Unintended consequences: Hypotonic serum-induced acute kidney injury in shoulder arthroscopy.

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery is an orthopaedic technique that involves the use of normal saline or hyperosmolar serums as irrigation. The mentioned operation is commonly regarded as a safe medical intervention. Occasionally, it may have serious repercussions for the patient. Fluid extravasation into muscle tissues and tissue injury and instability are possible consequences. This can be affected by the type and amount of serum used and the length of the surgery. The objective of this study was to document four cases of shoulder arthroscopy in which sterile distilled water, wrongly labelled as irrigation fluid, was utilized during the surgical procedure. Patients were readmitted a week after discharge due to acute kidney injury symptoms like fatigue and lethargy. All four patients were released after haemodynamic stability and normalization after haemodialyses. Due to the incident, serums should be closely monitored and labeled for the safety of patients. Additionally, distilled water as an irrigation solution in arthroscopic surgeries can harm patients. Although normal saline and hyperosmolar serums are unavailable, this remains true. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Highly Sensitive Microwave Sensors Based on Open Complementary Square Split-Ring Resonator for Sensing Liquid Materials.

This paper presents high-sensitivity sensors based on an open complementary square split-ring resonator and a modified open complementary split-ring resonator operating at 4.5 GHz and 3.4 GHz, respectively. The sensors are designed for the detection of multiple liquid materials, including distilled water, methanol, and ethanol. The liquid under test is filled in a glass container loaded using a pipette. Compared to the conventional OCSSRR, the modified OCSSRR with multiple rings exhibits a higher frequency shift of 1200 MHz, 1270 MHz, and 1520 MHz for ethanol, methanol, and distilled water, respectively. The modified sensor also demonstrates a high sensitivity of 308 MHz/RIU for ethanol concentration which is the highest among the existing microwave sensors. The sensors in this manuscript are suitable for multiple liquid-material-sensing applications.

Atropine facilitates water-evoked swallows via central muscarinic receptors in anesthetized rats.

Anticholinergic medication causes impaired swallowing with hyposalivation. However, the underlying mechanisms by which these drugs modulate the swallowing reflex remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) nonspecific antagonist atropine on the initiation of swallowing. Experiments were performed on 124 urethane-anesthetized rats. A swallow was evoked by either topical laryngeal application of a small amount of distilled water (DW), saline, citric acid, or capsaicin; upper airway distention with a continuous airflow; electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN); or focal microinjection of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) into the lateral region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (L-nTS). Swallows were identified by electromyographic bursts of the digastric and thyrohyoid muscles. Either atropine, the peripheral mAChR antagonist methylatropine, or antagonists of mAChR subtypes M1-M5 were intravenously delivered. Atropine at a dose of 1 mg/kg increased the number of DW-evoked swallows compared with baseline and did not affect the number of swallows evoked by saline, citric acid, capsaicin, or upper airway distention. Methylatropine and M1-M5 antagonists did not significantly change the number of DW-evoked swallows. Bilateral SLN transection completely abolished DW-evoked swallows, and atropine decreased the swallowing threshold of SLN electrical stimulation. Finally, microinjection of NMDA receptor antagonist AP-5 into the L-nTS inhibited DW-evoked swallows, and atropine facilitated the initiation of swallowing evoked by NMDA microinjection into this region. These results suggest that atropine facilitates DW-evoked swallows via central mAChR actions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Atropine facilitated the distilled water (DW)-evoked swallows in anesthetized rats. Atropine decreased the swallowing threshold evoked by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve, which is a primary sensory nerve for the initiation of DW-evoked swallows. Atropine facilitated the swallows evoked by N-methyl-d-aspartate microinjection into the lateral region of the nucleus of the solitary tract, which is involved in the DW-evoked swallows. We speculate that atropine facilitates the DW-evoked swallows via central muscarinic receptor actions.

