Epidemiology of rotavirus A diarrhea in Chókwè, Southern Mozambique, from February to September, 2011.

Acute diarrhea disease caused by Rotaviruses A (RVA) is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children ≤5 years old in developing countries. An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted between February and September, 2011 to determine the proportion of acute diarrhea caused by RVA. A total of 254 stool specimens were collected from children ≤5 years old with acute diarrhea, including outpatients (222 children) and inpatients (32 children), in three local health centers in Chókwè District, Gaza Province, South of Mozambique. RVA antigens were detected using enzyme immunoassay (EIA); the RVA G (VP7) and P (VP4) genotypes were determined by RT-PCR or analysis sequencing. Sixty (24%) out of 254 fecal specimens were positive for RVA by EIA; being 58 (97%) from children ≤2 years of age. RVA prevalence peaks in June and July (coldest and drier months) and the G[P] binary combination observed were G12P[8] (57%); G1P[8] (9%); G12P[6] (6%); and 2% for each of the following genotypes: G1P[6], G2P[6] G4P[6], and G9P[8]. Non-Typeable (NT) G and/or P genotypes were observed as follows: G12P [NT] (6%); G1P [NT], G3P[NT] and GNTP[NT] (4%). Considering the different GP combinations, G12 represented 67% of the genotypes. This is the first data showing the diversity of RVA genotypes in Mozambique highlighting the epidemiological importance of these viruses in acute diarrhea cases in children ≤2 years old. In addition, these findings will provide a baseline data before the introduction of the RVA monovalent (Rotarix(®) ) vaccine in the National Immunization Program in September 2015. J. Med. Virol. 88:1751-1758, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Early impact of rotavirus vaccination in children less than five years of age in Mozambique.

BACKGROUND: Mozambique introduced rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix, GSK Biologicals) in the National Immunization Program in September 2015 with the objective of reducing the burden of total diarrheal disease and specifically severe rotavirus disease. This study aimed to evaluate the early impact of rotavirus vaccine in reducing all-cause diarrhea and rotavirus-specific hospitalizations. METHODS: We analysed stool specimens collected from children under five years old, between January 2014 and June 2017 within the National Surveillance for Acute Diarrhea. We compared annual changes in rotavirus positivity, median age of children hospitalized for rotavirus and the number of all-cause for diarrheal hospitalizations. Rotavirus detection was performed using enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: During this period, 1296 samples were collected and analyzed. Rotavirus positivity before vaccine introduction was 40.2% (39/97) in 2014 and 38.3% (225/588) in 2015, then after vaccine introduction reduced to 12.2% and 13.5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The median age of children hospitalized for rotavirus was 9 and 11 months in 2014 and 2015 and 10 months in 2016 and 2017. Rotavirus hospitalizations exhibited a seasonal peak prior to vaccine introduction, between June and September in 2014 and 2015, coinciding with winter period in Mozambique. After vaccine introduction, the peak was delayed until August to December in 2016 and was substantially diminished. There was a reduction in all-cause acute diarrhea hospitalizations in children aged 0-11 months after vaccine introduction. CONCLUSION: We observed a reduction in rotavirus positivity and in the number of all-cause diarrhea hospitalizations after vaccine introduction. The data suggest rotavirus vaccine is having a positive impact on the control of rotavirus diarrheal disease in Mozambique.

Cólera en Apartadó, Antioquia: aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos / Cholera in Apartado, Colombia: clinical and epidemiological aspects

Este trabajo fue realizado en el Hospital Regional de Apartadó, Antioquia, motivado por la falta de experiencia con cólera en la región y por la similitud clínica y epidemiológica que esta enfermedad presenta con otras enteritis agudas, endémicas en la zona. Los objetivos fueron: analizar algunas variables epidemiológicas y clínicas, verificar la eficacia del tratamiento y comparar el comportamiento del cólera con el de la Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda (EDA) sin cólera. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y epidemiológicas de 181 pacientes atendidos entre agosto 11 y octubre 11 de 1991. Se configuró un estudio retrospectivo con las siguientes variables: coprocultivo para Vibrio cholerae, edad, sexo, ocupación, procedencia, estado de hidratación al consultar, duración de la estadía hospitalaria, equilibrio hídrico, asociación epidemiológica y condiciones sanitarias. Se confirmó cólera por coprocultivo en 87 casos (48 por ciento). Al comparar el cólera con la EDA sin cólera, sólo se encontró diferencia significativa en cuanto al grupo de edad afectado (p=0.042) ya la duración de la hospitalización (p=0.016). El tratamiento recomendado por la OMS fue eficaz según el criterio clínico. No hubo complicaciones ni reingresos; ningún paciente falleció

