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Poorer sleep is associated with poorer bone health among older adults but the role of sleep in bone health during younger adulthood is understudied. In this observational study, the averages and variability in total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), and sleep midpoint of university students were examined in relation to levels of bone turnover markers (BTMs) and bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and femur. A sample of healthy, university students (N = 59, aged 18-25 years, 51.8% female, body mass index <30 kg/m2 ), wore a wrist actigraph for 7 days, completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and underwent blood sampling to assess serum BTM concentrations of osteocalcin (OC) and N-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen. A sub-sample (n = 14) completed a one-year follow-up. Multiple regression models examined the associations between each sleep metric and bone health outcome at baseline and 1-year follow-up. At baseline, greater variability in sleep midpoint was cross-sectionally associated with greater OC (ß = 0.21, p = 0.042). In the exploratory, follow-up sub-sample, lower average TST (ß = -0.66, p = 0.013) and SE (ß = -0.68, p = 0.01) at baseline were associated with greater increases in OC at follow-up. Greater delays in mean sleep midpoint over follow-up were significantly associated with decreases in lumbar spine BMD (ß = -0.49, p = 0.03). In a sample of young adults, variable sleep schedules were associated with greater bone turnover suggesting the potential importance of regular sleep for optimising bone health into early adulthood.
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INTRODUCTION: Understanding the correlates of problematic gambling among emerging adult university students is crucial for developing effective approaches to minimise harm. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey study reports on 397 18-25 year old emerging adults studying at Irish universities who completed an online survey about problematic gambling and a range of biopsychosocial variables. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analyses explored the relationships between problematic gambling and the biopsychosocial variables measured. RESULTS: Chi-square analyses showed that being male, having an online gambling account, having a mobile gambling app, novelty seeking (impulsivity), harm avoidance (fear of uncertainty), and high alcohol volume consumption were significantly associated with problematic gambling. Regression analyses showed that individuals were more likely to report problematic gambling if they were male (OR = 9.57 times), had an online gambling account (OR = 17.05 times), had a mobile gambling app (OR = 20.37 times), scored high in impulsivity (OR = 7.79 times), and reported high alcohol volume consumption (OR = 4.66 times). Individuals were less likely to report problematic gambling if they scored high in fear of uncertainty (OR = 0.26 times). CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of problematic gambling was observed among the current study sample. Participants were more likely to reported problematic gambling if they were male, had online gambling accounts, mobile gambling apps, scored high in impulsivity, scored low in fear of uncertainty, or consumed high volumes of alcohol in typical drinking sessions. These findings have implications for Irish legislation and policy-makers, Irish higher education institutions, and young adult Irish university students.
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Emerging adults (EAs) are at high risk for mental health challenges and frequently reach out to their parents for support. Yet little is known about how parents help emerging adults manage and cope with daily stressors and which strategies help and which hinder EA mental health. In this cross-sectional pilot study of students at a 2- and 4-year college (ages 18-25, N = 680, mean age = 19.0), we extend models of dyadic coping from intimate relationships to the parent-emerging adult relationship and test whether six specific parent strategies to help emerging adults manage stress are associated with EA mental health. Emerging adults with parents who provided problem and emotion-focused supportive dyadic coping, delegated dyadic coping, and common/joint dyadic coping reported fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as higher levels of psychological well-being. In contrast, college-attending emerging adults who reported higher levels of parent-provided negative dyadic coping reported higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms and lower psychological well-being. Parent-emerging adult dyadic coping is a fruitful area for future research and intervention development.
