RESUMO
Genomic instability in disease and its fidelity in health depend on the DNA damage response (DDR), regulated in part from the complex of meiotic recombination 11 homolog 1 (MRE11), ATP-binding cassette-ATPase (RAD50), and phosphopeptide-binding Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein 1 (NBS1). The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex forms a multifunctional DDR machine. Within its network assemblies, MRN is the core conductor for the initial and sustained responses to DNA double-strand breaks, stalled replication forks, dysfunctional telomeres, and viral DNA infection. MRN can interfere with cancer therapy and is an attractive target for precision medicine. Its conformations change the paradigm whereby kinases initiate damage sensing. Delineated results reveal kinase activation, posttranslational targeting, functional scaffolding, conformations storing binding energy and enabling access, interactions with hub proteins such as replication protein A (RPA), and distinct networks at DNA breaks and forks. MRN biochemistry provides prototypic insights into how it initiates, implements, and regulates multifunctional responses to genomic stress.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/química , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/química , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Moleculares , Transdução de Sinais , Telômero/metabolismoRESUMO
The DNA double-strand break repair complex Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) detects and nucleolytically processes DNA ends, activates the ATM kinase, and tethers DNA at break sites. How MRN can act both as nuclease and scaffold protein is not well understood. The cryo-EM structure of MRN from Chaetomium thermophilum reveals a 2:2:1 complex with a single Nbs1 wrapping around the autoinhibited Mre11 nuclease dimer. MRN has two DNA-binding modes, one ATP-dependent mode for loading onto DNA ends and one ATP-independent mode through Mre11's C terminus, suggesting how it may interact with DSBs and intact DNA. MRNs two 60-nm-long coiled-coil domains form a linear rod structure, the apex of which is assembled by the two joined zinc-hook motifs. Apices from two MRN complexes can further dimerize, forming 120-nm spanning MRN-MRN structures. Our results illustrate the architecture of MRN and suggest how it mechanistically integrates catalytic and tethering functions.
Assuntos
Reparo do DNA , DNA , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , DNA/genética , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismoRESUMO
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threaten genome stability throughout life and are linked to tumorigenesis in humans. To initiate DSB repair by end joining or homologous recombination, the Mre11-nuclease Rad50-ATPase complex detects and processes diverse and obstructed DNA ends, but a structural mechanism is still lacking. Here we report cryo-EM structures of the E. coli Mre11-Rad50 homolog SbcCD in resting and DNA-bound cutting states. In the resting state, Mre11's nuclease is blocked by ATP-Rad50, and the Rad50 coiled coils appear flexible. Upon DNA binding, the two coiled coils zip up into a rod and, together with the Rad50 nucleotide-binding domains, form a clamp around dsDNA. Mre11 moves to the side of Rad50, binds the DNA end, and assembles a DNA cutting channel for the nuclease reactions. The structures reveal how Mre11-Rad50 can detect and process diverse DNA ends and uncover a clamping and gating function for the coiled coils.
Assuntos
Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Replicação do DNA , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Desoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Exonucleases/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/genética , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/ultraestrutura , Desoxirribonucleases/genética , Desoxirribonucleases/ultraestrutura , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/ultraestrutura , Exonucleases/genética , Exonucleases/ultraestrutura , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/ultraestrutura , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Starch is one of the major carbohydrate storage compounds in plants. The biogenesis of starch granules starts with the formation of initials, which subsequently expand into granules. Several coiled-coil domain-containing proteins have been previously implicated with the initiation process, but the mechanisms by which they act remain largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that one of these proteins, the thylakoid-associated MAR-BINDING FILAMENT-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (MFP1), specifically determines the subchloroplast location of initial formation. The expression of MFP1 variants "mis"-targeted to specific locations within chloroplasts in Arabidopsis results in distinctive shifts in not only how many but also where starch granules are formed. Importantly, "re" localizing MFP1 to the stromal face of the chloroplast's inner envelope is sufficient to generate starch granules in this aberrant position. These findings provide compelling evidence that a single protein MFP1 possesses the capacity to direct the initiation and biosynthesis machinery of starch granules.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Arabidopsis/genética , Cloroplastos/genética , Amido , TilacoidesRESUMO
