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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 30(3): 577-580, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38407249

RESUMO

Despite zoonotic potential, data are lacking on enteric infection diversity in wild apes. We employed a novel molecular diagnostic platform to detect enteric infections in wild chimpanzees and gorillas. Prevalent Cryptosporidium parvum, adenovirus, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli across divergent sites and species demonstrates potential widespread circulation among apes in Africa.


Assuntos
Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Animais , Gorilla gorilla , Pan troglodytes , Camarões/epidemiologia , Tanzânia/epidemiologia , Escherichia coli
2.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 27(7): 1811-1820, 2021 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34152956

RESUMO

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, and the number of worldwide cases continues to rise. The zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its intermediate and potential spillback host reservoirs, besides humans, remain largely unknown. Because of ethical and experimental constraints and more important, to reduce and refine animal experimentation, we used our repository of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 replicated efficiently only in monkey and cat AEC culture models. Whole-genome sequencing of progeny viruses revealed no obvious signs of nucleotide transitions required for SARS-CoV-2 to productively infect monkey and cat AEC cultures. Our findings, together with previous reports of human-to-animal spillover events, warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.


Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , COVID-19 , Animais , Células Epiteliais , Humanos , Sistema Respiratório , SARS-CoV-2
3.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 27(8): 2025-2032, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34286688

RESUMO

Infections with Mycobacterium microti, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex, have been increasingly reported in humans and in domestic and free-ranging wild animals. At postmortem examination, infected animals may display histopathologic lesions indistinguishable from those caused by M. bovis or M. caprae, potentially leading to misidentification of bovine tuberculosis. We report 3 cases of M. microti infections in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) from western Austria and southern Germany. One diseased animal displayed severe pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia and multifocal granulomas on the surface of the pericardium. Two other animals showed alterations of the lungs and associated lymph nodes compatible with parasitic infestation. Results of the phylogenetic analysis including multiple animal strains from the study area showed independent infection events, but no host-adapted genotype. Personnel involved in bovine tuberculosis-monitoring programs should be aware of the fastidious nature of M. microti, its pathogenicity in wildlife, and zoonotic potential.


Assuntos
Cervos , Mycobacterium bovis , Tuberculose Bovina , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Áustria , Bovinos , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Filogenia
4.
AIDS Res Ther ; 16(1): 25, 2019 09 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31492161

RESUMO

Thailand has the highest prevalence of HIV among countries in Asia but has also been a pioneer in HIV prevention and treatment efforts in the region, reducing the incidence of new infections significantly over the last two decades. Building upon this remarkable history, Thailand has set an ambitious goal to stop the AIDS epidemic in the country by 2030. A key component of the strategy to achieve this goal includes scale-up of HIV screening programs to facilitate early HIV diagnosis and investment in mechanisms to support immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Initiation of ART during early or acute HIV infection not only reduces viremia, thereby halting onward transmission of HIV, but also may facilitate HIV remission by reducing the size of the latent HIV reservoir and preserving immune function. In Thailand, many efforts have been made to reduce the time from HIV infection to diagnosis and from diagnosis to treatment, especially among men who have sex with men and transgender women. Successfully identifying and initiating ART in individuals with acute HIV infection has been leveraged to conduct groundbreaking studies of novel strategies to achieve HIV remission, including studies of broadly-neutralizing HIV-specific monoclonal antibodies and candidate therapeutic vaccines. These efforts have mostly been deployed in Bangkok and future efforts should include other urban and more rural areas. Continued progress in HIV prevention, screening, and treatment will position Thailand to substantially limit new infections and may pave the way for an HIV cure.


Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Pesquisa , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Diagnóstico Precoce , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual , Tailândia
5.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 24(1): 165-166, 2018 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29260666

RESUMO

In Canada, Hansen disease (leprosy) is rare and not considered in diagnoses for nonimmigrant patients. We report Mycobacterium leprae infection in a Canadian man whose sole travel was to Florida, USA. The M. leprae isolate was identified as armadillo-associated genotype 3I-2-v1. Travelers to the southern United States should avoid contact with armadillos.


