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1.
Br J Sociol ; 72(4): 974-991, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33960395

RESUMO

The motivation for this article was the main finding of an earlier study, which concludes that choice-driven education systems-in the study represented by England and Sweden-are particularly beneficial for immigrants in that they provide them with many opportunities to pursue their generally high educational ambitions. We extend this analysis by including two countries with performance-driven education systems: Germany and the Netherlands. Our study specifically aims to explore whether it is true that choice-driven systems are more beneficial for immigrants or whether immigrants can also succeed in more stratified and selective education systems. Using longitudinal data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU), we show that there are no differences in (gross) transition rates between immigrants and natives in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, but immigrants' optimistic choices are more pronounced in England. However, these differences diminish once we account for achievement and students' socioeconomic background in the analyses. Regarding the underlying mechanisms, we find that educational aspirations have an (equally) strong, universal impact, while anticipated discrimination plays a minor role.


Assuntos
Estudos Longitudinais , Criança , Inglaterra , Alemanha , Humanos , Países Baixos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Suécia
2.
Int J Dent Hyg ; 15(4): e100-e112, 2017 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27313084

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Student attitudes and behaviour towards their own oral health status could reflect their understanding of the importance of oral health promotive activities. OBJECTIVES: This was a qualitative and exploratory study designed to gain a deeper understanding of the extent to which the undergraduate curriculum could act as an enabler for student oral health self-care practices. METHODS: Data collection comprised of document analysis (curriculum review) and in-depth face-to-face interviews with undergraduate dental therapy and oral health students and academic staff at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Ten students volunteered to participate in the study while five academic staff were purposively selected. A separate interview schedule was developed for students and staff, respectively. The emergent themes from document analysis were compared to the analysed data from the interviews. RESULTS: The curriculum was underpinned by a strong foundation in prevention, and there was consensus among respondents that the curriculum met the needs for undergraduate training in preventive dentistry. The following themes emerged from data analysis: curriculum support for self-care practices; depth and scope of clinical training; role of clinical supervisors and challenges in clinical training. Respondents agreed that the curriculum could influence students' attitudes towards self-care practices such as toothbrushing and flossing but that academic responsibilities and clinical contact time placed constraints on these practices. CONCLUSION: The undergraduate curriculum does provide support for enabling student knowledge acquisition and positive attitudes, but more effort is required to enable oral health behavioural modifications among students.


Assuntos
Currículo , Educação em Odontologia , Saúde Bucal , Odontologia Preventiva/educação , Autocuidado , Estudantes de Odontologia/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pesquisa Qualitativa , África do Sul , Universidades , Adulto Jovem
3.
Int J Dent Hyg ; 15(2): 95-105, 2017 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27943545

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to scope the literature that exists about factors influencing oral health workforce planning and management in developing countries (DCs). METHODS: The Arksey and O'Malley method for conducting a scoping review was used. A replicable search strategy was applied, using three databases. Factors influencing oral health workforce planning and management in DCs identified in the eligible articles were charted. FINDINGS: Four thousand citations were identified; 41 papers were included for review. Most included papers were situational analyses. Factors identified were as follows: lack of data, focus on the restorative rather than preventive care in practitioner education, recent increase in number of dental schools (mostly private) and dentistry students, privatization of dental care services which has little impact on care maldistribution, and debates about skill mix and scope of practice. Oral health workforce management in the eligible studies has a bias towards dentist-led systems. Due to a lack of country-specific oral health related data in developing or least developed countries (LDCs), oral health workforce planning often relies on data and modelling from other countries. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Approaches to oral health workforce management and planning in developing or LDCs are often characterized by approaches to increase numbers of dentists, thus not ameliorating maldistribution of service accessibility. Governments appear to be reducing support for public and preventative oral healthcare, favouring growth in privatized dental services. Changes to professional education are necessary to trigger a paradigm shift to the preventive approach and to improve relationships between different oral healthcare provider roles. This needs to be premised on greater appreciation of preventive care in health systems and funding models.


Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Bucal/organização & administração , Países em Desenvolvimento , Planejamento em Saúde/organização & administração , Mão de Obra em Saúde/organização & administração , Saúde Bucal , Gestão de Recursos Humanos/métodos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Odontologia Preventiva/organização & administração
4.
Behav Sci (Basel) ; 14(10)2024 Sep 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39457735

RESUMO

This study explores the experiences of Latinx parents in rural Oregon from the perspectives of Latinx parents, Latinx students, and community practitioners to understand the barriers Latinx families encounter and how they leverage their community cultural wealth to address these barriers within the context of initiatives implemented by the district. This qualitative study is guided by the following questions: What barriers do Latinx families encounter in rural schools, and how do parents leverage their community cultural wealth to address these barriers? Findings indicate that even when families were engaged in initiatives (e.g., dual language immersion programs) implemented by the district to create a welcoming environment, Latinx parents continued to encounter multiple systemic barriers (e.g., immigration laws) and leveraged multiple forms of community cultural wealth (e.g., linguistic capital) to navigate these barriers. Our findings reveal the complex dynamics at play in rural school communities serving Latinx families.