Efforts to develop an HIV-1 vaccine include those focusing on conserved structural elements as the target of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. MAb D5 binds to a highly conserved hydrophobic pocket on the gp41 N-heptad repeat (NHR) coiled coil and neutralizes through prevention of viral fusion and entry. Assessment of 17-mer and 36-mer NHR peptides presenting the D5 epitope in rodent immunogenicity studies showed that the longer peptide elicited higher titers of neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that neutralizing epitopes outside of the D5 pocket may exist. Although the magnitude and breadth of neutralization elicited by NHR-targeting antigens are lower than that observed for antibodies directed to other epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein complex, it has been shown that NHR-directed antibodies are potentiated in TZM-bl cells containing the FcγRI receptor. Herein, we report the design and evaluation of covalently stabilized trimeric 51-mer peptides encompassing the complete gp41 NHR. We demonstrate that these peptide trimers function as effective antiviral entry inhibitors and retain the ability to present the D5 epitope. We further demonstrate in rodent and nonhuman primate immunization studies that our 51-mer constructs elicit a broader repertoire of neutralizing antibody and improved cross-clade neutralization of primary HIV-1 isolates relative to 17-mer and 36-mer NHR peptides in A3R5 and FcγR1-enhanced TZM-bl assays. These results demonstrate that sensitive neutralization assays can be used for structural enhancement of moderately potent neutralizing epitopes. Finally, we present expanded trimeric peptide designs which include unique low-molecular-weight scaffolds that provide versatility in our immunogen presentation strategy.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV , HIV-1 , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/química , HIV-1/imunologia , Animais , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Epitopos/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Peptídeos/imunologia , Peptídeos/química , Feminino , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologiaRESUMO
In many organs, small openings across capillary endothelial cells (ECs) allow the diffusion of low-molecular weight compounds and small proteins between the blood and tissue spaces. These openings contain a diaphragm composed of radially arranged fibers, and current evidence suggests that a single-span type II transmembrane protein, plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein-1 (PLVAP), constitutes these fibers. Here, we present the three-dimensional crystal structure of an 89-amino acid segment of the PLVAP extracellular domain (ECD) and show that it adopts a parallel dimeric alpha-helical coiled-coil configuration with five interchain disulfide bonds. The structure was solved using single-wavelength anomalous diffraction from sulfur-containing residues (sulfur SAD) to generate phase information. Biochemical and circular dichroism (CD) experiments show that a second PLVAP ECD segment also has a parallel dimeric alpha-helical configuration-presumably a coiled coil-held together with interchain disulfide bonds. Overall, ~2/3 of the ~390 amino acids within the PLVAP ECD adopt a helical configuration, as determined by CD. We also determined the sequence and epitope of MECA-32, an anti-PLVAP antibody. Taken together, these data lend strong support to the model of capillary diaphragms formulated by Tse and Stan in which approximately ten PLVAP dimers are arranged within each 60- to 80-nm-diameter opening like the spokes of a bicycle wheel. Passage of molecules through the wedge-shaped pores is presumably determined both by the length of PLVAP-i.e., the long dimension of the pore-and by the chemical properties of amino acid side chains and N-linked glycans on the solvent-accessible faces of PLVAP.
Assuntos
Diafragma , Células Endoteliais , Diafragma/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Dissulfetos/metabolismo , Dicroísmo CircularRESUMO
We report the preparation and spectroscopic characterization of a highly elusive copper site bound exclusively to oxygen donor atoms within a protein scaffold. Despite copper generally being considered unsuitable for use in MRI contrast agents, which in the clinic are largely Gd(III) based, the designed copper coiled coil displays relaxivity values equal to, or superior than, those of the Gd(III) analog at clinical field strengths. The creation of this new-to-biology proteinaceous CuOx-binding site demonstrates the power of the de novo peptide design approach to access chemistry for abiological applications, such as for the development of MRI contrast agents.
Assuntos
Meios de Contraste , Cobre , Cobre/metabolismo , Meios de Contraste/química , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Sítios de Ligação , PeptídeosRESUMO
Zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena spp.) are invasive freshwater biofoulers that perpetrate devastating economic and ecological impact. Their success depends on their ability to anchor onto substrates with protein-based fibers known as byssal threads. Yet, compared to other mussel lineages, little is understood about the proteins comprising their fibers or their evolutionary history. Here, we investigated the hierarchical protein structure of Dreissenid byssal threads and the process by which they are fabricated. Unique among bivalves, we found that threads possess a predominantly ß-sheet crystalline structure reminiscent of spider silk. Further analysis revealed unexpectedly that the Dreissenid thread protein precursors are mechanoresponsive α-helical proteins that are mechanically processed into ß-crystallites during thread formation. Proteomic analysis of the byssus secretory organ and byssus fibers revealed a family of ultrahigh molecular weight (354 to 467 kDa) asparagine-rich (19 to 20%) protein precursors predicted to form α-helical coiled coils. Moreover, several independent lines of evidence indicate that the ancestral predecessor of these proteins was likely acquired via horizontal gene transfer. This chance evolutionary event that transpired at least 12 Mya has endowed Dreissenids with a distinctive and effective fiber formation mechanism, contributing significantly to their success as invasive species and possibly, inspiring new materials design.