Helicobacter pylori results in lysis and death after exposure to water.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori has a high infection rate, and it is possible that more than half of the world's population is infected. The route of transmission of H. pylori has not been completely elucidated yet. The coccoid form of H. pylori is generally considered to be in a VBNC (viable but nonculturable) state, and this form in the environment is thought to play an important role in infection and transmission, but its stability and survivability are still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to promote its changing to coccoid form, the spiral form of H. pylori grown in a culture medium was exposed to sterile distilled water, and we investigated the bacterial cell number and the morphological changes by using fluorescence staining methods and electron microscopic observation. We also examined the dynamics of its growth ability by measuring the colony forming unit on an agar-plate medium. RESULTS: After exposure to sterile distilled water, the H. pylori spiral form rapidly lost its growth ability at 37°C. One day after exposure, approximately 95% of the spiral form disappeared and the proportion of the coccoid form increased. The total number of bacteria also decreased to less than half and continued to decrease over time. Epi-microscopic and electron microscopic observations revealed that deformation of bacterial cells, collapse, and leaking out of cell contents were promoted in exposure to sterile distilled water. CONCLUSION: Helicobacter pylori quickly begins to transform into the coccoid form after exposure to sterile distilled water, rapidly loses its growth ability, and then lyses and dies. Water-exposure is lethal for H. pylori and it is unlikely to survive in the VBNC state in water.

Effect of the pH on the Antibacterial Potential and Cytotoxicity of Different Plasma-Activated Liquids.

In this study, different plasma-activated liquids were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli, as well as for their cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. The PALs were prepared from distilled (DIS), deionized (DI), filtered (FIL), and tap (TAP) water. Additionally, 0.9% NaCl saline solution (SAL) was plasma-activated. These PALs were prepared using 5 L/min air gliding arc plasma jet for up to 60.0 min of exposure. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties, such as, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), the pH, the conductivity, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) were characterized by a water multiparameter. The PALs obtained showed a drastic decrease in the pH with increasing plasma exposure time, in contrast, the conductivity and TDS increased. In a general trend, the UV-vis analyses identified a higher production of the following reactive species of nitrogen and oxygen (RONS), HNO2, H2O2, NO3-, and NO2-. Except for the plasma-activated filtered water (PAW-FIL), where there was a change in the position of NO2- and NO3- at some pHs, The higher production of HNO2 and H2O2-reactive species was observed at a low pH. Finally, the standardized suspensions of Escherichia coli were exposed to PAL for up to 60.0 min. The plasma-activated deionized water (PAW-DI pH 2.5), plasma-activated distilled water (PAW-DIS pH 2.5 and 3), and plasma-activated tap water (PAW-TAP 3.5) showed the best antimicrobial effects at exposure times of 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 min, respectively. The MTT analysis demonstrated low toxicity of all of the PAL samples. Our results indicate that the plasma activation of different liquids using the gliding arc system can generate specific physicochemical conditions that produce excellent antibacterial effects for E. coli with a safe application, thus bringing future contributions to creating new antimicrobial protocols.

Magnetoresistance Properties of Red Blood Cells in Plasma Combined with Several Magnetic Beads Passing Two Cu Electrodes.

In recent years, research has been intensively carried out on the applicability of magnetic beads (MBs) and magnetic nanoparticles coupled to biological objects such as red blood cells (RBCs). The magnetoresistance (MR) of a solution of RBCs and MBs (RBCs+MBs) was evaluated when MBs migrated in the presence or absence of an external magnetic field. The pattern of distribution of the MBs, which were homogeneously suspended in deionized distilled water, varied depending on the magnitude of the external magnetic field applied between the Cu electrodes connected to the two terminals. As the magnitude of the external magnetic field is increased or decreased, MBs are split on both sides and evenly mixed, respectively. The ratios (ΔMR/MR) versus an external magnetic field for the solutions of only MBs and a mixed RBCs+MBs were -33.4% and -27.4% at ±30 Oe and ±46 Oe of coercive fields, respectively. These results show that a solution of RBCs+MBs can act like a high-resolution biosensor that detects the oxygenation state of RBCs.