Assuntos
Hanseníase/diagnóstico , Hanseníase/epidemiologia , Idoso , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Canadá , Dapsona/administração & dosagem , Dapsona/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Florida , Humanos , Hansenostáticos/administração & dosagem , Hansenostáticos/uso terapêutico , Hanseníase/microbiologia , Masculino , Mycobacterium leprae , Ofloxacino/administração & dosagem , Ofloxacino/uso terapêutico , Rifampina/administração & dosagem , Rifampina/uso terapêutico , Viagem
6.
Rev Panam Salud Publica ; 42: e83, 2018.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31093111

RESUMO

Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonosis that can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact with the urine or tissues of infected animals. In Argentina, leptospirosis is endemic in the province of Santa Fe and epidemic outbreaks occur during floods. However, very little is known about the role that wild rodents play in the spread of the disease in Argentina. The objective of this study was to identify the host species of pathogenic Leptospira among rodents in a riverine settlement in the province of Santa Fe.We conducted a trapping session in October 2015. Kidneys of the captured animals were analyzed by real-time PCR for the LipL32 gene of pathogenic Leptospira. Animals that were positive were subjected to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and molecular typing by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and two multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes.A total of 37 rodents of the species Akodon azarae, Cavia aperea, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Rattus rattus, and Scapteromys aquaticus were captured. Real-time PCR found one male Scapteromys aquaticus that was positive. The serum of this individual and of the rest of the S. aquaticus captured (n = 18) were analyzed by MAT and were non-reactive for the 10 serovars tested. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene identified the infective species as Leptospira interrogans, while amplification could not be obtained for the two MLST schemes.The findings of this study contribute new information concerning the presence of pathogenic Leptospira in wild rodents, which is relevant in this region because the species is widely distributed in swampy and flood-prone environments of South America.


A leptospirose é uma doença zoonótica de distribuição mundial transmitida pelo contato direto ou indireto com a urina ou os tecidos de animais infectados. Na Argentina, a leptospirose é endêmica na Província de Santa Fé com surtos epidêmicos ocorrendo com as enchentes. Sabe-se pouco sobre o papel dos roedores silvestres na propagação da doença no país. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as espécies hospedeiras de leptospiras patogênicas em roedores encontrados em um núcleo de povoamento ribeirinho na Província de Santa Fé.A amostragem dos roedores foi feita no mês de outubro de 2015. Os tecidos dos rins dos animais capturados foram analisados com a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (PCR-RT) quanto à presença do gene LipL32 de leptospiras patógenas. Para os animais com resultados positivos, foi realizado o teste de microaglutinação (MAT) e tipagem molecular baseada na amplificação do gene 16S rRNA e dois esquemas de tipagem por sequenciamento de locos múltiplos (MLST).Ao todo, foram capturados 37 roedores das espécies Akodon azarae, Cavia aperea, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Rattus e Scapteromys aquaticus. O ensaio de PCR-RT foi positivo em um roedor macho da espécie Scapteromys aquaticus. Os soros deste animal e dos outros S. aquaticus capturados (n = 18) foram analisados com o MAT e os resultados foram não reagentes para os 10 sorovares testados. A amplificação do gene 16S rRNA permitiu identificar a espécie infetante como sendo Leptospira interrogans e não houve amplificação nos dois esquemas de MLST.O achado deste estudo fornece um novo dado quanto à presença de leptospiras patogênicas em roedores silvestres, importante para esta área por se tratar de uma espécie de ampla distribuição em terras pantanosas e inundáveis da América do Sul.

7.
Anaerobe ; 38: 81-87, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26746387

RESUMO

Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) is the causative agent of footrot in sheep; one of the most important health and welfare issues of sheep worldwide. For control programmes to be effective, it is essential that the transmission cycle of D. nodosus is understood and bacterial reservoirs in the environment are better defined. This study evaluated the survival of D. nodosus in different soils using soil microcosms. Cultivation independent and dependent methods were used to detect D. nodosus over 40 days from seeding in soil. A D. nodosus specific probe was used for quantification by qPCR and viability was assessed by cell permeability to an intercalating dye, PMA, and by culture. Survival varied dramatically depending on soil type, matric potential (MP) and temperature. Our findings indicate that D. nodosus survival was higher at 5 °C compared with 25 °C in all soils and significantly longer at both temperatures in clay soil (>44% clay) compared with other soil types. Survival under all conditions was longer than 30 days for both culture independent and dependent methods, this is substantially longer than previous studies and, if this is an infectious dose, longer than the current recommendation of resting a field for 14 days to prevent onward infection.