Assuntos
Bivalves , Dreissena , Animais , Seda/química , Proteômica , Bivalves/química , Precursores de Proteínas/metabolismoRESUMO
Tripartite-motif protein-56 (TRIM56) positively regulates the induction of type I interferon response via the TLR3 pathway by enhancing IRF3 activation and depends on its C-terminal residues 621-750 for interacting with the adaptor TRIF. However, the precise underlying mechanism and detailed TRIM56 determinants remain unclear. Herein, we show ectopic expression of murine TRIM56 also enhances TLR3-dependent interferon-ß promoter activation, suggesting functional conservation. We found that endogenous TRIM56 and TRIF formed a complex early (0.5-2 h) after poly-I:C stimulation and that TRIM56 overexpression also promoted activation of NF-κB by poly-I:C but not that by TNF-α or IL-1ß, consistent with a specific effect on TRIF prior to the bifurcation of NF-κB and IRF3. Using transient transfection and Tet-regulated cell lines expressing various TRIM56 mutants, we demonstrated the Coiled-coil domain and a segment spanning residues â¼434-610, but not the B-box or residues 355-433, were required for TRIM56 augmentation of TLR3 signaling. Moreover, alanine substitution at each putative phosphorylation site, Ser471, Ser475, and Ser710, abrogated TRIM56 function. Concordantly, mutants bearing Ser471Ala, Ser475Ala, or Ser710Ala, or lacking the Coiled-coil domain, all lost the capacity to enhance poly-I:C-induced establishment of an antiviral state. Furthermore, the Ser710Ala mutation disrupted the TRIM56-TRIF association. Using phospho-specific antibodies, we detected biphasic phosphorylation of TRIM56 at Ser471 and Ser475 following TLR3 stimulation, with the early phase occurring at â¼0.5 to 1 h, prior to IRF3 phosphorylation. Together, these data reveal novel molecular details critical for the TRIM56 augmentation of TLR3-dependent antiviral response and highlight important roles for TRIM56 scaffolding and phosphorylation.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular , Imunidade Inata , Receptor 3 Toll-Like , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular/imunologia , Células HEK293 , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Poli I-C/farmacologia , Domínios Proteicos , Transdução de Sinais , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/genética , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido/metabolismo , Proteínas com Motivo Tripartido/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
Filopodia are slender cellular protrusions containing parallel actin bundles involved in environmental sensing and signaling, cell adhesion and migration, and growth cone guidance and extension. Myosin 10 (Myo10), an unconventional actin-based motor protein, was reported to induce filopodial initiation with its motor domain. However, the roles of the multifunctional tail domain of Myo10 in filopodial formation and elongation remain elusive. Herein, we generated several constructs of Myo10-full-length Myo10, Myo10 with a truncated tail (Myo10 HMM), and Myo10 containing four mutations to disrupt its coiled-coil domain (Myo10 CC mutant). We found that the truncation of the tail domain decreased filopodial formation and filopodial length, while four mutations in the coiled-coil domain disrupted the motion of Myo10 toward filopodial tips and the elongation of filopodia. Furthermore, we found that filopodia elongated through multiple elongation cycles, which was supported by the Myo10 tail. These findings suggest that Myo10 tail is crucial for promoting long filopodia.