Effect of Chemical Disinfectants on the Color Stability of Maxillofacial Silicones: An In Vitro Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of chemical disinfection on the color stability of room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) maxillofacial silicone elastomer with and without pigment addition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty specimens were obtained from a RTV maxillofacial silicone. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups according to pigments and disinfectant to be used (n = 10). NP-DW-nonpigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in distilled water (control). NP-S- nonpigmented silicone specimens to be rubbed with an anti-bacterial soap. NP-CHX-nonpigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate solution (2%). P-DW-pigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in distilled water (control). P-S-pigmented silicone specimens to be rubbed with antibacterial soap. P-CHX-pigmented silicone specimens to be immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate solution (2%). Disinfection was conducted 6 times a day for 60 days simulating 1 year of usage. Color was evaluated after 60 days (disinfection period) using a reflectance spectrophotometer. Color alterations were calculated by the CIE L∗ a∗ b∗ system. Data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: NP-S and P-S exhibited the highest color alterations, whereas NP-DW and P-DW the lowest color alterations. CONCLUSION: Disinfection procedures affect the color stability of maxillofacial silicone. Chlorhexidine gluconate solution (2%) can be effectively used as a chemical disinfectant for maxillofacial prostheses. Antibacterial soap produced clinically unacceptable color changes in the silicone, hence is not advisable as a disinfectant.

Gastric washing by distilled water can reduce free gastric cancer cells exfoliated into the stomach lumen.

PURPOSE: Intragastric free cancer cells in patients with gastric cancer have rarely been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the detection rate of intragastric free cancer cells in gastric washes using two types of solutions during endoscopic examination. We further clarified risk factors affecting the presence of exfoliated free cancer cells. METHODS: A total of 175 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled. Lactated Ringer's solution (N = 89) or distilled water (DW; N = 86) via endoscopic working channel was sprayed onto the tumor surface, and the resultant fluid was collected for cytological examination. We compared the cancer-cell positivity rate between the two (Ringer and DW) groups. We also tested the correlation between cancer-cell positivity and clinicopathological factors in the Ringer group to identify risk factors for the presence of exfoliated cancer cells. RESULTS: The cancer-cell positivity rate was significantly higher in the Ringer group than that in the DW group (58 vs 6%). Cytomorphology in the Ringer group was well maintained, but not in the DW group. The larger tumor size (≥ 20 mm) and positive lymphatic involvement were significant risk factors of exfoliated free cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer cells can be highly exfoliated from the tumor surface into the gastric lumen by endoscopic irrigation in large gastric cancer with lymphatic involvement. Gastric washing by DW can lead to cytoclasis of free cancer cells; therefore, it may minimize the possibility of cancer-cell seeding in procedures carrying potential risks of tumor-cell seeding upon transluminal communication, such as endoscopic full-thickness resection and laparoscopy-endoscopy cooperative surgery.

Reversible cataract after exposure to distilled water: a case report.

BACKGROUND: To report a case of a reversible cataract after intracameral infusion of distilled water during full-thickness astigmatic keratotomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 20-year-old male whose bilateral anterior chambers were exposed to distilled water during astigmatic keratotomy developed bilateral corneal edema, inflammation of the anterior chambers, and an anterior subcapsular cataract in the right eye. After 1 month of topical administration of 0.1% prednisolone acetate and 5% NaCl, the bilateral inflammation of the cornea and anterior chambers cleared; endothelial cell density decreased by 41.1% in the right eye and 12.7% in the left eye. The cataract in the right eye decreased centripetally. Small incision lenticule extraction surgery was performed at 2 months after the astigmatic keratotomy; the patient's uncorrected distance visual acuity 3 months later was 20/25 in both eyes. CONCLUSIONS: This case suggests that a cataract that develops as a result of instantaneous intracameral exposure to distilled water is reversible.

The effect of resin coating on the shear punch strength of restorative glass ionomer cements.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to examine the shear punch strength (SPS) of high-strength glass ionomer cements (HSGICs) in relation to coating applications and duration of coating. MATERIALS AND METHODS: I-Ninety specimens each of Fuji IX GP Fast (FIX Fast), Ionofil Molar AC (IM), Riva Self Cure (R) and Ketac Molar (KM) were prepared and divided into uncoated and coated groups, sub-divided into three sub-groups and incubated for 24 h, 1 week or 8 weeks (distilled water, 37 °C) before SPS. II-Ninety specimens each of uncoated and coated Fuji IX GP Extra were similarly prepared, divided into six sub-groups and incubated for 2 h, 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, 2 months or 3 months (artificial saliva, 37 °C) before SPS. Another 90 specimens were coated for 2 h, 24 h, 1 week, 1 month or 2 months, after which the coating was removed. Specimens were re-incubated in artificial saliva until the end of the 3-month period and then subjected to SPS. RESULTS: None of the materials gained extra strength when coated. Uncoated KM, IM (at all times) and FIX Fast (at 24 h) were stronger. Fuji IX GP Extra achieved 11.5 MPa after 2 h, which increased to 56.7 MPa after 24 h. The highest strength after 3 months was achieved when the coating was retained for 2 h (71.7 MPa). CONCLUSION: A resin coating will not positively affect the SPS of HSGICs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is no need to protect HSGICs from water to gain extra strength unless the coating is retained for 2 h.

