Dynamic feature analysis of handwritten electronic signatures based on Fourier transform.

The utilization of handwritten electronic signatures has expanded in various application scenarios, leading to an increased demand for identification. Unlike handwriting signatures, handwritten electronic signatures offer the advantage of extracting dynamic feature data, including writing pressure, velocity, and acceleration. In this study, the Fourier transform was employed to extract 18 characteristics from the time domain and frequency domain of writing pressure, velocity, and acceleration. The experimental findings revealed distinguishable differences between genuine signatures and random forgeries in writing pressure. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in writing velocity and writing acceleration. Moreover, significant differences were detected in most characteristics when comparing genuine signatures with freehand imitation forgeries and tracing imitation forgeries. The canonical discriminant analysis was performed between the genuine and Non-genuine signatures; the cross-validation estimated the discriminating power of these characteristics with a satisfactory result. The study proposed a new approach to analyzing handwritten electronic signatures using time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics and demonstrated its effectiveness in the examination.

A bibliometric review of global visibility, impact and adoption of electronic invoicing: The past and the future.

The objective of this study is to conduct a bibliometric review of literature on electronic invoicing to provide an understanding of the growing field and valuable sources for future research. A total of 191 papers within the period of 1997 to July 2021 were included in our analysis. The systemic analysis revealed several insights in research progression over two decades, relevant authors and leading institutions including countries, most frequent keywords, and the principal methodologies and theories adopted. Although the field of electronic invoicing is still emerging, it is interesting to see trending keywords such as 'data mining', 'automation', 'blockchain', 'digital storage', and 'machine learning' as demonstrated in recent publications. The study also attempted to develop a framework and proposed an integrated theory of electronic invoicing since the general theoretical framework does not exist in the literature. Several research gaps were exposed related to more studies in the emerging field of electronic invoicing and how future studies could further shape the field by addressing yet unanswered questions. We anticipate that the findings in this study will be a valuable contribution and resource for e-invoicing research.

Electronic signature and attestation in conveyancing practice: A Malaysian legal perspective.

Background The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought about an unprecedented disruption to global business activities. Physical face-to-face activities must be restricted due to movement control order (MCO). The clients are required to sign the documents physically in the presence of the solicitor who must subsequently attest to the signature of the clients. The issue arises whether electronic signature (e-signature) and attestation are permissible under the laws of Malaysia. The aim of this research was to study the legality of e-signature and attestation in conveyancing practice in Malaysia and subsequently to propose recommendations to overcome these issues. Methods This is qualitative study and not an empirical study. The data was collected by library-based research from various primary and secondary data sources, including case law in Malaysia, written statutes, publication of journal and article. Results The Digital Signatures Act 1997 (DSA) and the Electronic Commerce Act 2006 (ECA) have legalised e-signatures. The DSA is the law that governs the digital signatures in Malaysia. ECA has listed a few documents which are not legally accepted if signed electronically, namely Power of Attorney, the Wills and codicils, the Trusts, and negotiable instruments. However, with regards to the issue of attestation of these documents, there are no clear laws which govern the attestation. The legal issue arises when the lawyers who have attested these documents are liable to be called as witness under the Evidence Act 1950 to testify their signature if these documents are tendered as evidence in any court proceedings. Conclusion Thus, it is suggested that there is a need for unique legal framework for e-signature and attestation in Malaysia due to the lack of specific laws which govern the issues of electronic signature and attestation.

Self-identification of electronically scanned signatures (ESS) and digitally constructed signatures (DCS).

The use of electronic signatures as a form of identification is increasingly common, yet they have been shown to lack the dynamic features found in online signatures. In this study, handwritten signatures were scanned to produce electronically scanned signatures (ESS) which were then digitally altered to produce digitally constructed signatures (DCS). The ESS and DCS were presented back to participants to identify which were genuine. Only 1% of participants correctly identified all signatures, with a mean score of 57.6% identifications. The lack of self-recognition of ESS raises questions on their reliability and usefulness as means of personal identification.

Factors affecting the adoption of electronic signature: Executives' perspective of hospital information department.

The healthcare industry is experiencing a major transformation towards e-healthcare, which delivers and enhances related information through the Internet among healthcare stakeholders and makes the electronic signature (e-signature) more and more important. This paper uses a mature framework, Technology-Organization-Environment (TEO), in information system discipline to identify factors that affect hospitals in adopting e-signature. A survey was conducted on regional hospitals and medical centers in Taiwan to verify the validity of the research framework. The results show that TEO framework is useful in distinguishing hospitals as adopters and non-adopters of e-signature. Based on the research findings, implications and limitations are discussed.

Examining Authenticity: An Initial Exploration of the Suitability of Handwritten Electronic Signatures.

