The biochemical and growth-associated traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) affected by silver nanoparticles and silver.

BACKGROUND: The biochemical and growth changes resulting from exposure of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seedlings to silver nanoparticles and silver were investigated. Over a two-week period, seedlings were exposed to different concentrations (0, 40, and 80 ppm) of silver nanoparticles and silver. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that at concentrations of 40 and 80 ppm, both silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate led to decreased weight, root and shoot length, as well as chlorophyll a and b content. Conversely, these treatments triggered an increase in key biochemical properties, such as total phenols, carotenoids and anthocyanins, with silver nanoparticles showing a more pronounced effect compared to silver nitrate. Moreover, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) rose proportionally with treatment concentration, with the nanoparticle treatment exhibiting a more substantial increase. Silver content showed a significant upswing in both roots and leaves as treatment concentrations increased. CONCLUSIONS: Application of varying concentrations of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on basil plants resulted in reduced growth and lower chlorophyll content, while simultaneously boosting the production of antioxidant compounds. Notably, anthocyanin, carotenoid, and total phenol increased significantly. However, despite this increase in antioxidant activity, the plant remained unable to fully mitigate the oxidative stress induced by silver and silver nanoparticles.

Surgery or endovascular therapy for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia requiring infrapopliteal interventions.

OBJECTIVE: The recent publication of randomized trials comparing open bypass surgery to endovascular therapy in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia, namely, Best Endovascular vs Best Surgical Therapy in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia (BEST-CLI) and Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg-2 (BASIL-2), has resulted in potentially contradictory findings. The trials differed significantly with respect to anatomical disease patterns and primary end points. We performed an analysis of patients in BEST-CLI with significant infrapopliteal disease undergoing open tibial bypass or endovascular tibial interventions to formulate a relevant comparator with the outcomes reported from BASIL-2. METHODS: The study population consisted of patients in BEST-CLI with adequate single segment saphenous vein conduit randomized to open bypass or endovascular intervention (cohort 1) who additionally had significant infrapopliteal disease and underwent tibial level intervention. The primary outcome was major adverse limb event (MALE) or all-cause death. MALE included any major limb amputation or major reintervention. Outcomes were evaluated using Cox proportional regression models. RESULTS: The analyzed subgroup included a total of 665 patients with 326 in the open tibial bypass group and 339 in the tibial endovascular intervention group. The primary outcome of MALE or all-cause death at 3 years was significantly lower in the surgical group at 48.5% compared with 56.7% in the endovascular group (P = .0018). Mortality was similar between groups (35.5% open vs 35.8% endovascular; P = .94), whereas MALE events were lower in the surgical group (23.3% vs 35.0%; P<.0001). This difference included a lower rate of major reinterventions in the surgical group (10.9%) compared with the endovascular group (20.2%; P = .0006). Freedom from above ankle amputation or all-cause death was similar between treatment arms at 43.6% in the surgical group compared with 45.3% the endovascular group (P = .30); however, there were fewer above ankle amputations in the surgical group (13.5%) compared with the endovascular group (19.3%; P = .0205). Perioperative (30-day) death rates were similar between treatment groups (2.5% open vs 2.4% endovascular; P = .93), as was 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (5.3% open vs 2.7% endovascular; P = .12). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with suitable single segment great saphenous vein who underwent infrapopliteal revascularization for chronic limb-threatening ischemia, open bypass surgery was associated with a lower incidence of MALE or death and fewer major amputation compared with endovascular intervention. Amputation-free survival was similar between the groups. Further investigations into differences in comorbidities, anatomical extent, and lesion complexity are needed to explain differences between the BEST-CLI and BASIL-2 reported outcomes.

Ochratoxin A detoxification potentials of basil, chan, and chia seeds.