Long-term exposure to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water and saline causes cellular influx and oxidative stress in lung tissue of rats.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate of the effect of distilled water and saline ultrasonic nebulization on the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses and on the lower airway architecture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one male Fischer rats were distributed into 3 groups of 7 animals each: a control group (CG), exposed to ambient air; a saline group (SG), exposed to 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl); and a group exposed to distilled water (DWG). The exposure was carried out in a box attached to an ultrasonic inhaler, occurring for 20 min, 3 times a day for 6 months. At 24h after the last exposure, the animals were euthanized. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs were collected for study. RESULTS: There was an increase of inflammatory cells in the pulmonary tissue BALF in the DWG compared with the CG. The DWG showed an increase of inflammatory cells compared with the SG and CG. The DWG and SG had higher NADPH oxidase activity than the CG. The volume density (Vv) of the alveolar septum was higher in the DWG than in the SG and CG, and the DWG also had a higher Vv of collagen fibers than the other 2 groups. The DWG presented elevated content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in lung homogenates relative to the SG and CG. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasonic nebulization of distilled water increased the influx of inflammatory cells and oxidative damage, and promoted changes in the lung architecture.

Effect of distilled water on rapid inactivation of tumour cells attached to surgery instruments.

The aim of the study was to explore the effect of distilled water on killing tumour cells attached to the surgery instruments during operation. Tumour cells were collected from the suspected tumour cell-contaminated surgery instruments and then cultured. Then the tumour cells were treated by distilled water at different gradient temperature for different time periods. The morphology of the tumour cells was observed by inverted microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results showed that positive tumour cell culture rate was 34.3%. After soaked in distilled water for 60 s at 55°C, the tumour cells were inactive, and the death rate was 100%. We also found that no active cells were seen to grow adherently after recultured. In conclusion, tumour cells can be killed by distilled water for 60 s at 55°C, which provides a new fast and low-cost tumour-free technique to inactivate tumour cells attached to surgery instruments.

Effect of Aging on Bond Strength of Two Soft Lining Materials to a Denture Base Polymer.

The purpose of this study was evaluation the effect of immersion in distilled water and inorganic artificial saliva on the shear bond strength of a heat-polymerized and an auto-polymerized silicone-based denture lining materials. The denture liners investigated were Molloplast-B (heat-polymerized), and Mollosil plus (auto-polymerized). The soft liner specimens were 10 × 10 × 2.5 mm and were processed between two poly(methylmethacrylate) plates. Thirty shear specimens for each type of test lining material were prepared. Specimens were divided equally into three groups for each test lining material: first group, specimens were tested after 48 h of preparation without immersion; second group, specimens were tested following immersion in distilled water at 37 °C for 12 months; and third group, specimens were tested following immersion in inorganic artificial saliva at 37 °C for 12 months. Shear bond strength was measured using an universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 40 mm/min and failure mode (adhesive, cohesive and mixed) after debonding was assessed. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05). ANOVA was followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests for pairwise comparisons. A significant difference in shear bond strength was detected between Molloplast-B and Mollosil plus following immersion in distilled water and artificial saliva. Molloplast-B demonstrated considerably higher shear strength than Mollosil plus after immersion. Shear strengths of the lining materials investigated reduced significantly after immersion in both solutions. Visual examination after separation revealed that the soft materials tested exhibited mostly adhesive failure. The effect of immersion in distilled water and inorganic artificial saliva on bond strength of test lining materials was perceivable; however, both of them had acceptable bond strength and might be proper for long-term use.