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BACKGROUND: Adolescent and emerging adult survivors of childhood cancer generally adjust well psychologically similar to their peers. Nevertheless, some survivors are at greater risk for developing psychological and physical difficulties. To shed light on the psychosocial functioning of adolescent and emerging adult survivors of childhood cancer, personal identity formation and its interplay with general and cancer-specific functioning need to be investigated. PURPOSE: To examine the longitudinal associations linking identity formation to general and cancer-specific functioning in adolescent and emerging adult childhood cancer survivors using three-wave data over a 2-year period. METHODS: Dutch-speaking survivors (at baseline: n = 125; 53% female; age range: 14-25 years) treated at the pediatric oncology department of the University Hospitals Leuven (Belgium), completed self-report questionnaires at three annual timepoints. Directionality of effects and correlated changes were examined using cross-lagged structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Regarding general functioning, bidirectional effects occurred. Life satisfaction positively predicted identity synthesis and both life satisfaction and good physical functioning negatively predicted identity confusion over time. Identity synthesis, in turn, positively predicted life satisfaction and identity confusion negatively predicted good physical functioning over time. Regarding cancer-specific functioning, mainly unidirectional effects occurred. Post-traumatic stress symptoms negatively predicted identity synthesis and positively predicted identity confusion over time, whereas the reverse pattern of associations was found for benefit finding. Several correlated changes were found linking identity formation and psychosocial functioning as well. CONCLUSIONS: The present study uncovered clinically meaningful pathways linking identity formation to psychosocial functioning over time in adolescents and emerging adults who survived childhood cancer.
To shed light on the psychosocial functioning of adolescent and emerging adult survivors of childhood cancer, personal identity formation and its longitudinal interplay with general and cancer-specific functioning need to be investigated. Dutch-speaking survivors treated at the pediatric oncology department of the University Hospitals Leuven (Belgium), completed self-report questionnaires at three annual timepoints, resulting in three-wave data over a 2-year period. Regarding identity formation and general functioning, bidirectional effects occurred. Life satisfaction positively predicted identity synthesis and both life satisfaction and good physical functioning negatively predicted identity confusion over time. Identity synthesis, in turn, positively predicted life satisfaction and identity confusion negatively predicted good physical functioning over time. Regarding identity formation and cancer-specific functioning, mainly unidirectional effects occurred. Post-traumatic stress symptoms negatively predicted identity synthesis and positively predicted identity confusion over time, whereas the reverse pattern of associations was found for benefit finding. The present study uncovered meaningful pathways linking identity formation to psychosocial functioning over time in adolescents and emerging adults who survived childhood cancer. These longitudinal findings may provide important guidance for clinical practice, given that identity formation in today's western society has become particularly challenging.
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Sobreviventes de Câncer , Neoplasias , Humanos , Adulto , Adolescente , Feminino , Criança , Adulto Jovem , Masculino , Neoplasias/psicologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Grupo Associado , Sobreviventes/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida/psicologiaRESUMO
There is growing evidence showing that patterns of individual sexual risk behaviors are insufficient in explaining the disproportionate HIV/AIDS burden borne by African Americans. Instead, dynamic features of social, economic, political, and geographic contexts play a more determining role. However, not enough studies have examined the impact of multi-level factors including neighborhood-level influences on HIV/AIDS sexual risk among African American emerging adults using a socio-ecologic perspective. Anchored on the socio-ecologic framework, this study examines the collective role of relevant socio-ecologic determinants of sexual risk-taking among African American emerging adults. Results from both bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed that individual and neighborhood-level variables were significantly associated with sexual risk in our study population partially confirming the hypothesis of the study. Male gender, educational attainment, and neighborhood social disorder were the strongest predictors of sexual risk. Our findings contribute to the vast literature on sexual risk behavior patterns of young adults, and increasing evidence demonstrating the role of contextual factors as stronger predictors of sexual risk and HIV infection among at-risk youth. Our findings, however, underscore the need for further research on the pathways of HIV socio-behavioral vulnerability in this demographic group.