The most toxic of the ochratoxins is ochratoxin A (OTA), which is primarily produced by species of Aspergillus and Penicillium that can be found in maize, wheat, coffee, red wine, and various grains. OTA induces immunotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity in both animals and humans. Thus, there is a need to identify mycotoxin detoxification agents that can effectively decontaminate OTA. Seeds of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), chan (Hyptis suaveolens L.), and chia (Salvia hispanica L.) are functional foods capable of eliminating harmful substances. Despite this potential, the impact of these seeds on OTA detoxification remains unclear. This study reveals that milled basil, chan, and chia seeds adsorb significant levels of OTA, with chia demonstrating the highest adsorption capacity, followed by chan and basil seeds showing the least efficiency. Furthermore, milled basil, chan, and chia seeds effectively reduced OTA residues in artificial gastric and intestinal fluids, where they achieved up to 93% OTA adsorption in the former. In addition, these milled seeds were able to remove OTAs from canned, drip, and instant coffee. This study is the first to report the OTA elimination potential of basil, chan, and chia seeds.

In Vitro Determination of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition, Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Various Natural Products (Bee and Herbal Products).

It is obvious that the oxidation process is an undeniable fact and when it comes to aging, one of the first solutions that come to mind is natural products. When it comes to natural products, both plants and bee products play an important, almost combative role against oxidation. For this purpose, natural products of both plant and animal origin were considered together in our study: Linden, green tea, aronia, wild grapes, myrtle, blueberries and basil, honey, pollen and propolis. Total phenolic content values of the extracts ranged between 49.28 and 3859.06 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, and propolis, green tea, chestnut flower and aronia samples were found to have the highest values. When looking at the NOS inhibition potential, it was determined that propolis, pollen and aronia samples had the highest percentage inhibition values of 98.11, 92.29, 83.44, respectively. Antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts were investigated using iron(III) reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test and NOS inhibition tests. The phenolic composition of methanolic extracts was tested using the RP-HPLC-UV (high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet) method with 19 phenolic standards.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaf and seed extracts alleviate neuronal dysfunction in aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen model.

Ocimum basilicum is an important medicinal plant and culinary herb generally known as sweet basil (SB). These plants are effective radical scavengers, that have been employed in treatment of nervous system disorders, and thus, could be beneficial for the management of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Current clinical treatments for NDs present several side effects, therefore, there is need to develop new treatments that can mitigate these deadly diseases. Hence, this study investigated the neuroprotective activities of SB leaf and seed in aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. HPLC characterization of the leaves and seeds were carried out. AlCl3-diet was used to induce neurodegeneration and treated flies received SB leaf and seed extracts-supplemented diet. Survival and locomotor performance activities/levels of oxidative biomarkers [reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), total thiol, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)], enzymes linked with neurodegeneration (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO)) were investigated. SB leaf had significantly (p < 0.05) higher polyphenol contents; gallic acid and P-coumaric acid were the most abundant polyphenol in the leaf and seed respectively. Percentage survival and locomotor rates, level/activities of total thiol, catalase, SOD and GST were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced while ROS, TBARS, AChE and MAO activities were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in AlCl3-diet-fed flies. Treatment with SB leaf and seed diet lessened these observed impairments. However, SB leaf had better neuroprotective activities that could be related to the observed higher phenolic constituents. Hence, SB leaf diet may offer improved therapeutic effect in NDs.

Essential oil and waste hydrosol of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.: A low-cost raw material source of eugenol, botanical pesticides, and therapeutic potentiality.

