Trends in tap and bottled water consumption among children and adults in the United States: analyses of NHANES 2011-16 data.

BACKGROUND: Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-20 recommend choosing water in place of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). This study examined water consumption patterns and trends among children and adults in the US. METHODS: Dietary intake data for 7453 children (4-18y) and 15,263 adults (>19y) came from two 24 h dietary recalls in three cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-2016). Water was categorized as tap or bottled (plain). Other beverages were assigned to 15 categories. Water and other beverage intakes (in mL/d) were analyzed by sociodemographic variables and sourcing location. Consumption time trends from 2011 to 2016 were also examined. Total water intakes from water, other beverages and moisture from foods (mL/d) were compared to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for water. RESULTS: Total dietary water (2718 mL/d) came from water (1066 mL/d), other beverages (1036 mL/d) and from food moisture (618 mL/d). Whereas total water intakes remained stable, a significant decline in SSB from 2011 to 2016 was fully offset by an increase in the consumption of plain water. The main sources of water were tap at home (288 mL/d), tap away from home (301 mL/d), and bottled water from stores (339 mL/d). Water and other beverage consumption patterns varied with age, incomes and race/ethnicity. Higher tap water consumption was associated with higher incomes, but bottled water was not. Non-Hispanic whites consumed most tap water (781 mL/d) whereas Mexican Americans consumed most bottled water (605 mL/d). Only about 40% of the NHANES sample on average followed US recommendations for adequate water intakes. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that while total water intakes among children and adults have stayed constant, drinking water, tap and bottled, has been replacing SSB in the US diet.

Hybrid nanocomposites prepared from a metal-organic framework of type MOF-199(Cu) and graphene or fullerene as sorbents for dispersive solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Different types of hybrid nanocomposites were prepared from a copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199) and graphene (Gr) or fullerene (Fl). The porosity and quality of the nanocomposites were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and BET surface area analysis. The nanocomposites are shown to be viable sorbents for the dispersive micro solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental water samples. This is due to (a) the presence of MOF-199 which leads to improved adsorption capacity, and (b) the presence of Gr or Fl on the surface of MOF-199 which enhances the interaction with PAHs. Specifically, acenaphthene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, fluorene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and pyrene were studied. A comparison of the sorbents shows MOF-199/Gr to possess the highest adsorption affinity and to be most durable, probably a result of the high porosity of graphene. Following desorption with acetonitrile, the PAHs were quantified by GC with FID detection. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detection (at an S/N ratio of 3) range from 3 to 10 pg mL-1, and the analytical ranges are linear at 0.01-100 ng mL-1 of PAHs. The relative standard deviations for five replicates at two spiking levels (0.03 and 50 ng mL-1) range from 5.0 to 7.4%. The applicability of this method was confirmed by analyzing spiked real water samples, and recoveries are between 91.9 and 99.5%. Graphical abstract Different types of the hybrid nanocomposites of the copper-based metal-organic framework MOF-199 with graphene or fullerene were synthesized and used as sorbent for the dispersive micro solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples.

Water and beverage consumption patterns among 4 to 13-year-old children in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND: The UK government has announced a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The aim of this study was to assess consumption patterns for plain drinking water relative to sugary beverages among UK children. METHODS: Dietary intake data for 845 children aged 4-13 years came from the nationally representative cross-sectional National Diet and Nutrition Survey, 2008-2011. Beverage categories were drinking water (tap or bottled), milk, 100% fruit juices, soda, fruit drinks, tea, coffee, sports drinks, flavored waters, and liquid supplements. Consumption patterns were examined by age group, gender, household incomes, time and location of consumption, region and seasonality. Total water consumption from drinking water, beverages, and foods, and the water-to-calorie ratios (L/kcal) were compared to the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) adequate intake standards. RESULTS: Total water intake (1338 ml/d) came from plain water (19%), beverages (48%), and food moisture (33%). Plain drinking water provided 258 g/d (241 g/d for children aged 4-8 years; 274 g/d for 9-13 years), mostly (83.8%) from tap. Water and beverages supplied 901 g /d of water. Tap water consumption increased with income and was highest in the South of England. The consumption of bottled water, soda, tea and coffee increased with age, whereas milk consumption declined. About 88.7% of children did not meet EFSA adequate intake standards. The daily water shortfall ranged from 322 ml/d to 659 ml/d. Water-to-calorie ratio was 0.845 L/1000 kcal short of desirable levels of 1.0-1.5 L/1000 kcal. CONCLUSION: Total water intake were at 74.8% of EFSA reference values. Drinking water consumption among children in the UK was well below US and French estimates.

Opposing Consumption Trends for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Plain Drinking Water: Analyses of NHANES 2011-16 Data.

Background: Choosing water in place of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) can reduce added sugars while maintaining adequate hydration. The present goal was to examine 2011-16 time trends in SSB vs. water consumption across US population subgroups. Methods: Dietary intake data for 22,716 persons aged >4 years came from two 24-h dietary recalls in successive cycles of the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-16). Water intakes (in mL/d) from plain water (tap and bottled) and from beverages (SSB and not-SSB) were the principal outcome variables. Intakes were analyzed by age group, income to poverty ratio (IPR), and race/ethnicity. Time trends by demographics were also examined. Results: SSB and water intakes followed distinct social gradients. Most SSB was consumed by Non-Hispanic Black and lower-income groups. Most tap water was consumed by Non-Hispanic White and higher-income groups. During 2011-16, water from SSB declined from 322 to 262 mL/d (p < 0.005), whereas plain water increased (1,011-1,144 mL/d) (p < 0.05). Groups aged <30 years reduced SSB consumption (p < 0.0001) but it was groups aged >30 years that increased drinking water (p < 0.001). Non-Hispanic White groups reduced SSB and increased tap water consumption. Non-Hispanic Black and lower income groups reduced SSB and increased bottled water, not tap. Conclusion: The opposing time trends in SSB and water consumption were not uniform across age groups or sociodemographic strata. Only the non-Hispanic White population reduced SSB and showed a corresponding increase in tap water. Lower-income and minority groups consumed relatively little plain drinking water from the tap.

Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pseudo-outbreak of an Intestinal Culture Specimen Caused by a Water Tap in an Endoscopy Unit.

Objective Gastrointestinal lesions of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are regarded as opportunistic infections. A large number of positive specimens of NTM were identified in an intestinal fluid culture in the endoscopy unit and it was considered to be a pseudo-outbreak. Methods We reviewed the hospital, laboratory, and colonoscopy records of 263 consecutive patients whose intestinal fluids were analyzed for a mycobacterial culture by colonoscopy at St. Marianna University Hospital, between January 2009 and December 2018. The endoscopy reprocessing procedures were reviewed and samples of water used in the endoscopy unit were cultured. Results An intestinal fluid culture of 154 (58.6%) patients tested positive for NTM (M. intracellulare; 125 cases, M. gordonae; 14 cases, M. avium; 4 cases, M. abscessus; 3 cases, and 8 other cases). In 182 cases (69.2%), an intestinal mucosal culture was performed simultaneously with a fluid culture and tested positive for NTM in 2 cases. Next, we examined the endoscopy unit for any possible environmental contamination. NTM were detected in the tap water used to prepare the antifoaming solution in the endoscopy unit. The water faucets in the endoscopy unit were considered to be the source of the contamination of NTMs. Conclusion We observed that a large number of cases tested positive due to contaminated water that had been used in an endoscopy unit, thus leading to a pseudo-outbreak of NTM.