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Assunção de RiscosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Transitions from middle adolescence into merging adulthood, a life stage between age 15-25, has a high prevalence of sleep problems. Mindfulness is a trait defined as being attentive to the present moment which positively relates to sleep quality. In this study, we aimed to investigate how resilience and emotional dysfunction may influence the relationship between trait mindfulness and sleep quality. METHODS: The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales were used to measure the key variables through an online survey of 497 participants between middle adolescence and emerging adults (317 females, mean age 18.27 ± 0.76 years). A process model was built to investigate the mediating roles of resilience and emotional dysfunction in the impact of trait mindfulness on sleep quality, together with the relationships between their specific components. RESULTS: We found a positive association between mindfulness and sleep quality through resilience and through emotional dysfunction, and through the sequential pathway from resilience to emotional dysfunction. Of note, acting with awareness (mindfulness facet) showed significant indirect effects on sleep quality, mediated by resilience and emotional dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings may unveil the underlying mechanisms of how low mindfulness induces poor sleep quality. The findings indicate that conceiving mindfulness as a multifaceted construct facilitates comprehension of its components, relationships with other variables, and underscores its potential clinical significance given its critical implications for mental health.
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Regulação Emocional , Atenção Plena , Modelos Psicológicos , Resiliência Psicológica , Privação do Sono , Qualidade do Sono , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Viés , Compreensão , Saúde Mental , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Resiliência Psicológica/fisiologia , Privação do Sono/fisiopatologia , Privação do Sono/psicologia , Análise de MediaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited studies have compared outcomes between emerging adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) attending a diabetes transition support programme using multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). AIMS: To assess glycaemic control and service utilisation in emerging adults with T1D on MDI or CSII attending a young adult diabetes clinic (YAC). METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted from January 2013 to December 2015. Data collected included clinic visits per year, after-hours mobile telephone use, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) admissions and all HbA1c levels. Independent t-test was used to compare continuous variables whilst Pearson's Chi-squared test was used for categorical variables. Linear mixed effects models explored mean changes in HbA1c levels over time. RESULTS: Over 3 years, 318 youth with T1D (176 MDI, 121 CSII, 21 switched from MDI to CSII) attended our YAC. Aggregated mean HbA1c levels remained similar between modalities (CSII 9.1% vs MDI 9.3%; P = 0.23); however, mean change in HbA1c at 3 years was significantly increased in CSII users at 0.55% (95% CI 0.15-0.95; P < 0.01) compared with no significant change in MDI users. Clinic visits per year were improved in CSII users (CSII 2.8 vs MDI 2.5; P = 0.02), while DKA admissions remained similar between MDI and CSII users (3.6 admissions per 100 patient-years). CONCLUSION: In our YAC cohort, glycaemic control in CSII and MDI users was similar but well below recommended international glycaemic targets (HbA1c level < 7.0%). Despite increased clinical engagement occurring in CSII users, glycaemic deterioration was observed over the 3 years.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Cetoacidose Diabética , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sistemas de Infusão de Insulina , Insulina/uso terapêutico , Injeções SubcutâneasRESUMO
A central requirement of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) consists of difficulties with interpersonal relationships. As emerging adults' transition into adulthood and seek more autonomy from parents, it is important to examine how ODD problems and parent-child discord are indirectly associated through interpersonal competencies. The current study examined the indirect effects between ODD problems in emerging adults and parent-child discord through multiple interpersonal competencies as well as the additional differences among parent-child gender dyads. Emerging adults (N = 599 individuals aged 18 to 25 years; M = 19.60, SD = 1.40; 68% females) were recruited via an online research platform and completed online survey measures of ODD problems, parent-child relationship discord, and interpersonal competence. Indirect effects were significant for the mother-daughter dyad only. Additional results, limitations, and implications are discussed.