Assuntos
Miosinas , Pseudópodes , Actinas/metabolismo , Adesão Celular , Miosinas/química , Miosinas/genética , Miosinas/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Pseudópodes/genética , Pseudópodes/metabolismo , Células COS , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein-124 (Ccdc124) is a conserved eukaryotic ribosome-associated RNA-binding protein which is involved in resuming ribosome activity after stress-related translational shutdown. Ccdc124 protein is also detected at cellular localizations devoid of ribosomes, such as the centrosome, or the cytokinetic midbody, but its translation-independent cellular function is currently unknown. RESULTS: By using an unbiased LC-MS/MS-based proteomics approach in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, we identified novel Ccdc124 partners and mapped the cellular organization of interacting proteins, a subset of which are known to be involved in nucleoli biogenesis and function. We then identified a novel interaction between the cancer-associated multifunctional nucleolar marker nucleophosmin (Npm1) and Ccdc124, and we characterized this interaction both in HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) and U2OS (osteosarcoma) cells. As expected, in both types of cells, Npm1 and Ccdc124 proteins colocalized within the nucleolus when assayed by immunocytochemical methods, or by monitoring the localization of green fluorescent protein-tagged Ccdc124. CONCLUSIONS: The nucleolar localization of Ccdc124 was impaired when Npm1 translocates from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm in response to treatment with the DNA-intercalator and Topo2 inhibitor chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. Npm1 is critically involved in maintaining genomic stability by mediating various DNA-repair pathways, and over-expression of Npm1 or specific NPM1 mutations have been previously associated with proliferative diseases, such as acute myelogenous leukemia, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and solid cancers originating from different tissues. SIGNIFICANCE: Identification of Ccdc124 as a novel interaction partner of Nmp1 within the frame of molecular mechanisms involving nucleolar stress-sensing and DNA-damage response is expected to provide novel insights into the biology of cancers associated with aberrations in NPM1.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Nucleofosmina , Humanos , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Cromatografia Líquida , Células HEK293 , Proteômica , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismoRESUMO
SMC proteins support vital cellular processes in all domains of life by organizing chromosomal DNA. They are composed of ATPase "head" and "hinge" dimerization domains and a connecting coiled-coil "arm." Binding to a kleisin subunit creates a closed tripartite ring, whose â¼47-nm-long SMC arms act as barrier for DNA entrapment. Here, we uncover another, more active function of the bacterial Smc arm. Using high-throughput genetic engineering, we resized the arm in the range of 6-60 nm and found that it was functional only in specific length regimes following a periodic pattern. Natural SMC sequences reflect these length constraints. Mutants with improper arm length or peptide insertions in the arm efficiently target chromosomal loading sites and hydrolyze ATP but fail to use ATP hydrolysis for relocation onto flanking DNA. We propose that SMC arms implement force transmission upon nucleotide hydrolysis to mediate DNA capture or loop extrusion.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Cromossomos Bacterianos/enzimologia , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/química , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Bacillus subtilis/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Cromossomos Bacterianos/química , Cromossomos Bacterianos/genética , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Engenharia Genética/métodos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Hidrólise , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Mutação , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Despite continuing advances in the development of novel cellular-, antibody-, and chemotherapeutic-based strategies to enhance immune reactivity, the presence of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) remains a complicating factor for their clinical efficacy. To overcome dosing limitations and off-target effects from antibody-based Treg cell deletional strategies or small molecule drugging, we investigated the ability of hydrocarbon stapled alpha-helical (SAH) peptides to target FOXP3, the master transcription factor regulator of Treg cell development, maintenance, and suppressive function. Using the crystal structure of the FOXP3 homodimer as a guide, we developed SAHs in the likeness of a portion of the native FOXP3 antiparallel coiled-coil homodimerization domain (SAH-FOXP3) to block this key FOXP3 protein-protein interaction (PPI) through molecular mimicry. We describe the design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of single- and double-stapled SAHs covering the entire coiled-coil expanse. We show that lead SAH-FOXP3s bind FOXP3, are cell permeable and nontoxic to T cells, induce dose-dependent transcript and protein level alterations of FOXP3 target genes, impede Treg cell function, and lead to Treg cell gene expression changes in vivo consistent with FOXP3 dysfunction. These results demonstrate a proof of concept for rationally designed FOXP3-directed peptide therapeutics that could be used as approaches to amplify endogenous immune responsiveness.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Conformação Proteica em alfa-HéliceRESUMO