Distillate yield improvement techniques for solar still coupled with evacuated tube collector: a review.

Many effective solutions to the problem of freshwater scarcity have been offered by the research community across the globe. Evacuated tube collector (ETC)-aided solar thermal desalination devices have succeeded magnificently in providing drinking water to the general public, especially in solar-rich isolated locations. Furthermore, heat transfer fluid ETC solar water desalination units are a much smarter, novel, and cost-effective solution that does not needed additional power and is well-suited to remote locations with a greater rate of self-sustainability. The efficiency of ETC-assisted solar distillation equipment as well as the essential analytical parameters related to the device and heat transfer fluid are thoroughly examined in this study. Literatures published in the last three decades are keenly reviewed and reported. The key finding reveals that solar still integrated with ETC can produce 3.5 to 4 l of freshwater per m2 area with depth varying from 0.01 to 0.03 m. It is discovered that the ETC-assisted solar still has a mean energy efficiency that is around 33% greater than the traditional solar still. When it comes to exergy efficiency, the ETC solar still outperforms conventional stills by 4%. Novel methods adopted for boosting the effectiveness of a solar still combined with ETC are reported for further research.

Single-cell lysis for visual analysis by electron microscopy.

The stochastic nature of biological systems makes the study of individual cells a necessity in systems biology. Yet, handling and disruption of single cells and the analysis of the relatively low concentrations of their protein components still challenges available techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows for the analysis of proteins at the single-molecule level. Here, we present a system for single-cell lysis under light microscopy observation, followed by rapid uptake of the cell lysate. Eukaryotic cells were grown on conductively coated glass slides and observed by light microscopy. A custom-designed microcapillary electrode was used to target and lyse individual cells with electrical pulses. Nanoliter volumes were subsequently aspirated into the microcapillary and dispensed onto an electron microscopy grid for TEM inspection. We show, that the cell lysis and preparation method conserves protein structures well and is suitable for visual analysis by TEM.

Performance evaluation of solar still using evacuated tube collector with and without nanoparticles.

Solar-thermal distillation is recognized as a low-cost, long-term technique of producing high-quality fresh water in the lack of energy and clean water infrastructure. Improvements to distillation have lately been developed by the application of three main phases depending on the transition of sunlight into heat energy, the generation of thermal vapor, and the condensation of vapor into water. The effectiveness of collected distillation water from evacuated tube collectors on nanoparticles was examined along with basic fluids including water and copper oxide, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide. Additionally, an investigation of the relationship between specific heat and thermal conductivity, as well as between actual and theoretical heat generation, was conducted. For 11 h of operation, 2275 ml of distilled water was collected using evacuated tube collectors without nanoparticles. The efficiency of the nanoparticles compared to water was more than 17.4% CuO, 15.7% Al2O3, and 14.5% ZnO improved and an increase in overall efficiency of 66.6%. As a result of the experiment, the greatest actual heat generation, expressed in kilowatt-hour, exceeds the theoretical value.

Effects of the combined use of a probiotic and chromium methionine chelate on the functional state of broiler chickens.

Background and Aim: An increase in the productivity of broiler chickens is possible when creating an optimal food base that provides birds with all of the nutrients and biologically active substances required for the fullest realization of their genetic potential. In this regard, we examined the effects of the addition of a water-based probiotic and a chelated form of chromium (Cr) to the diet of birds. Materials and Methods: Sixty 14-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were used in this study. The birds were assigned to two groups of 30 birds according to their body weights. The control broilers received distilled water with the basal diet, and the experimental group received a probiotic preparation in drinking water and Cr methionine chelate (Cr-Met) in the diet. The feeding period lasted 28 days. Growth performance indices were measured throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, blood sampling was performed to assess blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant system indicators, and trace elements. Results: We found that the introduction of a probiotic preparation and a chelated form of Cr into the diet of broiler chickens had a positive effect on meat productivity, which was characterized by a 17% increase in the average daily gain of birds (p = 0.05) and a 14% increase in body weight (p = 0.01). Consequently, the yield of the slaughtered carcass increased by 5.8% (p = 0.05). Against the background of the consumption of the developed diet, broiler chickens exhibited a 14% decrease in feed conversion accompanied by an increase in the level of digestibility of dietary nutrients. In addition, glucose levels were decreased by 20% (p = 0.03) against the background of a 76% increase in the total protein concentration (p = 0.01). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased by 13% (p = 0.02) and 7.5% (p = 0.03), respectively. Elemental analysis of blood serum revealed a 99% decrease in the Fe level versus the control (p = 0.02) and a 31% increase in the Zn level (p = 0.02). Conclusion: We conclude that feeding broiler chickens is a multicomponent probiotic supplement combined with Cr-Met promotes growth and nutrient absorption, and optimizes metabolic processes.