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Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo , Pais , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Relações Interpessoais , Relações Pais-Filho , MãesRESUMO
Young people and their families around the world are especially vulnerable to macroeconomic hard times. This study sought to provide a more comprehensive view on how families with emerging adult children can successfully overcome economic distress. Specifically, we examined the links between economic strain-that is, the subjective perceptions of one's current and future financial situation-family ritual meaning, family problem-solving communication, and quality of life, as reported by emerging adults and their parents. Data were collected from 1017 individuals nested in 334 families living in Portugal in 2016/2017. Results from multilevel modeling provided evidence for a negative impact of economic strain on family members' quality of life (ß = -0.30, p < 0.001); and for the role of family ritual meaning (ß = 0.01, p = 0.022), but not family problem-solving communication, as a buffer against the negative effect of economic strain on quality of life. Findings also suggested that the subjective evaluations that family members formulated about their financial situations played a greater role than objective economic conditions (e.g., income) in establishing a deeper understanding on the impact of economic demands on individuals and families' lives in today's complex financial world. This study provides a significant contribution to family economic stress research, advancing family ritual meaning as a key family dynamic contributing to positive adaptation to economic distress. The implications of these findings for clinical interventions include the potential benefits of symbolic forms of family communication in the work carried out with economically stressed family members.
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BACKGROUND: The transition to college is associated with increased risk of alcohol misuse and a consequent increase in negative, alcohol-related social and health impacts. Traits associated with ongoing brain maturation during this period, including impulsivity in emotional contexts, could contribute to risky alcohol use. METHODS: This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined brain network activation strength during an emotional inhibitory control task (Go-NoGo), which required participants to ignore background images with negative or neutral emotional valence during performance. Participants were 60 college freshmen (aged 18-20 years, 33 women). Survey measures, completed at baseline and one-year follow-up (follow-up n = 52, 29 women), assessed alcohol misuse alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT), alcohol/substance use counseling center assessment of psychological symptoms (C-CAPS), and negative consequences of alcohol use young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire (YAACQ). Measures were examined relative to network activation strength, on the Negative NoGo > Neutral NoGo contrast, of four large-scale brain networks implicated in top-down regulation of cognition and attention: right and left lateral frontoparietal networks (rL-FPN; lL-FPN), dorsal attention network (DAN), and salience network (SN). RESULTS: Activation strength of DAN was negatively associated with scores on the AUDIT (p = 0.013) and YAACQ (p = 0.004) at baseline, and with C-CAPS score at baseline and follow-up (p = 0.002; p = 0.005), and positively associated with accuracy on NoGo trials with negative backgrounds (p = 0.014). Activation strength of rL-FPN was positively associated with C-CAPS score at follow-up (p = 0.003). SN activation strength was negatively associated with accuracy on NoGo trials with negative (p < 0.001) and neutral (p = 0.002) backgrounds and with the accuracy difference between negative versus neutral NoGo trials (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that less engagement of large-scale brain circuitry that supports top-down attentional control, specifically during negative emotions, is associated with more problematic drinking in emerging adults who attend college. This pattern of network activation may serve as a risk marker for ongoing self-regulation deficits during negative emotion that could increase risk of problematic alcohol use and negative impacts of drinking.
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Alcoolismo , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico por imagem , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Mapeamento Encefálico , Emoções , Etanol , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Transitional-aged youth (TAY) between the ages of 16 and 24 experience higher rates of mental distress than any other age group. It has long been recognized that stability, consistency, and continuity in mental health care delivery are of paramount importance; however, the disjointed progression from paediatric to adult psychiatric services leaves many TAY vulnerable to deleterious health outcomes. In Spring 2019, eight TAY living with mental health challenges participated in a Photovoice study designed to: (1) illuminate their individual transition experiences; and, (2) support a collective vision for optimal mental health care at this nexus. Participants took photographs that reflected three weekly topics-the good, the bad, and the vision-and engaged in a series of three corresponding photo-elicitation focus group sessions. Twenty-four images with accompanying titles and captions were sorted into nine participant-selected themes. Findings contribute to an enhanced awareness of psychiatric service delivery gaps experienced by TAY, and advocate for seamless and supportive transitions that more effectively meet the mental health care needs of this population.