Assuntos
Dichelobacter nodosus/fisiologia , Pododermatite Necrótica dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Viabilidade Microbiana , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Azidas/farmacologia , DNA Bacteriano , Dichelobacter nodosus/classificação , Dichelobacter nodosus/isolamento & purificação , Propídio/análogos & derivados , Propídio/farmacologia , Ovinos
8.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 21(4): e1-7, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25811221

RESUMO

Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and spread of avian influenza viruses. However, surveillance for these viruses in wild birds is sporadic, geographically biased, and often limited to the last outbreak virus. To identify opportunities to optimize wild bird surveillance for understanding viral diversity, we reviewed responses to a World Organisation for Animal Health-administered survey, government reports to this organization, articles on Web of Knowledge, and the Influenza Research Database. At least 119 countries conducted avian influenza virus surveillance in wild birds during 2008-2013, but coordination and standardization was lacking among surveillance efforts, and most focused on limited subsets of influenza viruses. Given high financial and public health burdens of recent avian influenza outbreaks, we call for sustained, cost-effective investments in locations with high avian influenza diversity in wild birds and efforts to promote standardized sampling, testing, and reporting methods, including full-genome sequencing and sharing of isolates with the scientific community.


Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Orthomyxoviridae , Vigilância da População , Animais , Aves , Análise Custo-Benefício , Bases de Dados Factuais , Variação Genética , Saúde Global , Humanos , Notificação de Abuso , Orthomyxoviridae/classificação , Orthomyxoviridae/genética , Navegador
9.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 20(1): 138-41, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24377955

RESUMO

We sampled 7,511 black-headed gulls for influenza virus in the Netherlands during 2006-2010 and found that subtypes H13 and H16 caused annual epidemics in fledglings on colony sites. Our findings validate targeted surveillance of wild waterbirds and clarify underlying factors for influenza virus emergence in other species.


Assuntos
Charadriiformes/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Estações do Ano , Sorotipagem
10.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 20(8): 1370-4, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25062254

RESUMO

We found serologic evidence for the circulation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among dromedary camels in Nigeria, Tunisia, and Ethiopia. Circulation of the virus among dromedaries across broad areas of Africa may indicate that this disease is currently underdiagnosed in humans outside the Arabian Peninsula.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais/epidemiologia , Camelus/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/classificação , África/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Animais/virologia , Animais , Geografia Médica , Humanos , Sorotipagem
11.
Prev Vet Med ; 225: 106135, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38394962

RESUMO

The aim of this scoping review was to describe the zoonotic bacterial pathogens already reported and their frequency in different bat species. Six databases were searched, without restriction on the year or location where the studies were carried out. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 146 studies that were published between 1964 and 2020 (most after 2005) were selected. In these studies, 102 zoonotic bacterial genera were described in different samples of fourteen bat families in 55 countries, suggesting the possible role of bats as hosts for these pathogens. The pathogens mainly identified in bats were Bartonella spp., Leptospira spp. and Staphylococcus spp. In conclusion, the information provided by this scoping review expands the knowledge about zoonotic bacterial pathogens already identified in bats, which can guide epidemiological surveillance policies for these pathogens in different countries.


Assuntos
Infecções por Bartonella , Bartonella , Quirópteros , Humanos , Animais , Infecções por Bartonella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bartonella/microbiologia , Infecções por Bartonella/veterinária , Filogenia , Bactérias
12.
Sci Total Environ ; 946: 174306, 2024 Oct 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38942318

RESUMO

Arid regions harbor seasonal and permanent wetlands, as biodiversity hotspots crucial for ecosystem services despite harsh conditions. These wetlands, typically dependent on episodic intense rainfall, are understudied compared to their humid counterparts. While the diversity of plants and animals in these wetlands is well-known, the microbial communities remain largely unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, we employed metagenome sequencing technologies to profile protist communities, including pathogenic protozoa, and their associated functional pathways, in sediment of permanent and seasonal arid freshwater wetlands across northern South Africa. Results revealed a core community of protists dominated by phylum Apicomplexa (66.73 %), Euglenazoa (19.03 %), Bacillariophyta (5.44 %), Metamonada (4.65 %), Cryptophyta (1.90 %), and Amoebazoa (1.21 %). Seasonal wetlands showed significantly higher protist diversity compared to permanent wetlands (Shannon index, p = 0.019; Chao1, p = 0.0095). A high abundance and diversity of human and zoonotic pathogenic protists (87.67 %) was observed, with lower levels of photoautotrophs (6.69 %) and limited diversity of phagotrophs (5.64 %). Key photoautotrophs identified included diatoms (Thalassiosiraceae and Phaeodactylaceae) and cryptophytes (genus Hemiselmis and Cryptophyta), with consumers/phagotrophs exhibited a correlation with the bacterial community abundance (r2 = 0.218, p < 0.001). Pathogenic protozoans identified, include malaria-causing Plasmodium, kinetoplastids (genus Besnoita, Theilleria, Neospora, Toxoplasma, Encephalitozoon, and Babesia) and waterborne protozoans of public health importance (such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia). Furthermore, the enrichment of pathogenesis-associated pathways (amino acid biosynthesis, peptidoglycan maturation, heme biosynthesis and degradation, and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle), along with virulence gene families identified, highlighted these wetlands as potential reservoirs for infectious diseases. Our results unveil a baseline protist taxonomic and functional composition within arid wetlands, including beneficial and pathogenic protozoa. The close proximity of these wetlands to human activity raises concern for local and transboundary spread of these pathogens. Thus, continued monitoring is vital for disease control and preserving these unique ecosystems.


Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Áreas Alagadas , África do Sul , Metagenômica , Eucariotos/genética , Metagenoma , Microbiota
13.
Am J Infect Control ; 52(8): 884-892, 2024 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38614410

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hospitals are exposed to abundant contamination sources with limited remediation strategies. Without new countermeasures or treatments, the risk of health care-associated infections will remain high. This study explored the impact of advanced photohydrolysis continuous disinfection technology on hospital environmental bioburden. METHODS: Two acute care intensive care units in different locations (ie, Kentucky, Louisiana) during different time periods were sampled every 4 weeks for 4 months for colony-forming units (CFUs) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and fungi on surfaces and floors and fungi and aerobic bacteria in the air. RESULTS: At both sites, surface testing showed greater than 98% reduction in mean fungi and MRSA CFUs. Floor results had reductions by more than 96% for fungi and MRSA at both sites. Aerobic bacterial air and fungal CFUs had reductions up to 72% and 89%, respectively. HAIs declined 70% when postactivation data were compared to preactivation data. DISCUSSION: The continuous nature of advanced photohydrolysis decontamination, its ability to be used in occupied rooms, and its independence of human resources provide an innovative intervention for complex health care environments. CONCLUSIONS: This study is on the pioneering edge of demonstrating that continuous decontamination can reduce surface, floor, and air contamination and thereby reduce the acquisition of HAIs.


Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar , Desinfetantes , Desinfecção , Fungos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos da radiação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Fungos/efeitos da radiação , Desinfecção/métodos , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Microbiologia Ambiental , Bactérias Aeróbias/efeitos da radiação , Bactérias Aeróbias/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Microbiologia do Ar
14.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 19(12): 1913-7, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24274461

RESUMO

Human health is inextricably linked to the health of animals and the viability of ecosystems; this is a concept commonly known as One Health. Over the last 2 decades, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Research Council (NRC) have published consensus reports and workshop summaries addressing a variety of threats to animal, human, and ecosystem health. We reviewed a selection of these publications and identified recommendations from NRC and IOM/NRC consensus reports and from opinions expressed in workshop summaries that are relevant to implementation of the One Health paradigm shift. We grouped these recommendations and opinions into thematic categories to determine if sufficient attention has been given to various aspects of One Health. We conclude that although One Health themes have been included throughout numerous IOM and NRC publications, identified gaps remain that may warrant targeted studies related to the One Health approach.


Assuntos
Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Administração em Saúde Pública , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Animais , Humanos , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division , National Academy of Sciences, U.S. , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/normas , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/normas , Estados Unidos
15.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 19(3): 379-85, 2013 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23622255

RESUMO

Pathogenic fungi have substantial effects on global biodiversity, and 2 emerging pathogenic species-the chytridiomycete Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians, and the ascomycete Geomyces destructans, which causes white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats-are implicated in the widespread decline of their vertebrate hosts. We synthesized current knowledge for chytridiomycosis and white-nose syndrome regarding disease emergence, environmental reservoirs, life history characteristics of the host, and host-pathogen interactions. We found striking similarities between these aspects of chytridiomycosis and white-nose syndrome, and the research that we review and propose should help guide management of future emerging fungal diseases.


Assuntos
Anfíbios/microbiologia , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Quirópteros/microbiologia , Quitridiomicetos/fisiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/veterinária , Micoses/veterinária , Animais , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/mortalidade , Reservatórios de Doenças , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Micoses/mortalidade
16.
Med Anthropol ; 42(4): 340-353, 2023 05 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37022723

RESUMO

In this article, I examine epidemiological research into scrub typhus in British Malaya between 1924 and 1974. Interwar research, I show, explained the incidence of the disease through conjunctions of rats, mites, plantations, lalang grass, and "jungle." In the process, interwar researchers bridged a novel scientific vocabulary centering on disease "reservoirs" with older suspicions of plantations enabling "pests," as well as with a later, explicitly ecological understanding of infectious disease. In exploring this history I thereby help to re-historicize the emergence of ecological notions of disease reservoirs, whilst also pushing at the limit-points of influential notions of "tropicality."


