An early cell shape transition drives evolutionary expansion of the human forebrain.

The human brain has undergone rapid expansion since humans diverged from other great apes, but the mechanism of this human-specific enlargement is still unknown. Here, we use cerebral organoids derived from human, gorilla, and chimpanzee cells to study developmental mechanisms driving evolutionary brain expansion. We find that neuroepithelial differentiation is a protracted process in apes, involving a previously unrecognized transition state characterized by a change in cell shape. Furthermore, we show that human organoids are larger due to a delay in this transition, associated with differences in interkinetic nuclear migration and cell cycle length. Comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) reveals differences in expression dynamics of cell morphogenesis factors, including ZEB2, a known epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulator. We show that ZEB2 promotes neuroepithelial transition, and its manipulation and downstream signaling leads to acquisition of nonhuman ape architecture in the human context and vice versa, establishing an important role for neuroepithelial cell shape in human brain expansion.

Two sequential activation modules control the differentiation of protective T helper-1 (Th1) cells.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T helper-1 (Th1) cells are critical for protection from microbes that infect the phagosomes of myeloid cells. Current understanding of Th1 cell differentiation is based largely on reductionist cell culture experiments. We assessed Th1 cell generation in vivo by studying antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during infection with the phagosomal pathogen Salmonella enterica (Se), or influenza A virus (IAV), for which CD4+ T cells are less important. Both microbes induced T follicular helper (Tfh) and interleukin-12 (IL-12)-independent Th1 cells. During Se infection, however, the Th1 cells subsequently outgrew the Tfh cells via an IL-12-dependent process and formed subsets with increased IFN-γ production, ZEB2-transcription factor-dependent cytotoxicity, and capacity to control Se infection. Our results indicate that many infections induce a module that generates Tfh and poorly differentiated Th1 cells, which is followed in phagosomal infections by an IL-12-dependent Th1 cell amplification module that is critical for pathogen control.

Differential usage of transcriptional repressor Zeb2 enhancers distinguishes adult and embryonic hematopoiesis.

The transcriptional repressor ZEB2 regulates development of many cell fates among somatic, neural, and hematopoietic lineages, but the basis for its requirement in these diverse lineages is unclear. Here, we identified a 400-basepair (bp) region located 165 kilobases (kb) upstream of the Zeb2 transcriptional start site (TSS) that binds the E proteins at several E-box motifs and was active in hematopoietic lineages. Germline deletion of this 400-bp region (Zeb2Δ-165mice) specifically prevented Zeb2 expression in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived lineages. Zeb2Δ-165 mice lacked development of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), monocytes, and B cells. All macrophages in Zeb2Δ-165 mice were exclusively of embryonic origin. Using single-cell chromatin profiling, we identified a second Zeb2 enhancer located at +164-kb that was selectively active in embryonically derived lineages, but not HSC-derived ones. Thus, Zeb2 expression in adult, but not embryonic, hematopoiesis is selectively controlled by the -165-kb Zeb2 enhancer.

The Transcription Factor ZEB2 Is Required to Maintain the Tissue-Specific Identities of Macrophages.

Heterogeneity between different macrophage populations has become a defining feature of this lineage. However, the conserved factors defining macrophages remain largely unknown. The transcription factor ZEB2 is best described for its role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition; however, its role within the immune system is only now being elucidated. We show here that Zeb2 expression is a conserved feature of macrophages. Using Clec4f-cre, Itgax-cre, and Fcgr1-cre mice to target five different macrophage populations, we found that loss of ZEB2 resulted in macrophage disappearance from the tissues, coupled with their subsequent replenishment from bone-marrow precursors in open niches. Mechanistically, we found that ZEB2 functioned to maintain the tissue-specific identities of macrophages. In Kupffer cells, ZEB2 achieved this by regulating expression of the transcription factor LXRα, removal of which recapitulated the loss of Kupffer cell identity and disappearance. Thus, ZEB2 expression is required in macrophages to preserve their tissue-specific identities.