Considering the increasing relevance of handwritten electronically captured signatures, we evaluated the ability of forensic handwriting examiners (FHEs) to distinguish between authentic and simulated electronic signatures. Sixty-six professional FHEs examined the authenticity of electronic signatures captured with software by signotec on a smartphone Galaxy Note 4 by Samsung and signatures made with a ballpoint pen on paper (conventional signatures). In addition, we experimentally varied the name ("J. König" vs. "A. Zaiser") and the status (authentic vs. simulated) of the signatures in question. FHEs' conclusions about the authenticity did not show a statistically significant general difference between electronic and conventional signatures. Furthermore, no significant discrepancies between electronic and conventional signatures were found with regard to other important aspects of the authenticity examination such as questioned signatures' graphic information content, the suitability of the provided sample signatures, the necessity of further examinations and the levels of difficulty of the cases under examination. Thus, this study did not reveal any indications that electronic signatures captured with software by signotec on a Galaxy Note 4 are less well suited than conventional signatures for the examination of authenticity, precluding potential technical problems concerning the integrity of electronic signatures.

Authentication systems for securing clinical documentation workflows. A systematic literature review.

CONTEXT: Integration of electronic signatures embedded in health care processes in Germany challenges health care service and supply facilities. The suitability of the signature level of an eligible authentication procedure is confirmed for a large part of documents in clinical practice. However, the concrete design of such a procedure remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To create a summary of usable user authentication systems suitable for clinical workflows. DATA SOURCE: A Systematic literature review based on nine online bibliographic databases. Search keywords included authentication, access control, information systems, information security and biometrics with terms user authentication, user identification and login in title or abstract. Searches were run between 7 and 12 September 2011. Relevant conference proceedings were searched manually in February 2013. Backward reference search of selected results was done. SELECTION: Only publications fully describing authentication systems used or usable were included. Algorithms or purely theoretical concepts were excluded. Three authors did selection independently. DATA EXTRACTION AND ASSESSMENT: Semi-structured extraction of system characteristics was done by the main author. Identified procedures were assessed for security and fulfillment of relevant laws and guidelines as well as for applicability. Suitability for clinical workflows was derived from the assessments using a weighted sum proposed by Bonneau. RESULTS: Of 7575 citations retrieved, 55 publications meet our inclusion criteria. They describe 48 different authentication systems; 39 were biometric and nine graphical password systems. Assessment of authentication systems showed high error rates above European CENELEC standards and a lack of applicability of biometric systems. Graphical passwords did not add overall value compared to conventional passwords. Continuous authentication can add an additional layer of safety. Only few systems are suitable partially or entirely for use in clinical processes. CONCLUSIONS: Suitability strongly depends on national or institutional requirements. Four authentication systems seem to fulfill requirements of authentication procedures for clinical workflows. Research is needed in the area of continuous authentication with biometric methods. A proper authentication system should combine all factors of authentication implementing and connecting secure individual measures.

Who said it? Establishing professional attribution among authors of Veterans' Electronic Health Records.

BACKGROUND: A practical data point for assessing information quality and value in the Electronic Health Record (EHR) is the professional category of the EHR author. We evaluated and compared free form electronic signatures against LOINC note titles in categorizing the profession of EHR authors. METHODS: A random 1000 clinical document sample was selected and divided into 500 document sets for training and testing. The gold standard for provider classification was generated by dual clinician manual review, disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Text matching algorithms composed of document titles and author electronic signatures for provider classification were developed on the training set. RESULTS: Overall, detection of professional classification by note titles alone resulted in 76.1% sensitivity and 69.4% specificity. The aggregate of note titles with electronic signatures resulted in 95.7% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Note titles alone provided fair professional classification. Inclusion of author electronic signatures significantly boosted classification performance.

New advanced technologies to provide decentralised and secure access to medical records: case studies in oncology.

The main problem for health professionals and patients in accessing information is that this information is very often distributed over many medical records and locations. This problem is particularly acute in cancerology because patients may be treated for many years and undergo a variety of examinations. Recent advances in technology make it feasible to gain access to medical records anywhere and anytime, allowing the physician or the patient to gather information from an "ephemeral electronic patient record". However, this easy access to data is accompanied by the requirement for improved security (confidentiality, traceability, integrity, ...) and this issue needs to be addressed. In this paper we propose and discuss a decentralised approach based on recent advances in information sharing and protection: Grid technologies and watermarking methodologies. The potential impact of these technologies for oncology is illustrated by the examples of two experimental cases: a cancer surveillance network and a radiotherapy treatment plan. It is expected that the proposed approach will constitute the basis of a future secure "google-like" access to medical records.