The cohesin complex is required for sister chromatid cohesion and genome compaction. Cohesin coiled coils (CCs) can fold at break sites near midpoints to bring head and hinge domains, located at opposite ends of coiled coils, into proximity. Whether ATPase activities in the head play a role in this conformational change is yet to be known. Here, we dissected functions of cohesin ATPase activities in cohesin dynamics in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Isolation and characterization of cohesin ATPase temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants indicate that both ATPase domains are required for proper chromosome segregation. Unbiased screening of spontaneous suppressor mutations rescuing the temperature lethality of cohesin ATPase mutants identified several suppressor hotspots in cohesin that located outside of ATPase domains. Then, we performed comprehensive saturation mutagenesis targeted to these suppressor hotspots. Large numbers of the identified suppressor mutations indicated several different ways to compensate for the ATPase mutants: 1) Substitutions to amino acids with smaller side chains in coiled coils at break sites around midpoints may enable folding and extension of coiled coils more easily; 2) substitutions to arginine in the DNA binding region of the head may enhance DNA binding; or 3) substitutions to hydrophobic amino acids in coiled coils, connecting the head and interacting with other subunits, may alter conformation of coiled coils close to the head. These results reflect serial structural changes in cohesin driven by its ATPase activities potentially for packaging DNAs.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona , Segregação de Cromossomos , Schizosaccharomyces , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Mutação , Domínios Proteicos , Schizosaccharomyces/enzimologia , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , CoesinasRESUMO
For decades, sarcomeric myosin heavy chain proteins were assumed to be restricted to striated muscle where they function as molecular motors that contract muscle. However, MYH7b, an evolutionarily ancient member of this myosin family, has been detected in mammalian nonmuscle tissues, and mutations in MYH7b are linked to hereditary hearing loss in compound heterozygous patients. These mutations are the first associated with hearing loss rather than a muscle pathology, and because there are no homologous mutations in other myosin isoforms, their functional effects were unknown. We generated recombinant human MYH7b harboring the D515N or R1651Q hearing loss-associated mutation and studied their effects on motor activity and structural and assembly properties, respectively. The D515N mutation had no effect on steady-state actin-activated ATPase rate or load-dependent detachment kinetics but increased actin sliding velocity because of an increased displacement during the myosin working stroke. Furthermore, we found that the D515N mutation caused an increase in the proportion of myosin heads that occupy the disordered-relaxed state, meaning more myosin heads are available to interact with actin. Although we found no impact of the R1651Q mutation on myosin rod secondary structure or solubility, we observed a striking aggregation phenotype when this mutation was introduced into nonmuscle cells. Our results suggest that each mutation independently affects MYH7b function and structure. Together, these results provide the foundation for further study of a role for MYH7b outside the sarcomere.
Assuntos
Perda Auditiva , Cadeias Pesadas de Miosina , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Actinas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Células COS , Perda Auditiva/genética , Perda Auditiva/fisiopatologia , Cinética , Mutação , Cadeias Pesadas de Miosina/genética , Cadeias Pesadas de Miosina/metabolismo , Agregados Proteicos/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
Protein science is being transformed by powerful computational methods for structure prediction and design: AlphaFold2 can predict many natural protein structures from sequence, and other AI methods are enabling the de novo design of new structures. This raises a question: how much do we understand the underlying sequence-to-structure/function relationships being captured by these methods? This perspective presents our current understanding of one class of protein assembly, the α-helical coiled coils. At first sight, these are straightforward: sequence repeats of hydrophobic (h) and polar (p) residues, (hpphppp)n, direct the folding and assembly of amphipathic α helices into bundles. However, many different bundles are possible: they can have two or more helices (different oligomers); the helices can have parallel, antiparallel, or mixed arrangements (different topologies); and the helical sequences can be the same (homomers) or different (heteromers). Thus, sequence-to-structure relationships must be present within the hpphppp repeats to distinguish these states. I discuss the current understanding of this problem at three levels: first, physics gives a parametric framework to generate the many possible coiled-coil backbone structures. Second, chemistry provides a means to explore and deliver sequence-to-structure relationships. Third, biology shows how coiled coils are adapted and functionalized in nature, inspiring applications of coiled coils in synthetic biology. I argue that the chemistry is largely understood; the physics is partly solved, though the considerable challenge of predicting even relative stabilities of different coiled-coil states remains; but there is much more to explore in the biology and synthetic biology of coiled coils.