5.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39179466

RESUMO

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Radiology residents often receive limited feedback on preliminary reports issued during independent call. This study aimed to determine if Large Language Models (LLMs) can supplement traditional feedback by identifying missed diagnoses in radiology residents' preliminary reports. MATERIALS & METHODS: A randomly selected subset of 500 (250 train/250 validation) paired preliminary and final reports between 12/17/2022 and 5/22/2023 were extracted and de-identified from our institutional database. The prompts and report text were input into the GPT-4 language model via the GPT-4 API (gpt-4-0314 model version). Iterative prompt tuning was used on a subset of the training/validation sets to direct the model to identify important findings in the final report that were absent in preliminary reports. For testing, a subset of 10 reports with confirmed diagnostic errors were randomly selected. Fourteen residents with on-call experience assessed the LLM-generated discrepancies and completed a survey on their experience using a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: The model identified 24 unique missed diagnoses across 10 test reports with i% model prediction accuracy as rated by 14 residents. Five additional diagnoses were identified by users, resulting in a model sensitivity of 79.2 %. Post-evaluation surveys showed a mean satisfaction rating of 3.50 and perceived accuracy rating of 3.64 out of 5 for LLM-generated feedback. Most respondents (71.4 %) favored a combination of LLM-generated and traditional feedback. CONCLUSION: This pilot study on the use of LLM-generated feedback for radiology resident preliminary reports demonstrated notable accuracy in identifying missed diagnoses and was positively received, highlighting LLMs' potential role in supplementing conventional feedback methods.

6.
Front Psychol ; 13: 912365, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35712181

RESUMO

Teachers as the most important elements of education constantly need professional development (PD) courses in order to improve their pedagogy and practice. Given this, many educational systems worldwide have paid special attention to designing courses by which the quality of teaching and learning raises considerably. This surge of interest has ended in different studies on PD programs in L2 education. However, the pertinent literature lacks a comprehensive review of the models, applications, and impacts of EFL/ESL teachers' PD and various aspects influenced by this construct. To fill this gap and add fresh insights into this strand of research, the present study aimed to review the definitions, characteristics, models, goals, and uses of teacher professional development (TPD) in L2 education. Moreover, several empirical studies were touched on to support the claims of TPD impact on teachers. Finally, the study presented different implications for L2 teachers, teacher trainers, researchers, and policy-makers who can realize the significance and impact of effective TPD courses on the whole process of teaching and learning.

7.
Soc Sci Humanit Open ; 5(1): 100266, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35310330

RESUMO

Covid-19 has made a significant impact on the lives of people. The education sector is also impacted by it. The unwarranted change was difficult to handle at first, but slowly got mitigated. The schools and colleges closed to avoid mass gatherings and communication. To help the education system cope with this virus, there was a need to understand how students would accept the change and what could be the impact of students' learning approaches due to Covid-19. This research focuses on examining students' learning habits during the pandemic. A dataset was constructed to examine Indian (Maharashtra) Students' learning habits during the time schools, and colleges were suspended due to the novel coronavirus- SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). In response to understanding the potential effects of the coronavirus pandemic, the questionnaires were spread over a network of educational communities on Facebook and Whatsapp from September 30 to October 20, 2020. Researchers delivered the given survey to teachers and parents to collect information. In order to live the influence of students' socioeconomic status and occupational aspirations on their learning habits of students during school closures, the survey included three significant information concerns: (A) Individual demographics, including family socioeconomic status(B) Student's learning time spent during COVID-19, Support system as teachers and parents guidance; and (C) Importance of Self-learning and Effectiveness of it. But this research focuses on the Student's learning time spent during COVID-19. Around 859 responses were received through the survey. With the effective aid of the LP model and the Simplex method, the importance of instructors during online learning can be analyzed. This paper presents results with the applied approach.

8.
IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics ; 3(4): 959-969, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38250511

RESUMO

Surgical skill directly affects surgical procedure outcomes; thus, effective training is needed to ensure satisfactory results. Many objective assessment metrics have been developed that provide the trainee with descriptive feedback about their performance however, often lack feedback on how to improve performance. The most effective training method is one that is intuitive, easy to understand, personalized to the user,and provided in a timely manner. We propose a framework to enable user-adaptive training using near real-time detection of performance, based on intuitive styles of surgical movements, and design a haptic feedback framework to assist with correcting styles of movement. We evaluate the ability of three types of force feedback (spring, damping, and spring plus damping feedback), computed based on prior user positions, to improve different stylistic behaviors of the user during kinematically constrained reaching movement tasks. The results indicate that five out of six styles studied here were improved using at least one of the three types of force feedback. Task performance metrics were compared in the presence of the three types of feedback. Task time was statistically significantly lower when applying spring feedback, compared to the other two types of feedback. Path straightness and targeting error were statistically significantly improved when using spring-damping feedback compared to the other two types of feedback. This study presents a groundwork for adaptive training in robotic surgery based on near real-time human-centric models of surgical behavior.