The adaptive antioxidant response during fasting-induced muscle atrophy is oppositely regulated by ZEB1 and ZEB2.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve important homeostatic functions but must be constantly neutralized by an adaptive antioxidant response to prevent supraphysiological levels of ROS from causing oxidative damage to cellular components. Here, we report that the cellular plasticity transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 modulate in opposing directions the adaptive antioxidant response to fasting in skeletal muscle. Using transgenic mice in which Zeb1 or Zeb2 were specifically deleted in skeletal myofibers, we show that in fasted mice, the deletion of Zeb1, but not Zeb2, increased ROS production and that the adaptive antioxidant response to fasting essentially requires ZEB1 and is inhibited by ZEB2. ZEB1 expression increased in fasted muscles and protected them from atrophy; conversely, ZEB2 expression in muscles decreased during fasting and exacerbated muscle atrophy. In fasted muscles, ZEB1 reduces mitochondrial damage and increases mitochondrial respiratory activity; meanwhile, ZEB2 did the opposite. Treatment of fasting mice with Zeb1-deficient myofibers with the antioxidant triterpenoid 1[2-cyano-3,12-dioxool-eana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl] trifluoro-ethylamide (CDDO-TFEA) completely reversed their altered phenotype to that observed in fasted control mice. These results set ZEB factors as potential therapeutic targets to modulate the adaptive antioxidant response in physiopathological conditions and diseases caused by redox imbalance.

N6-methyladenosine triggers renal fibrosis via enhancing translation and stability of ZEB2 mRNA.

In recent years, a surge in studies investigating N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in human diseases has occurred. However, the specific roles and mechanisms of m6A in kidney disease remain incompletely understood. This study revealed that m6A plays a positive role in regulating renal fibrosis (RF) by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotypic transition (EMT) in renal tubular cells. Through comprehensive analyses, including m6A sequencing, RNA-seq, and functional studies, we confirmed the pivotal involvement of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) in m6A-mediated RF and EMT. Notably, the m6A-modified coding sequence of ZEB2 mRNA significantly enhances its translational elongation and mRNA stability by interacting with the YTHDF1/eEF-2 complex and IGF2BP3, respectively. Moreover, targeted demethylation of ZEB2 mRNA using the dm6ACRISPR system substantially decreases ZEB2 expression and disrupts the EMT process in renal tubular epithelial cells. In vivo and clinical data further support the positive influence of m6A/ZEB2 on RF progression. Our findings highlight the m6A-mediated regulation of RF through ZEB2, revealing a novel therapeutic target for RF treatment and enhancing our understanding of the impact of mRNA methylation on kidney disease.

Dynamic EMT: a multi-tool for tumor progression.

The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental for embryonic morphogenesis. Cells undergoing it lose epithelial characteristics and integrity, acquire mesenchymal features, and become motile. In cancer, this program is hijacked to confer essential changes in morphology and motility that fuel invasion. In addition, EMT is increasingly understood to orchestrate a large variety of complementary cancer features, such as tumor cell stemness, tumorigenicity, resistance to therapy and adaptation to changes in the microenvironment. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to these various classical and non-classical functions, and introduce EMT as a true tumorigenic multi-tool, involved in many aspects of cancer. We suggest that therapeutic targeting of the EMT process will-if acknowledging these complexities-be a possibility to concurrently interfere with tumor progression on many levels.

BATF2 inhibits PD-L1 expression and regulates CD8+ T-cell infiltration in non-small cell lung cancer.

Immune checkpoint blockades have made huge breakthrough among some cancer types including lung cancer. However, only a small proportion of patients will benefit from immune checkpoint blockades; other patients have no or minor response to immunotherapy. The underlying mechanisms and efficient biomarkers to predict immunotherapy resistances remain unclear and lacking. In this study, BATF2 knockout mice, human xenograft mice, were used for in vivo studies. Relevant RNA and protein levels were analyzed by RT-quantitative PCR and Western blotting. As a result, we found that the expression of BATF2 is negatively correlated with expression of programmed death-ligand 1 in the plasma of patients. Mechanically, we showed that BATF2 inhibits programmed death-ligand 1 expression in cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT pathway where ZEB2 plays an important role in this process. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we found that the function of BATF2 in promoting antitumor immune response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, which is mediated by BATF2, enhances CD8+ T-cell infiltration as well as activation. The expression of BATF2 from circulating tumor cells and tissues can be serve as an efficient biomarker to predict diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy efficacy.

miR-147a targets ZEB2 to regulate ox-LDL-induced monocyte adherence to HUVECs, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and stability in atherosclerosis.

The mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis (AS) that seriously affect human health, such as those involved in endothelial cell injury and monocyte/macrophage aggregation and infiltration, have not been fully elucidated. To investigate these processes, we established human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) injured by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to mimic AS in vitro. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-cholesterol diet to establish an AS model in vivo. We detected HUVEC apoptosis, and apoptosis-related proteins by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase, flow cytometry, and Western blot assays, respectively, and we observed monocytes (THP-1 cells) adhering to HUVECs. Furthermore, miR-147a and its downstream target gene ZEB2 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2) were predicted by bioinformatics analysis to be involved in AS, and their correlation was confirmed by several experiments. We determined the localization of miR-147a and ZEB2 within macrophages of AS mice by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. Atherosclerotic plaques in whole aortas were detected by histology observation. miR-147a attenuated adherence of monocytes to HUVECs and the upregulation of mononuclear chemotactic adhesion receptors in THP-1 cells induced by ox-LDL-injured HUVEC supernatants through directly downregulating ZEB2 levels. Moreover, miR-147a influenced M1/M2 macrophage polarization from THP-1 cells and the roles of their supernatants (THP-1 cells) in HUVEC apoptosis. miR-147a targeted ZEB2 to impact lipid accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque formation through regulating M1/M2 polarization and macrophage adhesion in AS mice. In summary, miR-147a attenuates ox-LDL-induced adherence of monocytes to HUVECs and modulates atherosclerotic plaque formation and stability through targeting ZEB2 during AS.

Inhibition of ERN1 affects the expression of TGIF1 and other homeobox gene expressions in U87MG glioblastoma cells.

BACKGROUND: The ERN1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) pathway plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in glioblastoma, but molecular mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative relevance of ERN1 activity as a kinase in comparison to its endoribonuclease activity in the regulation of homeobox gene expression. METHODS: Two sublines of U87MG glioblastoma cells with different ways of ERN1 inhibition were used: dnERN1 (overexpressed transgene without protein kinase and endoribonuclease) and dnrERN1 (overexpressed transgene with mutation in endoribonuclease). ERN1 suppression was also done using siRNA for ERN1. Silencing of XBP1 mRNA by specific siRNA was used for suppression of ERN1 endoribonuclease function mediated by XBP1s. The expression levels of homeobox genes and microRNAs were evaluated by qPCR. RESULTS: The expression of TGIF1 and ZEB2 genes was downregulated in both types of glioblastoma cells with inhibition of ERN1 showing the ERN1 endoribonuclease-dependent mechanism of their regulation. However, the expression of PBX3 and PRPRX1 genes did not change significantly in dnrERN1 glioblastoma cells but was upregulated in dnERN1 cells indicating the dependence of these gene expressions on the ERN1 protein kinase. At the same time, the changes in PAX6 and PBXIP1 gene expressions introduced in glioblastoma cells by dnrERN1 and dnERN1 were different in direction and magnitude indicating the interaction of ERN1 protein kinase and endoribonuclease activities in regulation of these gene expressions. The impact of ERN1 and XBP1 silencing on the expression of studied homeobox genes is similar to that observed in dnERN1 and dnrERN1 glioblastoma cells, correspondingly. CONCLUSION: The expression of TGIF1 and other homeobox genes is dependent on the ern1 signaling pathways by diverse mechanisms because inhibition of ERN1 endoribonuclease and both ERN1 enzymatic activities had dissimilar impacts on the expression of most studied genes showing that ERN1 protein kinase plays an important role in controlling homeobox gene expression associated with glioblastoma cell invasion.