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Transtornos Mentais , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Saúde Mental , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Emerging adulthood (ages 18-25) is a critical period for neurobiological development and the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Recent findings also suggest that a natural perturbation of the gut microbiota (GM), combined with other factors, may create a unique vulnerability during this period of life. The GM of emerging adults is thought to be simpler, less diverse, and more unstable than either younger or older people. We postulate that this plasticity in the GM suggests a role in the rising mental health issues seen in westernized societies today via the gut-brain-microbiota axis. Studies have paid particular attention to the diversity of the microbiota, the specific function and abundance of bacteria, and the production of metabolites. In this narrative review, we focus specifically on diet, physical activity/exercise, substance use, and sleep in the context of the emerging adult. We propose that this is a crucial period for establishing a stable and more resilient microbiome for optimal health into adulthood. Recommendations will be made about future research into possible behavioral adjustments that may be beneficial to endorse during this critical period to reduce the probability of a "dysbiotic" GM and the emergence and severity of mental health concerns.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Encéfalo , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário , Saúde Mental , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Aims: Emerging adulthood is marked by elevated risk-taking, and young people living in disadvantaged urban areas experience disproportionately more negative outcomes. Using a sample of young African American women living in such communities, this cross-sectional observational study investigated the hypothesis that greater substance use and sexual risk-taking would be associated with present-dominated time perspectives and higher delay discounting. Methodology: Young women (N = 223, M age = 20.4 years) from disadvantaged urban areas were recruited using Respondent Driven Sampling, a peer-driven recruitment method. Structured field interviews assessed substance use, sexual practices, and risk/protective factors, including time perspectives (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory [ZTPI]) and behavioral impulsivity (delay discounting task). Results: Regression models showed that present hedonism time perspectives were related to sexual risk-taking and substance involvement, whereas discounting was associated only with sexual risk-taking (ps < .05). Future time perspectives were not associated with either risk behavior. Conclusions: Risk behaviors among young African American women living in disadvantaged urban areas appear to be related to hedonistic rewards available in the present without considering future outcomes. Future research should investigate experimentally if lengthening time perspectives and enriching views of possible futures may aid risk reduction in this population.
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Changes in the working, study and social lives of emerging adults due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to greater need for external supports. Many who lived independently may have sought that support by returning to live with parents. This study identifies factors associated with returns made between 2019 and 2020. It describes supports needed and obtained, relationships between parents and their resident emerging adults and identifies correlates of poor coping and high psychological distress. Data from the Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth and the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used and showed half of the emerging adults who moved did so due to COVID-19 restrictions. Loss of work and increased need for emotional and financial support were key drivers of moves. Nineteen per cent who returned found spending more time with family difficult and over half did not have their support needs fully met, increasing their odds of poor coping at that time (OR = 2.9, 4.3, respectively) and subsequent psychological distress (OR = 6.0). Families were an important source of support but could not necessarily mitigate all challenges; for some emerging adults, returning to live with parents gave rise to additional difficulties which negatively affected mental health.