One hundred and eighty one patients with acute diarrhea disease (ADD) were analyzed from the clinical and epidemiological points of view; 87 of them (48.1%) had confirmed cholera while the remaining 94 (51.9%) were classified as non-cholera ADD; the only significant differences between these two groups were observed in age and days of hospital stay: cholera predominated In patients older than 5 years (p=O.O42) and the frequency of a hospital stay longer than 2 days was higher in cholera patients (p=O.O16). WHO recommended treatment was effective according to clinical criteria; neither complications nor deaths were found

Aplicación del programa de atención integral a las enfermedades prevalentes en la infancia (AIEPI) del Ministerio de Salud Pública, en niños menores de 4 años. Cantón Ventanas: Provincia Los Ríos. Enero-Junio 2003 / The Application of an integral attention program with diseases that prevail in childhood of the Department of Public Health, in children less the 4 years of age. Ventanas Canton: Los Rios Province. January-June 2003

En nuestro país de manera general, y en el Cantón Ventanas en particular, se agudiza periódicamente el alto riesgo de enfermar y en algunos casos, morir, de los menores de 4 años por enfermedades prevenibles, tal como enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias, infecciones respiratorias agudas, diarreas y desnutrición, asociadas con otras enfermedades infecciosas como malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, chagas, meningitis, las cuales tratadas con terapéutica accesible a la población, producirá resultados positivos, que permitirán mejorar el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño y por ende el nivel de vida de la familia (1, 13).Objetivos: Determinar las 10 principales patologías en menores de 4 años en el cantón Ventanas, durante el primer semestre, año 2003. Determinar la incidencia de las 2 principales patologías. Realizar un estudio comparativo retrospectivo de las referidas patologías.Resultados: De los 2722 niños, 893 presentaron enfermedad respiratoria aguda, 632 enfermedad diarreica aguda y 601 con diagnóstico de paludismo.La incidencia de la enfermedad respiratoria aguda y paludismo fue mayor en el mes de marzo, mientras que la enfermedad diarreica aguda tuvo su mayor incidencia en el mes de febrero.Conclusión: Las tres patologías señaladas, son las principales causas de morbilidad de los niños menores de 4 años; la incidencia de estas enfermedades está en relación con las características geográficas y de infraestructura de salud en el cantón Ventanas.

In our country in the general population and in Ventanas canton in particular it has become a seriously periodically problem the high risk that exists for children less than 4 years old to become sick or in many cases die of preventable diseases like infectious diseases, parasitosis, acute respiratory infections, diarrhea and malnutrition. They are associated with other diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, chagas and meningitis. If the diseases are treated with accessible therapeutic measures it would have a positive result in the population. This would allow for child to have a better development and lead to a better life for the family.Objectives:„XTo determine the 10 main pathologies that will affect a child less than 4 years of age in Ventanas Canton during the first semester of year 2003.„XTo determine the incidence of the 2 main pathologies.„XTo have a retrospective comparative study of the pathologies referred to in this article.Results: Of the 2722 children studied, 893 had acute respiratory diseases, 632 acute diarrhea disease and 601 were diagnoses with malaria.The incidence of acute respiratory disease and malaria was higher during the month of March while acute diarrhea disease had a higher incidence during the month of February.Conclusion: The three pathologies that were pointed out in this study are the main cause of morbidity in children less then 4 years of age. The incidence of this diseases are in relation to the geographic characteristics and of the health infrastructure in Ventanas Canton.