Stepping up Th1 immunity to control phagosomal bacteria.

How does the immune system tailor effector function to particular threats? Krueger et al. reveal that infection with Salmonella enterica (SE), but not with influenza A virus (IAV), drives interleukin (IL)-12-dependent outgrowth of interferon (IFN)-γhi type 1 T helper (Th1) cells, leading to superior protection against this phagosomal pathogen. Among these cells are ZEB2-dependent cytotoxic Th1 cells marked by CX3CR1 expression.

Novel Alu insertion in the ZEB2 gene causing Mowat-Wilson syndrome.

Alu elements are short, interspersed elements located throughout the genome, playing a role in human diversity, and occasionally causing genetic diseases. Here, we report a novel Alu insertion causing Mowat-Wilson syndrome, a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, in an 8-year-old boy displaying the typical clinical features for Mowat-Wilson syndrome. The variant was not initially detected in genome sequencing data, but through deep phenotyping, which pointed to only one plausible candidate gene, manual inspection of genome sequencing alignment data enabled us to identify a de novo heterozygous Alu insertion in exon 8 of the ZEB2 gene. Nanopore long-read sequencing confirmed the Alu insertion, leading to the formation of a premature stop codon and likely haploinsufficiency of ZEB2. This underscores the importance of deep phenotyping and mobile element insertion analysis in uncovering genetic causes of monogenic disorders as these elements might be overlooked in standard next-generation sequencing protocols.

Human Genetics of Atrial Septal Defect.

Although atrial septal defects (ASD) can be subdivided based on their anatomical location, an essential aspect of human genetics and genetic counseling is distinguishing between isolated and familiar cases without extracardiac features and syndromic cases with the co-occurrence of extracardiac abnormalities, such as developmental delay. Isolated or familial cases tend to show genetic alterations in genes related to important cardiac transcription factors and genes encoding for sarcomeric proteins. By contrast, the spectrum of genes with genetic alterations observed in syndromic cases is diverse. Currently, it points to different pathways and gene networks relevant to the dysregulation of cardiomyogenesis and ASD pathogenesis. Therefore, this chapter reflects the current knowledge and highlights stable associations observed in human genetics studies. It gives an overview of the different types of genetic alterations in these subtypes, including common associations based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and it highlights the most frequently observed syndromes associated with ASD pathogenesis.

Circ_0000758 Facilitates Bladder Cancer Cell Growth, Migration and Angiogenesis Via Severing as miR-1236-3p Sponge.

Circular RNA (circRNA) has been reported to regulate the development of bladder cancer (BCa). However, the role of circ_0000758 in BCa progression is unknown. Circ_0000758 and miR-1236-3p expression, as well as ZEB2 mRNA expression were determined by qRT-PCR. BCa cell biological functions were determined by MTT assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay and tube formation assay. Protein expression was detected by western blot analysis. RNA pull-down assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to confirm RNA interaction. Xenograft mice models were constructed to assess the effect of circ_0000758 on BCa tumor growth. Circ_0000758 had increased expression in BCa tissues and cells. Circ_0000758 silencing could inhibit BCa cell growth, migration, angiogenesis in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. Circ_0000758 served as a molecular sponge for miR-1236-3p, and miR-1236-3p inhibitor reversed circ_0000758 knockdown-mediated the inhibition effect on BCa cell progression. ZEB2 was targeted by miR-1236-3p, and its overexpression also revoked the suppressive effect of miR-1236-3p on BCa cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis. Besides, circ_0000758 knockdown also restrained BCa tumor growth. Circ_0000758 might promote BCa cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis by regulating the miR-1236-3p/ZEB2 axis.

Mowat-Wilson Syndrome: Case Report and Review of ZEB2 Gene Variant Types, Protein Defects and Molecular Interactions.

Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental congenital disorder associated with various defects of the zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene. The ZEB2 gene is autosomal dominant and encodes six protein domains including the SMAD-binding protein, which functions as a transcriptional corepressor involved in the conversion of neuroepithelial cells in early brain development and as a mediator of trophoblast differentiation. This review summarizes reported ZEB2 gene variants, their types, and frequencies among the 10 exons of ZEB2. Additionally, we summarized their corresponding encoded protein defects including the most common variant, c.2083 C>T in exon 8, which directly impacts the homeodomain (HD) protein domain. This single defect was found in 11% of the 298 reported patients with MWS. This review demonstrates that exon 8 encodes at least three of the six protein domains and accounts for 66% (198/298) of the variants identified. More than 90% of the defects were due to nonsense or frameshift changes. We show examples of protein modeling changes that occurred as a result of ZEB2 gene defects. We also report a novel pathogenic variant in exon 8 in a 5-year-old female proband with MWS. This review further explores other genes predicted to be interacting with the ZEB2 gene and their predicted gene-gene molecular interactions with protein binding effects on embryonic multi-system development such as craniofacial, spine, brain, kidney, cardiovascular, and hematopoiesis.

Multifaceted actions of Zeb2 in postnatal neurogenesis from the ventricular-subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb.

The transcription factor Zeb2 controls fate specification and subsequent differentiation and maturation of multiple cell types in various embryonic tissues. It binds many protein partners, including activated Smad proteins and the NuRD co-repressor complex. How Zeb2 subdomains support cell differentiation in various contexts has remained elusive. Here, we studied the role of Zeb2 and its domains in neurogenesis and neural differentiation in the young postnatal ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), in which neural stem cells generate olfactory bulb-destined interneurons. Conditional Zeb2 knockouts and separate acute loss- and gain-of-function approaches indicated that Zeb2 is essential for controlling apoptosis and neuronal differentiation of V-SVZ progenitors before and after birth, and we identified Sox6 as a potential downstream target gene of Zeb2. Zeb2 genetic inactivation impaired the differentiation potential of the V-SVZ niche in a cell-autonomous fashion. We also provide evidence that its normal function in the V-SVZ also involves non-autonomous mechanisms. Additionally, we demonstrate distinct roles for Zeb2 protein-binding domains, suggesting that Zeb2 partners co-determine neuronal output from the mouse V-SVZ in both quantitative and qualitative ways in early postnatal life.

Serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 modulates the resistance of colorectal cancer to 5-fluorouracil via regulating miR-653/ZEB2 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a major obstacle causing chemotherapy failure, and enabling cancer progression. Exosome excreted by cancer cells is participated in cancer progression and chemoresistance, and can be used as an prognostic biomarker. Previous studies have revealed that serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 is over-expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) sufferers and suggested it as a predictive biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. This work will to investigate the role and mechanism of serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in mediating resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in CRC. METHODS: Serum and tissue samples were collected from 60 patients with CRC/ benign intestinal disease, and 60 healthy control. Exosomes were isolated and identified from serum samples and cell cultured media with TEM, WB, NTA, and flow cytometry. qRT-PCR and WB were performed to evaluate mRNA expressions of exosomal has-circ-0004771 and miR-653, and ZEB2 protein expression, respectively. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis abilities were assessed with BrdU and colony formation assay, wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS: Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 was over-expressed in CRC serum and cell cultured media, while miR-653 was lower-expressed in CRC tissues and cells. Negative correlations existed between exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in the patients' serum/cell culture media and miR-653 in CRC tissues/cells, and between miR-653 and ZEB2 in CRC cells. Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in CRC cell cultured media was positively related to ZEB2 in CRC cells. MiR-653 was associated with poor prognosis of CRC patients, and its upregulation restrained CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and stimulated apoptosis. Exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 was higher-expressed in 5-FU-resistant CRC serum and cell cultured media, miR-653 was downregulated and ZEB2 was overexpressed in 5-FU-resistant CRC cells. In vitro, exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 in cell cultured media may be involved in 5-FU-resistance by modulating miR-653/ZEB2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS: miR-653 plays as a tumour suppressor in CRC progression, and serum exosomal hsa-circ-0004771 may be a predictive biomarker for 5-FU-resistance in CRC patients, potentially through miR-653/ZEB2 axis.

Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reverse endometrial fibrosis by the miR-145-5p/ZEB2 axis in intrauterine adhesions.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the specific mechanism of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (UCMSC-exos) in regulating endometrial repair and regeneration? DESIGN: In this study, UCMSC-exos were harvested by differential ultracentrifugation from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell culture supernatant and identified with western blotting, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGFß1) at different concentrations was used to construct the intrauterine adhesions cell model. The fibrotic markers were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The effects of miR-145-5p over-expression on endometrial fibrosis were assessed. Dual luciferase assay was performed to verify the relationship between miR-145-5p and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2). RESULTS: The isolated UCMSC-exos had a typical cup-shaped morphology, expressed the specific exosomal markers Alix, CD63 and TSG101, and were approximately 50-150 nm in diameter. TGFß1 at 10 ng/ml significantly promoted endometrial fibrosis, which was reversed by 20 µg/ml UCMSC-exos. Exosomal miR-145-5p ameliorated TGFß1-induced endometrial fibrosis. ZEB2 was inversely regulated by exosomal miR-145-5p as a direct target. CONCLUSIONS: UCMSC-exos might reverse endometrial stromal cell fibrosis by regulating the miR-145-5p/ZEB2 axis, representing a potential novel strategy to promote endometrial repair.

Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 inhibition attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury through modulating the miR-129-5p/PAX6/ZEB2 axis.

This research aimed to investigate the role of the long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)/microRNA-129-5p (miR-129-5p)/paired box gene 6 (PAX6) axis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). MLE-12 cells and C57BL/6 mice were induced by LPS to establish lung injury in in vitro and in vivo models. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining, respectively. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in cell supernatants and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected by ELISA. Lung injury was evaluated by lung wet weight-to-dry weight ratio and hematoxylin-eosin staining. MALAT1, PAX6, and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) expression was elevated and miR-129-5p expression was reduced in the serum of patients with sepsis-induced ALI, LPS-induced MLE-12 cells, and lung tissues of ALI mice. MALAT1 interference delayed the LPS-induced cell proliferation decrease, apoptosis increase, and inflammatory factor increase. miR-129-5p inhibition could reverse the delaying effect of MALAT1 interference on LPS-induced lung cell injury. PAX6 overexpression (oe) reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-129-5p oe on LPS-induced lung cell injury. Downregulating MALAT1 reduced pulmonary edema, inflammatory cytokine levels, lung injury, and apoptosis in ALI mice. Moreover, miR-129-5p suppression or PAX6 oe reversed the delaying effect of MALAT1 interference on sepsis-induced ALI. MALAT1 aggravates sepsis-induced ALI via the miR-129-5p/PAX6/ZEB2 axis.

Lnc NR2F1-AS1 Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis by Targeting the MiR-25-3p/ZEB2 Axis.

Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) substantially affect tumor metastasis and are aberrantly expressed in various cancers. However, its role in breast cancer (BC) remains unclear. Methods: A microarray assay of differentially expressed lncRNAs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and non-EMT cells was performed. The prognostic value of lnc NR2F1-AS1 expression in patients with BC was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Lnc NR2F1-AS1 expression levels in different BC cell lines were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR. The role of lnc NR2F1-AS1 in BC cell metastasis was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to investigate the relationship between lnc NR2F1-AS1, miR-25-3p, and ZEB2. Results: High levels of lnc NR2F1-AS1 were observed in BC cells undergoing EMT and were closely correlated with adverse prognosis in patients with BC. Lnc NR2F1-AS1 knockdown significantly inhibited BC cell migration, invasiveness in vitro, and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, lnc NR2F1-AS1 competitively binds to miR-25-3p to impede ZEB2 degradation, a positive EMT transcription factor in BC. Conclusions: Our study revealed a novel lnc NR2F1-AS1/miR-25-3p/ZEB2 axis in BC metastasis and that lnc NR2F1-AS1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for BC metastasis.