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BACKGROUND: There are mixed findings in the literature regarding the association between parental alcohol communication and offspring alcohol use. To clarify this association, this study tested a prospective mediated moderation model in which the association between parental communication about the risks of alcohol use and emerging adult offspring drinking was mediated by offspring perceived parental approval of drinking. Parental alcohol expectancies and use were tested as moderators of the link between communication and perceived approval. METHOD: The community sample of 378 emerging adult and caregiver dyads completed 3 annual assessments (first assessment mean age = 19.13). The sample was 54% female and majority White/non-Hispanic (76%). Caregivers reported on their own alcohol expectancies and use, and emerging adult offspring reported on parental communication of alcohol risks, perceived parental approval of drinking, and their own alcohol use. Multilevel modeling was used to test hypotheses. RESULTS: Mediated moderation was largely supported. More frequent communication about the risks of drinking was prospectively associated with low levels of perceived parental approval of alcohol use, which in turn was associated with low levels of offspring drinking. This pathway depended on parental alcohol expectancies. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that including mediators (e.g., perceived approval of drinking) helps to clarify the mixed literature on parental communication about alcohol and that parental attitudes about alcohol can impact the effectiveness with which parents convey the risk of alcohol to offspring.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Comunicação , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/psicologia , Adulto Jovem/psicologia , Cuidadores/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted unprecedented challenges, contributing to greater difficulties among families of children with special health care needs, such as pediatric brain tumor survivors. We examined the impact of the pandemic on psychosocial functioning of adolescent and emerging adult survivors and their parents. We hypothesized that COVID-19 disruptions and survivor social connectedness would be associated with survivor-reported posttraumatic stress and family outcomes, including family functioning, parenting, and parent mental health. PROCEDURE: Fifty-five families (44 survivors, 48 parents) were recruited via phone and email to participate in the study. Survivors were ages 13-25 (M = 19.62, SD = 3.47) and at least 5 years post diagnosis. Parents completed the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Survey (CEFIS), and survivors completed the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) COVID-19 child self-report form, which assessed pandemic impacts on their psychosocial functioning. RESULTS: Parents reported a mean of 7.52 (SD = 2.83) disruptions to their families' lives. The pandemic negatively affected survivors' life satisfaction (Mdiff = 0.46, t(44) = 3.96, p < .001), with 92% reporting reduced social connectedness (n = 39). Total disruptions due to COVID-19 and survivor social connectedness predicted survivor-reported posttraumatic stress, above and beyond survivors' pre-pandemic psychosocial risk. Most parents reported positive changes in their parenting (n = 31, 67.4%) and family cohesion (n = 30, 66.7%). However, they also reported worsened mood (n = 28, 62.3%) and increased anxiety (n = 31, 71.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Parents and survivors reported positive and negative impacts of COVID-19, which had downstream consequences on survivor psychosocial functioning. Follow-up care should consider potential adverse effects on social connectedness and stress symptoms.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/epidemiologia , COVID-19 , Sobreviventes de Câncer , Adolescente , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/psicologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Saúde Mental , Pandemias , Pais , Rede Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine how food insecurity is related to emerging adults' food behaviours and experiences of neighbourhood safety and discrimination and to identify resources needed to support their health during the COVID-19 outbreak. DESIGN: Rapid response online survey. Participants completed the six-item US Household Food Security Survey Module, a brief measure of food insufficiency, and measures of food behaviours, neighbourhood safety and discrimination. Open-ended questions were used to assess changes in eating behaviours during COVID-19 and needed resources. SETTING: C-EAT (COVID-19 Eating and Activity over Time) study invitations were sent by email and text message to a longitudinal cohort. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 218 emerging adults (mean age = 24·6 (sd 2·0) years, 70·2 % female) completed a survey in April-May 2020 during a stay-at-home order in Minnesota. RESULTS: The past year prevalence of food insecurity was 28·4 %. Among food-insecure respondents, 41·0 % reported both eating less and experiencing hunger due to lack of money in the past month. Food-insecure respondents were less likely than those who were food secure to have fruits/vegetables at home and more likely to have frequent fast-food restaurant meals, feel unsafe in their neighbourhood and experience discrimination during the stay-at-home order. Food-insecure adults reported changes including eating more food prepared at home, eating more take-out restaurant meals and purchasing more energy-dense snacks as a result of events related to COVID-19. Resources most needed to support their health included eligibility for more food assistance and relief funds. CONCLUSIONS: Food-insecure emerging adults experience many barriers to maintaining healthful eating patterns during COVID-19.