9.
IEEE Trans Learn Technol ; 14(3): 338-352, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35371383

RESUMO

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core deficits in social interaction and communication. Collaborative puzzle games are interactive activities that can be played to foster the collaboration and verbal-communication skills of children with ASD. In this paper, we have designed an intelligent agent that can play collaborative puzzle games with children and verbally communicate with them as if it is another human player. Furthermore, this intelligent agent is also able to automatically measure children's task-performance and verbal-communication behaviors throughout game play. Two preliminary studies were conducted with children with ASD to evaluate the feasibility and performance of the intelligent agent. Results of Study I demonstrated the intelligent agent's ability to play games and communicate with children within the game-playing domain. Results of Study II indicated its potential to measure the communication and collaboration skills of human users.

10.
Nurse Educ Today ; 48: 13-18, 2017 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27697677

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The study process is related to students' learning approaches and styles. Motivation resources and problems determine students' internal, external, and negative motivation. Analyzing the study process and motivation of students yields important indications about the nature of educational systems in higher education. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the study process, and motivation resources and problems with regard to nursing students in different educational systems in Turkey and to reveal their effects according to a set of variables. DESIGN: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study. SETTINGS: Traditional, integrated and problem-based learning (PBL) educational programs for nurses involving students from three nursing schools in Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: Nursing students (n=330). METHODS: The data were collected using the Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) and the Motivation Resources and Problems (MRP) Scale. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the scores on the study process scale, and motivation resources and problems scale among the educational systems. This study determined that the mean scores of students in the PBL system on learning approaches, intrinsic motivation and negative motivation were higher. A positive significant correlation was found between the scales. CONCLUSIONS: The study process, and motivation resources and problems were found to be affected by the educational system. This study determined that the PBL educational system more effectively increases students' intrinsic motivation and helps them to acquire learning skills.


Assuntos
Motivação , Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes de Enfermagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Bacharelado em Enfermagem , Feminino , Recursos em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Educacionais , Pesquisa em Educação em Enfermagem , Inquéritos e Questionários , Turquia
11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30613215

RESUMO

Exercises with well-designed similar problem sets are effective in classrooms. In this case, teachers design similar problem sets related to the educational effects they have targeted. However, to design these "related problem sets (RPSs)" is not so easy for teachers, especially for students who are studying the problems. To support them, an intelligent tutoring system is expected to generate RPSs for teachers' and learners' targeting educational effects and support exercises for learners using these RPSs. It is useful for teachers who provide RPSs to learners with their educational effects and/or learners who want to study by themselves to get rid of their own weakness. This paper suggested the RPS generation and exercises supporting functions by an intelligent tutoring system for high school chemistry named Intelligent Practice Supporting System (IPSS). Some experiments confirmed that the performance of RPS generation and the exercises with IPSS had better educational effects than the ones without RPSs.

12.
J Med Life ; 8(Spec Iss 3): 13-23, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28316660

RESUMO

Developing and expanding the universities and increasing the admission of medical students did resolve the physician shortage, but it brought down the educational quality in return. To face this problem, the administrates needed to promote the quality of education which in turn needed accurate up to date information about conditions in different universities. Information about these issues was collected by the Medical Education Council Secretariat and finally published as the Data Bank and Ranking of the Medical Faculties. Method: Although nowadays ranking is more qualitative rather than quantitative, the above ranking was done by a statistical method. In this research, the intended statistic population consisted of the data included in the database and the ranking of all 38 medical faculties. To perform this research, the ranking of faculties in the comprehensive entrance exam which indicated the input of educational system was considered the index at first, and later, the ranking of the faculties in the effective factors in education, was arranged according to the regulation of the input system; then outputs of the educational system were adjusted according to the input system and finally a comprehensive table of all the educational information was provided. Then, the relationship of various factors in education with outputs of educational system were discussed. Result: The correlations of each and all factors, which have an effective part on education were considered separately, collectively, and together, based on the information of the above book. No connection was detected within the factors, which affected the education and the output in different universities. The only relation notable was the admission degree and the outcomes of the national basic science exams. Since no meaningful connection was found within the present parameters, it seemed to be wrong to follow the path that the other sections of the world have taken in choosing the ranking factors.