Assuntos
Física , Proteínas , Biologia , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Domínios Proteicos , Dobramento de Proteína , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/metabolismoRESUMO
Cep57, a vital centrosome-associated protein, recruits essential regulatory enzymes for centriole duplication. Its dysfunction leads to anomalies, including reduced centrioles and mosaic-variegated aneuploidy syndrome. Despite functional investigations, understanding structural aspects and their correlation with functions is partial till date. We present the structure of human Cep57 C-terminal microtubule binding (MT-BD) domain, revealing conserved motifs ensuring functional preservation across evolution. A leucine zipper, with an adjacent possible microtubule-binding region, potentially forms a stabilizing scaffold for microtubule nucleation-accommodating pulling and tension from growing microtubules. This study highlights conserved structural features of Cep57 protein, compares them with other analogous proteins, and explores how protein function is maintained across diverse organisms.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Zíper de Leucina , Microtúbulos , Ligação Proteica , Humanos , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/química , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Domínios Proteicos , Proteínas NuclearesRESUMO
The Arabidopsis CROWDED NUCLEI (CRWN) family proteins form a lamina-like meshwork beneath the nuclear envelope with multiple functions, including maintenance of nuclear morphology, genome organization, DNA damage repair and transcriptional regulation. CRWNs can form homodimers/heterodimers through proteinâprotein interactions; however, the exact molecular mechanism of CRWN dimer formation and the diverse functions of different CRWN domains are not clear. In this report, we show that the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of CRWN1 facilitates its homodimerization and heterodimerization with the coiled-coil domains of CRWN2-CRWN4. We further demonstrated that the N-terminus but not the C-terminus of CRWN1 is sufficient to rescue the defect in nuclear morphology of the crwn1 crwn2 mutant to the WT phenotype. Moreover, both the N- and C-terminal fragments of CRWN1 are necessary for its normal function in the regulation of plant development. Collectively, our data shed light on the mechanism of plant lamina network formation and the functions of different domains in plant lamin-like proteins.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Núcleo Celular , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/química , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Multimerização Proteica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , MutaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a pivotal role in pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the specific mechanism underlying the impact of NETs on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) has not been determined. The objective of this study was to elucidate underlying mechanisms through which NETs contribute to progression of PAH. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis was employed in this study to screen for potential molecules and mechanisms associated with occurrence and development of PAH. These findings were subsequently validated in human samples, coiled-coil domain containing 25 (CCDC25) knockdown PASMCs, as well as monocrotaline-induced PAH rat model. RESULTS: NETs promoted proliferation of PASMCs, thereby facilitating pathogenesis of PAH. This phenomenon was mediated by the activation of transmembrane receptor CCDC25 on PASMCs, which subsequently activated ILK/ß-parvin/RAC1 pathway. Consequently, cytoskeletal remodeling and phenotypic transformation occur in PASMCs. Furthermore, the level of NETs could serve as an indicator of PAH severity and as potential therapeutic target for alleviating PAH. CONCLUSION: This study elucidated the involvement of NETs in pathogenesis of PAH through their influence on the function of PASMCs, thereby highlighting their potential as promising targets for the evaluation and treatment of PAH.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Armadilhas Extracelulares , Miócitos de Músculo Liso , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Animais , Ratos , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/patologia , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Armadilhas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Artéria Pulmonar/patologia , Artéria Pulmonar/metabolismo , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/metabolismo , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/patologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to explore the renoprotective effects of Klotho on podocyte injury mediated by complement activation and autoantibodies in idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). METHODS: Rat passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) was induced as an IMN model. Urine protein levels, serum biochemistry, kidney histology, and podocyte marker levels were assessed. In vitro, sublytic podocyte injury was induced by C5b-9. The expression of Klotho, transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6), and cathepsin L (CatL); its substrate synaptopodin; and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration were detected via immunofluorescence. RhoA/ROCK pathway activity was measured by an activity quantitative detection kit, and the protein expression of phosphorylated-LIMK1 (p-LIMK1) and p-cofilin in podocytes was detected via Western blotting. Klotho knockdown and overexpression were performed to evaluate its role in regulating the TRPC6/CatL pathway. RESULTS: PHN rats exhibited proteinuria, podocyte foot process effacement, decreased Klotho and Synaptopodin levels, and increased TRPC6 and CatL expression. The RhoA/ROCK pathway was activated by the increased phosphorylation of LIMK1 and cofilin. Similar changes were observed in C5b-9-injured podocytes. Klotho knockdown exacerbated podocyte injury, while Klotho overexpression partially ameliorated podocyte injury. CONCLUSION: Klotho may protect against podocyte injury in IMN patients by inhibiting the TRPC6/CatL pathway. Klotho is a potential target for reducing proteinuria in IMN patients.