In this study, essential oils and waste hydrosols of leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum in four different geographical locations were extracted by hydrodistillation method and using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for chemical composition analysis. All four essential oil samples contained the main components (E)-ß-caryophyllene (27.8-49.0%), trans-ß-elemene (20.3-37.1%) and eugenol (9.0-44.0%). Three of the four hydrosol samples had eugenol in absolute content (94.5-98.6%), while the remaining hydrosol sample had two main components, elemicin (77.8%) and eugenol (14.2%). Essential oils and hydrosols demonstrated larvicidal activities against four important disease-transmitting mosquito species including Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culex fuscocephala with 24-h LC50 values in the range 15.42-56.01 µg/mL and 53.88-97.80 µg/mL for the essential oils and the hydrosols, respectively. Essential oils and hydrosols strongly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme of electric eels with IC50 values in the range of 25.35-107.19 µg/mL. Microemulsion (ME) can be considered as a sustainable pesticide formulation over 300 days and has improved larvicidal activity compared to free essential oil. The O. tenuiflorum in Vietnam can be considered a low-cost source of eugenol, botanical pesticides that control disease-transmitting mosquitoes, as well as having therapeutic potential to be further investigated.

A biogenic hydrogel to recover Au(III) from electronic waste.

In the course of this investigation, we undertook the contemplation of a green chemistry paradigm with the express intent of procuring valuable metal, namely gold, from electronic waste (e-waste). In pursuit of this overarching objective, we conceived a procedural framework consisting of two pivotal stages. As an initial stage, we introduced a physical separation procedure relying on the utilization of the Eddy current separator, prior to embarking on the process of leaching from e-waste. Subsequent to the partitioning of metals from the non-metal constituents of waste printed circuit boards (PCB), we initiated an investigation into the hydrogel derived from basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.), utilizing it as a biogenic sorbent medium. The thorough characterization of hydrogel extracted from basil seeds involved the application of an array of analytical techniques, encompassing FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET. The batch sorption experiments show more than 90% uptake in the pH range of 2-5. The sorption capacity of the hydrogel material was evaluated as 188.44 mg g-1 from the Langmuir Isotherm model. The potential interference stemming from a spectrum of other ions, encompassing Al, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Pb was systematically examined. Notably, the sole instance of interference in the context of adsorption of gold ions was observed to be associated with the presence of lead. The application of the hydrogel demonstrated a commendable efficiency in the recovery of Au(III) from the leached solution derived from the waste PCB.

Embracing nutritional, physical, pasting, textural, sensory and phenolic profile of functional muffins prepared by partial incorporation of lyophilized wheatgrass, fenugreek and basil microgreens juice powder.

BACKGROUND: Muffins are delightful baked food products that have earned a prominent place in the daily diet of a majority of people around the world. The incorporation of microgreens juice powder (MJP) into muffins boosts their nutritional value. The influence of the incorporation of wheatgrass, fenugreek and basil MJP at 1.5% and 3.0% levels on the nutritional composition, physical properties, pasting, sensory, textural and phenolic profile of functional muffins was evaluated. RESULTS: The results indicated a significant increase in the protein content, ash content, dietary fiber and total phenolic content of MJP incorporated muffins. The incorporation of MJP to the muffins led to a gradual reduction in the L*, a* and b* values. Baking characteristic such as bake loss decreased significantly as a result of MJP incorporation. Furthermore, the incorporation of various MJPs resulted in a significant decrease in the peak viscosity of the flour-MJP blends. Regarding texture, the hardness and chewiness of the muffins increased progressively with an increase in the level of MJP incorporation. The highest hardness (10.15 N) and chewiness (24.45 mJ) were noted for 3% fenugreek MJP incorporated muffins (FK 3.0). The sensory score of MJP incorporated muffins was acceptable and satisfactory. Additionally, 3% basil MJP incorporated muffins (BL 3.0) marked the dominant presence of majority of the detected phenolic acids such as ferulic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, isothymosin and rosamarinic acid. The highest concentration of p-coumaric acid (11.95 mg kg-1), vanillic acid (26.07 mg kg-1) and kaempferol (8.04 mg kg-1) was recorded for FK 3.0 muffin. CONCLUSION: MJP incorporated muffins revealed the pool of phenolic acids and the reduced bake loss is of industrial interest. The present study concludes that wheatgrass, fenugreek and basil MJP can be incorporated by up to 3% into baked products as a source of functional ingredients for health benefits. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Morphological and molecular characterization of downy mildew on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) caused by Peronospora belbahrii in Turkiye.