Assuntos
Tifo por Ácaros , Animais , Ratos , Humanos , Tifo por Ácaros/epidemiologia , Malásia , Antropologia Médica , Reservatórios de Doenças
17.
Front Microbiol ; 14: 1151524, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37056741

RESUMO

Zoonotic viral infections that cause severe disease or even death in some people may be asymptomatic or mild in reservoir hosts. Comparison of the pathogenesis of these two host categories may potentially explain the difference in disease. However, infections in reservoir hosts are often neglected. Therefore, we compared the pathogenesis of rabies virus, macacine alphaherpesvirus, West Nile virus, Puumala orthohantavirus, monkeypox virus, Lassa mammarenavirus, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and simian/human immunodeficiency viruses in both humans and reservoir hosts. We showed that most aspects of the pathogeneses were remarkably similar. The remaining differences lead to the identification of tipping points in the pathogeneses that are important for explaining the disease outcome in severe human cases. Further elucidating these tipping points by studying zoonotic viral infections in their reservoir hosts may teach us how to reduce the severity of zoonotic viral diseases in humans.

18.
Acta Parasitol ; 67(2): 577-581, 2022 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35000114

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Livestock is regarded as a source of parasites to wildlife populations, but no assessment of the nature and magnitude of parasite transmission from livestock to South American canids is available. METHODS: Here we systematically reviewed articles that evaluate protozoa, helminths and arthropods in wild canids living in areas with and without the presence of livestock. RESULTS: There is an unbalanced study effort which precludes proper testing of the assumption that livestock increase the incidence and prevalence of parasites in wild canids. Most of the parasites reported are shared with domestic carnivores. CONCLUSION: Available information strongly suggests that the role played by livestock and their associated dogs on wild canid parasitism should be re-evaluated.


Assuntos
Canidae , Parasitos , Animais , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Gado , América do Sul/epidemiologia
19.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 69(4): e104-e118, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34333857

RESUMO

The incidence of bovine tuberculosis (TB, caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in cattle has been associated with TB in badgers (Meles meles) in parts of England. The aim was to identify badger-associated M. bovis reservoirs in the Edge Area, between the High- and Low-Risk Areas for cattle TB. Data from badger TB surveys were sparse. Therefore, a definition for a local M. bovis reservoir potentially shared by cattle and badgers was developed using cattle TB surveillance data. The performance of the definition was estimated through Latent Class Analysis using badger TB survey data. Spatial units (25 km2 ) in the Edge Area were classified as having a reservoir if they had (i) at least one TB incident in at least three of the previous 7 years, (ii) at least one TB incident in a cattle herd confirmed by post-mortem tests as due to M. bovis infection and not attributable to cattle movements in the previous 2 years and (iii) more confirmed TB incidents than un-confirmed in the previous 2 years. Approximately 20% of the Edge Area was classified as having a local M. bovis reservoir using the cattle-based definition. Assuming 15% TB prevalence in Edge Area badgers, sensitivity for the local M. bovis reservoir definition varied from 25.7% [95% credible interval (CrI): 10.7%-85.1%] to 64.8% (95% CrI: 48.1%-88.0%). Specificity was 91.9% (CrI: 83.6%-97.4%). Over 90% of the local reservoir was in stable endemic TB areas identified through previous work and its spatial distribution was largely consistent with local veterinary knowledge. Uncertainty in the reservoir spatial distribution was explored through its recalculation in spatial units shifted in different directions. We recommend that the definition is re-evaluated as further data on badger infection with M. bovis become available.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Mustelidae , Mycobacterium bovis , Tuberculose Bovina , Animais , Bovinos , Reservatórios de Doenças/microbiologia , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Incidência , Mustelidae/microbiologia , Prevalência , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia
20.
Vet World ; 15(5): 1328-1332, 2022 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35765499

RESUMO

The world and the way things are done have changed, from selling clothing in brick-and-mortar stores to online shopping through social media platforms. Population growth has significantly contributed to an increased clothing demand, which, in turn, has increased the demand for animal skin. Traditional markets, also known as wet markets, are considered as major zoonotic disease reservoirs due to human and animal contact. Some groups and individuals continue to believe in traditional medicine and clothing that is made from animal skin, and such beliefs are more accessible with the presence of wet markets. Hence, animal poaching and trafficking have increased to meet the high demands, primarily in the Western world. Poverty is a well-known motivation to commit a crime. Conservationists should not only look at the animal regulation site to propose a solution to animal poaching and trafficking but should also consider communal poverty. Thus, this review aimed to highlight the role of wet market and animal skin fashion on animal welfare and human health.

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