13.
Dent Res J (Isfahan) ; 8(4): 189-96, 2011 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22135690

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Health education is a process of transmission of knowledge and skills necessary for improvement in quality of life. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oral hygiene related knowledge and plaque scores of 12-year-old school children in Belgaum city before and after health education. METHODS: Three schools of Belgaum city were randomly selected and assigned into one of three health educational groups - group I (audiovisual aids), group II (chalk and blackboard) and group III (no health education). Oral health related knowledge and plaque scores were assessed in all the groups before and after health education. RESULTS: The mean knowledge score before intervention in group I was 7.94, in group II was 7.86 and in group III was 7.74 (P=0.86). After intervention, the mean knowledge score was 14.42 in group I, 12.7 in group II and 9.58 in group III (P<0.001). Plaque scores in the three groups were similar and statistically nonsignificant at baseline. After the oral health education, the mean plaque scores were 0.627 in group I, 0.8826 in group II and 1.0156 in group III. Within the group comparisons revealed a statistically improved oral hygiene with decreased plaque scores in all the three groups. CONCLUSION: Health education by audiovisual aids could be an effective preventive measure against plaque-related oral diseases.

14.
Rev. latinoam. cienc. soc. niñez juv ; 11(1): 151-162, ene.-jun. 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-677504

RESUMO

presente artículo analiza las desigualdades sociales que se reproducen a través del sistema educativo, explorando el estudio de caso de la República Dominicana. El material empírico se basa en los resultados de un estudio etnográfico realizado en diferentes escuelas de Santo Domingo, y en el uso de datos secundarios. De esta forma, se ofrece un panorama amplio sobre la situación educativa en el país caribeño, enfocando el discurso sobre las marcadas desigualdades que se construyen entre diferentes grupos juveniles y sus respectivas escuelas. Tales procesos, que afectan sobre todo a los grupos más pobres, ponen en peligro el derecho a la educación para toda la juventud, dentro de un sistema educativo notablemente diferenciado en términos de clase social e identidad racial.


The present article analyzes the social inequalities that are generated by the educational system by exploring the situation in the Dominican Republic. Its empirical material is based on the results of an ethnographic study, which was carried out in different schools in Santo Domingo, and is extended by secondary data. Therefore, the study provides a broad overview of the educational situation in the Caribbean country, focussing upon the discourse of the insurmountable inequalities which are constructed between different youth groups and their respective schools. These processes, which in particular affect the poorest groups, jeopardize the right to education for all youth in an education system which is notably differentiated in terms of social class and racial identity.


O presente artigo analisa as desigualdades sociais que são reproduzidas através do sistema educativo, explorando o estudo de caso da República Dominicana. O material empírico baseia-se nos resultados de um estudo etnográfico realizado em diferentes escolas de Santo Domingo e no uso de dados secundários. Desta forma, oferece-se uma visão global sobre o estado da educação no país do Caribe focada no discurso sobre as marcadas desigualdades existentes entre diferentes grupos de jovens e as suas respectivas escolas. Tais processos afetam particularmente os grupos mais pobres, ameaçando o direito à educação para todos os jovens dentro de um sistema de ensino extremamente diferenciado em termos de classe social e de identidade racial.


Assuntos
Pobreza , Classe Social , Adolescente , Educação , Fatores Socioeconômicos
15.
Educ. rev ; 26(2): 227-247, ago. 2010. graf, tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-559853

RESUMO

Este trabalho traz resultados de uma pesquisa realizada em escolas municipais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro que desfrutam de reputações contrapostas. Foram realizadas observações, entrevistas e surveys em três pares de escolas, em regiões distintas da cida de, segundo critério de demanda por parte da população e de prestígio diante da buro cracia educacional. A pesquisa busca conhecer mecanismos pelos quais a reputação das escolas se constrói e mantém, com base na percepção de que essa reputação é relevante na distribuição de oportunidades escolares e se associa intimamente a fatores de estratificação social. Hierarquias são destacadas em um ambiente que é tradicionalmente pensado como homogêneo: as escolas "comuns" das redes públicas. A literatura pertinente é trazida, especialmente aquela que trata de escolhas escolares e de diferenciação entre e intraescolas. Neste artigo, foram selecionados resultados que destacam a força dos con dicionantes familiares na compreensão do fenômeno em foco.


The article brings up results from a piece of research carried out in six municipal schools holding opposed reputations. We accomplished structured observa tions, interviews and questionnaires in three very different areas of Rio de Janeiro. The demand for the schools and the perception of the educational bureaucracy were the cri teria for their school's selection. The research seeks to understand how the school pres tige arises and is sustained, considering that this prestige is a relevant factor for the dis tribution of educational opportunities and is strongly tied to social hierarchies and strat ification. We highlight hierarchies and social inequalities within social contexts that are usually thought of as homogenous: the "ordinary" public schools. The pertinent litera ture was reviewed with special attention to school choice and segmentation among and within schools. Some results were selected stressing the strength of the family condition ing to help comprehending the phenomenon under our focus.

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