BACKGROUND: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is one of the most significant aromatic plants in Turkiye. Recently, a new pathogen induced symptoms were discovered and identified as basil downy mildew caused by Peronospora belbahrii Thines. The pathogen has been introduced into the country and it has quickly become the most damaging disease in basil cultivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular and morphological properties of the causal organism of downy mildew observed on sweet basil and determine the disease incidence and prevalence in Antalya province. METHODS AND RESULTS: According to morphological characteristics (conidia, conidiophores) disease was determined as downy mildew caused by P. belbahrii. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying with a sporangial suspension of P. belbahrii (1 × 105 sporangia/mL). After 1 week, all inoculated plants exhibited characteristic downy mildew symptoms on their leaves, whereas non-inoculated control plants remained disease-free. All molecular analyses involving the internal transcribed spacer region were amplified using Nested PCR with primer pairs ITS4 and ITS6 for the first round and ITS4 and DC6 for the second round. Resulting sequences of all the nested PCR products had 99% similarity with P. belbahrii isolates. Disease incidence was 22.4-70.2% of sweet basil cultivation area in Antalya province. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the molecular analysis, morphological characteristics and pathogenicity tests the pathogen was identified as P. belbahrii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew caused by P. belbahrii on sweet basil in Turkiye.

Efficacy of Organic Fungicides for Downy Mildew in Field-Grown Sweet Basil.

Downy mildew is a common, widespread disease affecting basil leaves. No tolerance for disease symptoms, especially on leaves for fresh consumption, necessitates management. Six replicated experiments were conducted between 2010 and 2016 with field-grown basil of a susceptible cultivar exposed to naturally occurring, wind-dispersed sporangiospores of Peronospora belbahrii to evaluate fungicides approved for use on organically produced crops and products in development. Products tested currently registered for use on basil in the U.S. and labeled for downy mildew were Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus), Companion (Bacillus subtilis), Cueva (copper octanoate), Double Nickel (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), Forticept EP #1 (thyme oil), Milagrum Plus (Bacillus subtilis), Organocide (sesame oil), Oso (polyoxin D zinc salt), OxiDate (hydrogen dioxide), Procidic (citric acid), Regalia (Reynoutria sachalinensis extract), Stargus (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), and Trilogy (neem oil). Most are biopesticides. A conventional fungicide, Revus (mandipropamid), was included in most experiments as a positive control. Applications were made weekly to foliage with a backpack sprayer starting before symptoms were seen, except in 2013 when disease onset was early and 2015 when applications were made twice weekly. Organic treatments tested in 2013 started with a soil drench application around the base of plants two days after transplantation. Fungicide efficacy was assessed based on incidence of symptomatic leaves rather than disease severity because there is no tolerance for disease on fresh-market herbs. None were effective based on weekly severity assessments or AUDPC values, confirming results from other researchers that downy mildew cannot be effectively managed with organic fungicides applied to susceptible basil cultivars.

Exploiting Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks for the Detection of Nutrient Deficiencies in Hydroponic Basil.

Due to the integration of artificial intelligence with sensors and devices utilized by Internet of Things technology, the interest in automation systems has increased. One of the common features of both agriculture and artificial intelligence is recommendation systems that increase yield by identifying nutrient deficiencies in plants, consuming resources correctly, reducing damage to the environment and preventing economic losses. The biggest shortcomings in these studies are the scarcity of data and the lack of diversity. This experiment aimed to identify nutrient deficiencies in basil plants cultivated in a hydroponic system. Basil plants were grown by applying a complete nutrient solution as control and non-added nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K). Then, photos were taken to determine N, P and K deficiencies in basil and control plants. After a new dataset was created for the basil plant, pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) models were used for the classification problem. DenseNet201, ResNet101V2, MobileNet and VGG16 pretrained models were used to classify N, P and K deficiencies; then, accuracy values were examined. Additionally, heat maps of images that were obtained using the Grad-CAM were analyzed in the study. The highest accuracy was achieved with the VGG16 model, and it was observed in the heat map that VGG16 focuses on the symptoms.

