RESUMO
In this paper, we present findings from four separate studies using different data sources and methods to examine Chinese attitudes toward the United States amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The empirical results consistently indicate a marked and significant decline in Chinese attitudes toward the US between late 2019 and the end of 2022. Using a quasi-experimental design and granular survey data that exploit daily variations in public opinion, we offer additional evidence that the decline in Chinese attitudes toward the United States followed a distinct pattern not true for Chinese attitudes toward other countries. Specifically, the rise in Chinese unfavorability toward the United States closely corresponded to the heightened Chinese attention to the pandemic's progression in the United States. These results collectively suggest a causal effect of COVID-19, shedding light on how public health crises, international relations, and media jointly shape the increasing enmity between the two great powers.
Assuntos
Atitude , COVID-19 , Pandemias , Opinião Pública , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/psicologia , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , China/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , População do Leste AsiáticoRESUMO
The national context of deportation threat, defined as the federal government's approach to deportation and/or deportation's salience to the US public, fluctuated between 2011 and 2018. US Latinos across citizenship statuses may have experienced growing psychological distress associated with these changes, given their disproportionate personal or proximal vulnerabilities to deportation. Drawing on 8 y of public- and restricted-access data from the National Health Interview Survey (2011 to 2018), this article examines trends in psychological distress among Latinos who are US-born citizens, naturalized citizens, and noncitizens. It then seeks to explain these trends by considering two theoretical pathways through which the national context of deportation threat could distress Latinos: 1) through discrete dramatic societal events that independently signal a change to the country's approach to deportation and/or that render deportation temporarily more salient to the public or 2) through more gradual changes to the country's everyday institutional (i.e., quotidian efforts to detain and deport noncitizens) and social (i.e., deportation's ongoing salience to a concerned public) environment of deportation threat. We find that, though both pathways matter to some degree, there is more consistent evidence that the gradual changes are associated with Latino US citizens and noncitizens' overall experiences of psychological distress. The article highlights how, even absent observable spillover effects of dramatic societal events bearing on deportation threat, the institutional and social environment in which they occur implicates Latinos' well-being.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Angústia Psicológica , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Deportação , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Meio SocialRESUMO
Lyme disease is a zoonotic infection due to Ixodes tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes and the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. Despite nearly 50 years of investigation, the pathogenesis of this infection and its 2 main adverse outcomes-postinfectious Lyme arthritis and posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome-are incompletely understood. Advancement in sequencing and mass spectrometry have led to the rapid expansion of high-throughput omics technologies, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, which are now being applied to human diseases. This review summarizes findings of omics studies conducted on blood and tissue samples of people with acute Lyme disease and its postinfectious outcomes.
Assuntos
Doença de Lyme , Metabolômica , Proteômica , Humanos , Doença de Lyme/microbiologia , Animais , Borrelia burgdorferi/genética , Genômica , Ixodes/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human parechovirus (HPeV) infection can result in severe disease in infants, including sepsis, seizures, brain injury, and death. In 2022, a resurgence of HPeV was noted in young infants. Spectrum of illness and outcomes remain to be fully described. METHODS: A multi-state retrospective cohort study was conducted to evaluate hospitalizations and outcomes of infants aged ≤6 months admitted in 2022 with laboratory-confirmed HPeV infection. Infants with severe disease were defined as having clinical seizures, or abnormalities on MRI or EEG during admission. Infants with severe vs non-severe disease were compared using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: 124 U.S. infants were identified with HPeV in 11 states. Cases of HPeV peaked in May and presented at a median of 25.8 days of life (0-194 d) with fever, fussiness, and poor feeding. Bacterial and other viral co-infections were rare. 33 (27%) of infants had severe neurologic disease, were more likely to present at an earlier age (13.9 vs 30 days of life, p<0.01), have preterm gestation (12% vs. 1%, p = 0.02), and present with respiratory symptoms (26% vs. 8%, p = 0.01) or apnea (41% vs. 1%, p <0.001). Subcortical white matter cytoxic cerebral edema was common in severe cases. Two infants with HPeV died during admission with severe neurologic HPeV disease; no infant with mild HPeV disease died. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest, geographically-diverse U.S. study to describe the 2022 HPeV outbreak among infants. Longitudinal follow up of infants is needed to define predictors and outcomes of severe HPeV disease.
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Choanephora infundibulifera is a member of the Mucorales order of fungi. The species is associated with plants as a saprophyte or parasite and may be responsible for spoilage or disease but is an uncommon cause of human infection. We describe C. infundibulifera rhinosinusitis in a young man with leukemia in Tennessee, USA.