Energy, exergy, and economic analysis of solar still using coal cylinder fins: an experimental study.

The phenomenon of drinking water scarcity has turned into the foremost issue that the world's populace is facing today. The Algerian desert regions, including the El Oued region (southeastern Algeria), also suffer from drinking water shortages, despite the presence of huge quantities of underground salty water. Solar distillation is among the easy and cheap solutions to solve this problem because this method relies on renewable energy (solar energy) as a key factor in providing drinking water from saltwater. As solar energy is intermittent energy, energy storage is required for augmenting the yield. Coal cylinders are low cost and locally available materials that can be used as fins and energy storage materials. In this research, two solar stills such as conventional solar still with a black absorber (CSS-BA) and CSS with a black absorber and coal cylinders (CSS-BA&CC) were fabricated and tested. The CSS-BA&CC produced a potable water yield of about 4.16 kg per day while the CSS-BA could only produce 2.88 kg, which is 44.44% lower when compared to the CSS-BA&CC. The thermal efficiency was noted to be 22.04 % and the exergy efficiency is 1.07 % in the CSS-BA. Similarly, the thermal efficiency is 32.46% and exergy efficiency is 1.90% for the CSS-BA&CC. The experimental results proved that the potable water yield of the CSS-BA was enhanced by coal cylinders (sensible heat energy storage material -SHESM) which is a locally available low-cost material.

Enhancing the performance of conventional solar still using sensible heat energy storage materials.

The lack of drinkable, safe water is one problem that governments around the world are dealing with. There are many methods for desalinating saltwater, such as solar distillers, which can be used in remote places without access to traditional energy sources to produce distilled water. In this manuscript, two solar stills [conventional solar still (CSS) and CSS with high thermal conductivity material (HTCM)] were researched at the "School of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, India," under the same climatic condition. The HTCM (silicon carbide) works as a sensible heat energy storage material, which was placed at the basin of the CSS. The silicon carbide used in the present research is used to enhance the freshwater production during lower solar intensity period and furthermore after evening time. It has been found that the maximum fresh water production from the CSS is 1.5 kg/m2 and the CSS with HTCM is 2.9 kg/m2. The daily yield production from the CSS with HTCM is 93.7% higher compared to the CSS. The study also has shown that the maximum daily thermal efficiency of the CSS is 13.43% and the CSS with HTCM is 26.09%. The CSS with HTCM produced 94.3% higher thermal efficiency as compared to the CSS.

Performance study on a solar concentrator system for water distillation using different water nanofluids.

The rapid growth in the world-population urges the need for potable water in various regions, especially in hot and dry regions. The main challenge in the productivity of potable water is the cost and availability of water sources. Thus, it is crucial to develop effective methods to overcome this global need. Utilizing solar power is proven to be a promising path to implementing thermal solar radiation in solar distillation applications. This work investigates the effectiveness of using concentrated solar power to irradiate heat exchange to evaporate water in a receiver, which will be collected as pure water in a condenser later. The thermal performance of the proposed model and its productivity are tested experimentally by using tap water only, and the test was repeated twice using two nanofluids namely, (aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and zinc oxide (ZnO)). The results showed that using (Al2O3) has a superior influence on the productivity of the solar unit, where the productivity is increased by 43.53% and 21.89% when compared to tap water and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofluid respectively. The thermal efficiency of the solar unit was also increased by 9.91% (maximum) when using (aluminium oxide (Al2O3) as a working fluid compared to tap water. The model has simple components and is easy to install with a compact size, which can be developed be utilized in urban and desert areas.