Determining the Nutrient Content of Hydroponically-Cultivated Microgreens with Immersible Silicon Photonic Sensors: A Preliminary Feasibility Study.

Microgreens have gained attention for their exceptional culinary characteristics and high nutritional value. The present study focused on a novel approach for investigating the easy extraction of plant samples and the utilization of immersible silicon photonic sensors to determine, on the spot, the nutrient content of microgreens and their optimum time of harvest. For the first time, it was examined how these novel sensors can capture time-shifting spectra caused by the molecules' dynamic adhesion onto the sensor surface. The experiment involved four types of microgreens (three types of basil and broccoli) grown in a do-it-yourself hydroponic installation. The sensors successfully distinguished between different plant types, showcasing their discriminative capabilities. To determine the optimum harvest time, this study compared the sensor data with results obtained through standard analytical methods. Specifically, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two basil varieties were juxtaposed with the sensor data, and this study concluded that the ideal harvest time for basil microgreens was 14 days after planting. This finding highlights the potential of the immersible silicon photonic sensors for potentially replacing time-consuming analytical techniques. By concentrating on obtaining plant extracts, capturing time-shifting spectra, and assessing sensor reusability, this research paves the way for future advancements in urban farming.

Nanocellulose Sponges Containing Antibacterial Basil Extract.

Nanocellulose (NC) is a valuable material in tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery, but its lack of antimicrobial activity is a major drawback for these applications. In this work, basil ethanolic extract (BE) and basil seed mucilage (BSM) were used to endow nanocellulose with antibacterial activity. NC/BE and NC/BE/BSM sponges were obtained from nanocellulose suspensions and different amounts of BE and BSM after freeze-drying. Regardless of the BE or BSM content, the sponges started to decompose at a lower temperature due to the presence of highly volatile active compounds in BE. A SEM investigation revealed an opened-cell structure and nanofibrillar morphology for all the sponges, while highly impregnated nanofibers were observed by SEM in NC/BE sponges with higher amounts of BE. A quantitative evaluation of the porous morphology by microcomputer tomography showed that the open porosity of the sponges varied between 70% and 82%, being lower in the sponges with higher BE/BSM content due to the impregnation of cellulose nanofibers with BE/BSM, which led to smaller pores. The addition of BE increased the specific compression strength of the NC/BE sponges, with a higher amount of BE having a stronger effect. A slight inhibition of S. aureus growth was observed in the NC/BE sponges with a higher amount of BE, and no effect was observed in the unmodified NC. In addition, the NC/BE sponge with the highest amount of BE and the best antibacterial effect in the series showed no cytotoxic effect and did not interfere with the normal development of the L929 cell line, similar to the unmodified NC. This work uses a simple, straightforward method to obtain highly porous nanocellulose structures containing antibacterial basil extract for use in biomedical applications.

The Effect of Municipal Biosolids on the Growth, Physiology and Synthesis of Phenolic Compounds in Ocimum basilicum L.

The continuous development of drinking water networks is leading to the production of increasing amounts of waste water and sewage sludge. Secondary-treated sewage sludge is called biosolids and can be used as fertilizers in agriculture due to its rich nutrient content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biosolids mixed with an eroded soil on the morphology, physiology and synthesis of bioactive compounds in basil. The study was performed in pots under laboratory-controlled conditions. In total, four substrates were tested: S1 biosolids 100%, S2 biosolids 15% + eroded soil 85%, S3 eroded soil 100% and S4 control (commercial growing substrate). At the morphological level, a significant increase in plant height, number of branches, fresh biomass and dry biomass was found in the S2 variant. At the physiological level, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content did not vary significantly, but the quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII) was significantly higher at S1 and S2. The oxidative status evaluated by determining the activity of SOD, POD and CAT enzymes was better in S2 and S3 compared to S3. Regarding the synthesis of bioactive compounds (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid), it was stimulated in S1 and S2. In conclusion, biosolids application stimulated the stress response mechanisms in basil plants by increasing the quantum yield chlorophyll fluorescence and catalase activity, alleviating the negative effects of eroded soil.