Assuntos
Sinusite , Humanos , Masculino , Tennessee , Sinusite/microbiologia , Sinusite/diagnóstico , Sinusite/parasitologia , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/complicações , Mucormicose/diagnóstico , Mucormicose/microbiologia , Mucormicose/tratamento farmacológico , Mucorales/isolamento & purificação , Mucorales/classificação , Rinite/microbiologia , Rinite/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , RinossinusiteRESUMO
In 2019, the US Department of Health and Human Services launched the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the US initiative (EHE) with the goal of reducing new HIV infections by 90% by 2030. This initiative identifies 4 pillars (diagnose, treat, prevent, and respond) to address the HIV epidemic in the United States. To advance the EHE goals, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) has implemented interventions at all points of the HIV care continuum. The FBOP has addressed the EHE pillar of prevention through implementing preexposure prophylaxis, developing a strategy to decrease the risk of new HIV infection, and providing guidance to FBOP healthcare providers. This article describes the implementation of programs to improve the HIV care continuum and end the epidemic of HIV within the FBOP including a review of methodology to implement an HIV preexposure prophylaxis program.
Assuntos
Epidemias , Infecções por HIV , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Prisões , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição/métodos , Epidemias/prevenção & controle , Continuidade da Assistência ao PacienteRESUMO
Correctional facilities house millions of residents in communities throughout the United States. Such congregate settings are critical for national infection prevention and control (IPC) efforts. Carceral settings can be sites where infectious diseases are detected in patient populations who may not otherwise have access to health care services, and as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, where outbreaks of infectious diseases may result in spread to residents, correctional staff, and the community at large. Correctional IPC, while sharing commonalities with IPC in other settings, is unique programmatically and operationally. In this article, we identify common challenges with correctional IPC program implementation and recommend action steps for advancing correctional IPC as a national public health priority.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças Transmissíveis , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Prisões , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Controle de InfecçõesRESUMO
In summer 2022, a case of mpox was confirmed in a resident at the Cook County Jail (CCJ) in Chicago, Illinois, USA. We conducted in-depth interviews with CCJ residents and staff to assess mpox knowledge, attitudes, and practices; hygiene and cleaning practices; and risk behaviors. We characterized findings by using health belief model constructs. CCJ residents and staff perceived increased mpox susceptibility but were unsure about infection severity; they were motivated to protect themselves but reported limited mpox knowledge as a barrier and desired clear communication to inform preventive actions. Residents expressed low self-efficacy to protect themselves because of contextual factors, including perceived limited access to cleaning, disinfecting, and hygiene items. Our findings suggest correctional facilities can support disease prevention by providing actionable and tailored messages; educating residents and staff about risk and vaccination options; and ensuring access to and training for hygiene, cleaning, and disinfecting supplies.
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Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Mpox , Humanos , Modelo de Crenças de Saúde , Illinois , Prisões LocaisRESUMO
During 2022, a global outbreak of mpox resulted primarily from human-to-human contact. The Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, VA, USA) implemented a contact tracing and symptom monitoring system for residents exposed to monkeypox virus, assessed their risk for infection, and offered interventions as needed. Among 991 contacts identified during May 1-November 1, 2022, import records were complete for 943 (95.2%), but 99 (10.0%) were not available for follow-up during symptom monitoring. Mpox developed in 28 (2.8%) persons; none were healthcare workers exposed at work (n = 275). Exposure risk category and likelihood of developing mpox were strongly associated. A total of 333 persons received >1 dose of JYENNOS (Bavarian Nordic, https://www.bavarian-nordic.com) vaccine, most (n = 295) administered after virus exposure. Median time from exposure to vaccination was 8 days. Those data tools provided crucial real-time information for public health responses and can be used as a framework for other emerging diseases.
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Mpox , Humanos , Virginia/epidemiologia , Busca de Comunicante , Surtos de Doenças , Pessoal de SaúdeRESUMO
We report 2 autochthonous feline thelaziosis cases caused by the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda and discuss the spread among dogs in the northeastern United States. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the parasite was introduced from Europe. Adopting a One Health approach is needed to limit further spread of T. callipaeda eyeworms in North America.
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Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Thelazioidea , Gatos , Animais , Cães , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , New England , Loa , Thelazioidea/genéticaRESUMO
Healthcare providers in North Carolina, USA, have limited experience diagnosing and managing Lyme disease because few cases occur annually statewide. We outline the prolonged diagnostic course for a patient with locally acquired Lyme disease in North Carolina. This case highlights the need for greater awareness and professional education.
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Diagnóstico Tardio , Doença de Lyme , Humanos , North Carolina/epidemiologia , Pessoal de Saúde , Doença de Lyme/diagnóstico , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologiaRESUMO
During October 2021-June 2023, a total of 392 cases of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children in the United States were reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of national surveillance. We describe demographic and clinical characteristics, including potential involvement of adenovirus in development of acute hepatitis, of 8 fatally ill children who met reporting criteria. The children had diverse courses of illness. Two children were immunocompromised when initially brought for care. Four children tested positive for adenovirus in multiple specimen types, including 2 for whom typing was completed. One adenovirus-positive child had no known underlying conditions, supporting a potential relationship between adenovirus and acute hepatitis in previously healthy children. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued investigation to determine the mechanism of liver injury and appropriate treatment. Testing for adenovirus in similar cases could elucidate the role of the virus.
