboration with STAT3-activating cytokines. Using loss- and gain-of-function mouse models, we show that SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3 have distinct systemic and local functions in promoting Th17-mediated inflammatory diseases. These studies suggest that T cell signaling pathways modulated by the SAAs may be attractive targets for anti-inflammatory therapies.
Assuntos
Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/metabolismo , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/metabolismo , Células Th17/metabolismo , Adulto , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Células Th1 , Células Th17/imunologiaRESUMO
Adaptive immunity provides life-long protection by generating central and effector memory T cells and the most recently described tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells. However, the cellular origin of CD4 TRM cells and their contribution to host defense remain elusive. Using IL-17A tracking-fate mouse models, we found that a significant fraction of lung CD4 TRM cells derive from IL-17A-producing effector (TH17) cells following immunization with heat-killed Klebsiella pneumonia (Kp). These exTH17 TRM cells are maintained in the lung by IL-7, produced by lymphatic endothelial cells. During a memory response, neither antibodies, γδ T cells, nor circulatory T cells are sufficient for the rapid host defense required to eliminate Kp. Conversely, using parabiosis and depletion studies, we demonstrated that exTH17 TRM cells play an important role in bacterial clearance. Thus, we delineate the origin and function of airway CD4 TRM cells during bacterial infection, offering novel strategies for targeted vaccine design.
Assuntos
Infecções por Klebsiella/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Toxina Diftérica/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Memória Imunológica , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Infecções por Klebsiella/patologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/imunologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/microbiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células Th17/citologia , Células Th17/metabolismoRESUMO
Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) shows encouraging results in a subset of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) but still elicits a sub-optimal response among those with bone metastases. Analysis of patients' bone marrow samples revealed increased Th17 instead of Th1 subsets after ICT. To further evaluate the different tumor microenvironments, we injected mice with prostate tumor cells either subcutaneously or intraosseously. ICT in the subcutaneous CRPC model significantly increases intra-tumoral Th1 subsets and improves survival. However, ICT fails to elicit an anti-tumor response in the bone CRPC model despite an increase in the intra-tumoral CD4 T cells, which are polarized to Th17 rather than Th1 lineage. Mechanistically, tumors in the bone promote osteoclast-mediated bone resorption that releases TGF-ß, which restrains Th1 lineage development. Blocking TGF-ß along with ICT increases Th1 subsets and promotes clonal expansion of CD8 T cells and subsequent regression of bone CRPC and improves survival.
Assuntos
Linhagem da Célula , Imunoterapia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/citologia , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Antígenos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Antígeno CTLA-4/metabolismo , Linhagem da Célula/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Clonais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Memória Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ipilimumab/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Osteoclastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/imunologia , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Análise de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Th17 cells provide protection at barrier tissues but may also contribute to immune pathology. The relevance and induction mechanisms of pathologic Th17 responses in humans are poorly understood. Here, we identify the mucocutaneous pathobiont Candida albicans as the major direct inducer of human anti-fungal Th17 cells. Th17 cells directed against other fungi are induced by cross-reactivity to C. albicans. Intestinal inflammation expands total C. albicans and cross-reactive Th17 cells. Strikingly, Th17 cells cross-reactive to the airborne fungus Aspergillus fumigatus are selectively activated and expanded in patients with airway inflammation, especially during acute allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. This indicates a direct link between protective intestinal Th17 responses against C. albicans and lung inflammation caused by airborne fungi. We identify heterologous immunity to a single, ubiquitous member of the microbiota as a central mechanism for systemic induction of human anti-fungal Th17 responses and as a potential risk factor for pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Aspergillus fumigatus/imunologia , Aspergillus fumigatus/patogenicidade , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Reações Cruzadas/imunologia , Fibrose Cística/imunologia , Fibrose Cística/microbiologia , Humanos , Imunidade , Imunidade Heteróloga/imunologia , Células Th17/fisiologiaRESUMO
Cytokine expression during T cell differentiation is a highly regulated process that involves long-range promoter-enhancer and CTCF-CTCF contacts at cytokine loci. Here, we investigated the impact of dynamic chromatin loop formation within the topologically associating domain (TAD) in regulating the expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-22 (IL-22); these cytokine loci are closely located in the genome and are associated with complex enhancer landscapes, which are selectively active in type 1 and type 3 lymphocytes. In situ Hi-C analyses revealed inducible TADs that insulated Ifng and Il22 enhancers during Th1 cell differentiation. Targeted deletion of a 17 bp boundary motif of these TADs imbalanced Th1- and Th17-associated immunity, both in vitro and in vivo, upon Toxoplasma gondii infection. In contrast, this boundary element was dispensable for cytokine regulation in natural killer cells. Our findings suggest that precise cytokine regulation relies on lineage- and developmental stage-specific interactions of 3D chromatin architectures and enhancer landscapes.