Determination of Chemical Composition and Investigation of Biological Activities of Ocimum basilicum L.

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Ocimum basilicum L., as well as to evaluate the antibacterial, antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, and the EOs and aqueous extracts of O. basilicum. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against bacterial strains, Gram-positive and Gram-negative, using the well diffusion and microdilution methods, whereas the antidiabetic activity was assessed in vitro using two enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the other hand, the dermatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities were studied by testing tyrosinase and lipoxygenase inhibition activity, respectively. The results showed that the chemical composition of O. basilicum EO (OBEO) is dominated by methyl chavicol (86%) and trans-anethol (8%). OBEO exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, demonstrated by considerable diameters of the inhibition zones and lower MIC and MBC values. In addition, OBEO exhibited significant inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 = 50.51 ± 0.32 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 39.84 ± 1.2 µg/mL). Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity, OBEO significantly inhibited lipoxygenase activity (IC50 = 18.28 ± 0.03 µg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 24.8 ± 0.01 µg/mL). Moreover, tyrosinase was considerably inhibited by OBEO (IC50 = 68.58 ± 0.03 µg/mL) compared to the aqueous extract (IC50 = 118.37 ± 0.05 µg/mL). The toxicological investigations revealed the safety of O. basilicum in acute and chronic toxicity. The finding of in silico analysis showed that methyl chavicol and trans-anethole (main compounds of OBEO) validate the pharmacokinetics of these compounds and decipher some antibacterial targets.

Computational Studies to Understand the Neuroprotective Mechanism of Action Basil Compounds.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, pose a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the need for novel neuroprotective agents. Basil (Ocimum spp.) has been recognized for its therapeutic potential, and numerous studies have reported neuroprotective effects. In this manuscript, we present a computational protocol to extricate the underlying mechanism of action of basil compounds in neuroprotective effects. Molecular docking-based investigation of the chemical interactions between selected bioactive compounds from basil and key neuroprotective targets, including AChE, GSK3ß, γ-secretase, and sirtuin2. Our results demonstrate that basil compound myricerone caffeoyl ester possesses a high affinity of -10.01 and -8.85 kcal/mol against GSK3ß and γ-secretase, respectively, indicating their potential in modulating various neurobiological processes. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the protein-ligand complexes' stability and to analyze the bound basil compounds' dynamic behavior. This comprehensive computational investigation enlightens the putative mechanistic basis for the neuroprotective effects of basil compounds, providing a rationale for their therapeutic use in neurodegenerative disorders after further experimental validation.

Effect of Microencapsulated Basil Extract on Cream Cheese Quality and Stability.

The antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of plant extracts are well known, but their use is limited because they affect the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of products. Encapsulation presents an option to limit or prevent these changes. The paper presents the composition of individual polyphenols (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts (BE), and their antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Abony. The BE was encapsulated in sodium alginate (Alg) using the drop technique. The encapsulation efficiency of microencapsulated basil extract (MBE) was 78.59 ± 0.01%. SEM and FTIR analyses demonstrated the morphological aspect of the microcapsules and the existence of weak physical interactions between the components. Sensory, physicochemical and textural properties of MBE-fortified cream cheese were evaluated over a 28-day storage time at 4 °C. In the optimal concentration range of 0.6-0.9% (w/w) MBE, we determined the inhibition of the post-fermentation process and the improvement in the degree of water retention. This led to the improvement of the textural parameters of the cream cheese, contributing to the extension of the shelf life of the product by 7 days.