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Hepatite A , Hepatite , Vírus , Criança , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Hepatite A/epidemiologia , Doença AgudaRESUMO
Underprioritization of mental health is a global problem and threatens the decades-long progress of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program. In recent years, mental health has become globally recognized as a part of universal healthcare, making this an opportune moment for the global community to integrate mental health services into routine programming. PEPFAR is well positioned to lead by example. We conceptualized 5 key strategies that might help serve as a framework to support mental health programming as part of PEPFAR's current 5-year strategic plan. PEPFAR and the global community have an opportunity to identify mental health service gaps and interweave global mental health priorities with actions to end the HIV and TB epidemics by 2030.
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Epidemias , Infecções por HIV , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Tuberculose , Humanos , Saúde Mental , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologiaRESUMO
We describe a case of a 2-year-old child who expelled a single adult female Ascaris lumbricoides worm. The patient is from a rural county in Mississippi, USA, with no reported travel outside of the United States. The caregivers in the home practice good sanitation. Exposure to domestic pigs is the likely source of infection.
Assuntos
Ascaríase , Suínos , Adulto , Animais , Humanos , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Mississippi/epidemiologia , Ascaríase/diagnóstico , Ascaríase/epidemiologia , Ascaris lumbricoides , Sus scrofa , ViagemRESUMO
We describe 10 patients with nonkeratitis Acanthamoeba infection who reported performing nasal rinsing before becoming ill. All were immunocompromised, 7 had chronic sinusitis, and many used tap water for nasal rinsing. Immunocompromised persons should be educated about safe nasal rinsing to prevent free-living ameba infections.
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Amebíase , Nariz , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Amebíase/epidemiologia , Hospedeiro ImunocomprometidoRESUMO
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a cervid prion disease with unknown zoonotic potential that might pose a risk to humans who are exposed. To assess the potential of CWD to infect human neural tissue, we used human cerebral organoids with 2 different prion genotypes, 1 of which has previously been associated with susceptibility to zoonotic prion disease. We exposed organoids from both genotypes to high concentrations of CWD inocula from 3 different sources for 7 days, then screened for infection periodically for up to 180 days. No de novo CWD propagation or deposition of protease-resistant forms of human prions was evident in CWD-exposed organoids. Some persistence of the original inoculum was detected, which was equivalent in prion gene knockout organoids and thus not attributable to human prion propagation. Overall, the unsuccessful propagation of CWD in cerebral organoids supports a strong species barrier to transmission of CWD prions to humans.
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Organoides , Príons , Doença de Emaciação Crônica , Doença de Emaciação Crônica/transmissão , Humanos , Príons/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/patologia , GenótipoRESUMO
We identified a Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in an American black bear in Pennsylvania, USA, on the basis of its morphological features and molecular analysis. Our finding highlights emergence of a T. callipaeda worm sylvatic transmission cycle in the United States.
Assuntos
Infecções por Spirurida , Thelazioidea , Ursidae , Animais , Pennsylvania , Thelazioidea/isolamento & purificação , Thelazioidea/classificação , Infecções por Spirurida/veterinária , Infecções por Spirurida/parasitologia , Ursidae/parasitologia , Masculino , Feminino , FilogeniaRESUMO
We used Medicare data to identify >88,000 adults >65 years of age diagnosed and treated for Lyme disease during 2016-2019 in the United States. Most diagnoses occurred among residents of high-incidence states, in summer, and among men. Incidence of diagnoses was substantially higher than that reported through public health surveillance.
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Doença de Lyme , Humanos , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Doença de Lyme/diagnóstico , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Incidência , Medicare , História do Século XXI , Estações do AnoRESUMO
An outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) virus was detected in dairy cows in the United States. We detected influenza A virus sialic acid -α2,3/α2,6-galactose host receptors in bovine mammary glands by lectin histochemistry. Our results provide a rationale for the high levels of H5N1 virus in milk from infected cows.
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Glândulas Mamárias Animais , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Receptores Virais , Animais , Bovinos , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/virologia , Feminino , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Humanos , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Leite/virologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Aves/virologiaRESUMO
During 2018-2021, eight septic transfusion reactions occurred from transfusion of platelet units contaminated with Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Leclercia adecarboxylata, or a combination of those environmental organisms. Whether biofilm formation contributed to evasion of bacterial risk mitigations, including bacterial culture, point-of-care testing, or pathogen-reduction technology, is unclear. We designed a 12-well plate-based method to evaluate environmental determinants of single-species and multispecies biofilm formation in platelets. We evaluated bacteria isolated from septic transfusion reactions for biofilm formation by using crystal violet staining and enumeration of adherent bacteria. Most combinations of bacteria had enhanced biofilm production compared with single bacteria. Combinations involving L. adecarboxylata had increased crystal violet biofilm production and adherent bacteria. This study demonstrates that transfusion-relevant bacteria can produce biofilms well together. More work is needed to clarify the effect of biofilms on platelet bacterial risk control strategies, but US Food and Drug Administration-recommended strategies remain acceptable.