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COVID-19/epidemiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Insegurança Alimentar , Características de Residência , Discriminação Social , Adulto , COVID-19/psicologia , Surtos de Doenças , Fast Foods , Feminino , Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Frutas , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Minnesota/epidemiologia , Prevalência , SARS-CoV-2 , Segurança , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Verduras , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: Contrary to parental alcohol use and expectancies work, little is known about how parent's cannabis use (CU) and expectancies influence offspring CU. This is a notable gap in the literature given increasing acceptability and use of cannabis, especially among emerging adults (EA). Moreover, limited work has tested mechanisms of transmission of risk from these parent factors. This study addresses these gaps by testing prospective associations of parental CU and expectancies with offspring CU and CU problems, and perceived parental approval of offspring CU as a potential mediator. Method: A community sample of 314 EA and caregiver dyads completed three annual assessments (mean age = 19.13). The sample was 54% female and majority White/non-Hispanic (76%). Caregivers reported on their cannabis expectancies and use, and EA reported on their CU, CU-related problems, and perceived parental approval of CU. Results: Longitudinal structural equation modeling supported a mediated pathway such that high parental positive cannabis expectancies were associated with perceived parental approval of CU, which in turn, predicted increases in EA CU and CU problems. Parental negative expectancies had a significant indirect effect but in the opposite direction. Indirect effects were found above and beyond parental CU, which was not associated with offspring CU. Conclusions: This is the first study to test prospective indirect effects of parental cannabis expectancies on offspring CU. Findings suggest parents' attitudes, even in the absence of parental use, confer risk for offspring use by shaping perceived acceptance of CU, suggesting parental expectancies as targets for parent-based CU interventions.
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Cannabis , Adulto , Filhos Adultos , Atitude , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pais , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Previous studies have indicated that prenatal maternal depressive symptoms predicted toddler temperament, which led to childhood irritability, an important component to ODD problems. In addition, children with ODD problems continue to have difficulties as they transition into emerging adulthood. The current study examined whether present-day emerging adult temperament mediated the relationship between perceived parental psychopathology (e.g., depressive, anxiety, and antisocial problems) and emerging adult ODD problems (e.g., affective and behavioral components). Further, emerging adult and parent gender was examined as a moderator (i.e., moderated mediation). The current study asked a sample of 973 emerging adults to report upon the psychological problems of their parents as well as their own temperament and ODD problems. Negative affect and effortful control mediated the relationship between maternal anxiety problems and female affective and behavioral ODD problems. Similarly, effortful control mediated the relationship between paternal antisocial problems and male behavioral ODD problems. Significant indirect effects occurred for the mother-daughter and father-son dyads only, suggesting moderated mediation by child and parent gender. Thus, temperament may be one process which explains the relationship between parental psychopathology and emerging adult ODD problems, and this process differed by parent and child gender.
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Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial , Transtornos de Ansiedade , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/psicologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo , Temperamento , Adolescente , Adulto , Filhos Adultos , Ansiedade , Pai , Feminino , Humanos , Humor Irritável , Masculino , Análise de Mediação , Mães , Pais/psicologia , Comportamento Problema/psicologia , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Child maltreatment and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) often cooccur and are related to negative socioemotional outcomes; however, limited research differentiates how maltreatment versus other ACEs predict such outcomes. These efforts are necessary to determine whether cumulative ACE screening efforts best predict those at risk for poor outcomes. We examined cumulative childhood ACEs, cumulative maltreatment subtypes, and adult attachment quality in 379 young and middle-aged adults. This sample enabled comparison between emerging adults and older adults who have navigated additional developmental tasks that may counteract the effects of early ACEs. More ACEs and maltreatment experiences predicted insecure anxious, avoidant, and fearful attachment styles; however, maltreatment failed to predict unique variance in attachment quality beyond other ACEs. Results suggest that maltreatment may be best categorized as part of a general cumulative risk profile predicting poor socioemotional outcomes. Findings support burgeoning trends in medical and social service settings assessing ACEs using simple dichotomous screening tools to identify those requiring intervention and support services.