Optimization of the Extraction Conditions of Bioactive Compounds from Ocimum basilicum Leaves Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction via a Sonotrode.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that present therapeutic benefits for human health. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is frequently used to obtain phenolic compounds from plants/herbal sources. However, few works have developed multi-variable studies to find the optimal conditions to extract the maximum amount of compounds, especially when applied to UAE via a sonotrode. The purpose of this work was to perform a multi-variable study by employing a Box-Behnken design to collect the highest active compound content from Ocimum basilicum leaves. The efficacy of the design was endorsed by ANOVA. The studied parameters for UAE via a sonotrode were the ethanol/water ratio, amplitude, and time. The analyzed responses were the rosmarinic acid, the sum of phenolic acids, and the sum of phenolic compounds content. The optimal conditions were found to be 50% ethanol/water, 50% amplitude, and 5 min. Twenty bioactive compounds were identified by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS when the extract was collected by applying the optimal conditions. Ocimum basilicum may be appreciated as a valuable source of important bioactive substances for pharmaceutical use.

Hydroponic versus soil-based cultivation of sweet basil: impact on plants' susceptibility to downy mildew and heat stress, storability and total antioxidant capacity.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, hydroponically cultivated basil has gained extensive popularity over soil-based cultivation. Evidence for potential differences between both cultivation methods, in terms of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, storage properties and shelf-life, is still lacking and the potential effect of cultivation method on the antioxidant capacity has not yet been fully explored. This study aimed to determine which of the two basil cultivation methods produces plants that are more resilient to downy mildew and external heat treatment and that exhibit better storage and shelf-life performance. RESULTS: Hydroponically grown basil was significantly more affected by browning than the soil-grown basil at the end of the storage and end of the shelf-life period. Under both cultivation methods, the extent of browning increased significantly between the end of the storage and end of the shelf-life period, by a factor of 1.4. Moreover, hydroponically grown plants were significantly more sensitive to heat treatment than soil-grown basil. However, the soil-grown basil exhibited significantly greater susceptibility to downy mildew than the hydroponically grown basil. At harvest, and at the end of the storage period, the antioxidant capacity of hydroponically cultivated basil was significantly greater than that of soil-grown basil. CONCLUSIONS: Hydroponically cultivated basil exhibited greater resistance to downy mildew, but less resilience to heat and browning during storage and a shelf-life period, resulting in poorer storage and shelf-life performance as compared to soil-cultivated basil. The greater total antioxidant capacity of the hydroponically cultivated basil seems to be the major cause for the observed phenomena. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Accumulation of phenolic compounds and expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes in leaves of basil transformed with A. rhizogenes strains.

Biotic factors affect the content of secondary metabolites by interfering with molecular and biochemical pathways. In the current study, A. rhizogenes strains were inoculated into basil (Ocimum basilicum) to examine the effect of plant-microbe interaction on the accumulation of monomeric phenolic metabolites and the transcript levels of selected genes involved in the biochemical synthesis of secondary compounds. Initially, the integration of the rolB gene was validated by performing PCR analysis on genomic DNA samples from the basil plant inoculated with A. rhizogenes strains. We have detected that the accumulation of mRNA transcripts linked to the biosynthesis pathway of phenolic compounds has higher transcript expression levels in the leaves of transformed basil in proportion to uninoculated plants. Basil plants inoculated with A. rhizogenes 39207 strain had higher transcript levels of CAD, C4H, TAT, FLS, EGS, HPPR, PAL, and RAS genes than other experimental groups. We have identified eleven phenolic components, and the level of rosmarinic acid, eugenol, chicoric acid, and rutin increased in the inoculated basil leaves. However, the inoculation of A. rhizogenes did not cause a change in the compounds of chlorogenic acid, methyl chavicol, cinnamic acid, quercetin, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid. In conclusion, the increase in basic secondary metabolites could be achieved by the A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation of basil plants, and especially ATCC 43057 strain may be one of the A. rhizogenes strains. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01320-w.