An updated review of the new hadron states.

The past decades witnessed the golden era of hadron physics. Many excited open heavy flavor mesons and baryons have been observed since 2017. We shall provide an updated review of the recent experimental and theoretical progresses in this active field. Besides the conventional heavy hadrons, we shall also review the recently observed open heavy flavor tetraquark statesX(2900) andTcc+(3875)as well as the hidden heavy flavor multiquark statesX(6900),Pcs(4459)0,Zcs(3985)-,Zcs(4000)+, andZcs(4220)+. We will also cover the recent progresses on the glueballs and light hybrid mesons, which are the direct manifestations of the non-AbelianSU(3) gauge interaction of the Quantum Chromodynamics in the low-energy region.

Revealing the nature of hidden charm pentaquarks with machine learning.

We study the nature of the hidden charm pentaquarks, i.e., the Pc4312,Pc4440 and Pc(4457), with a neural network approach in pionless effective field theory. In this framework, the normal χ2 fitting approach cannot distinguish the quantum numbers of the Pc(4440) and Pc(4457). In contrast to that, the neural network-based approach can discriminate them, which still cannot be seen as a proof of the spin of the states since pion exchange is not considered in the approach. In addition, we also illustrate the role of each experimental data bin of the invariant J/ψp mass distribution on the underlying physics in both neural network and fitting methods. Their similarities and differences demonstrate that neural network methods can use data information more effectively and directly. This study provides more insights about how the neural network-based approach predicts the nature of exotic states from the mass spectrum.

Understanding the 0++ and 2++ charmonium(-like) states near 3.9 GeV.

We propose that the X(3915) observed in the J/ψω channel is the same state as the χc2(3930), and the X(3960), observed in the Ds+Ds- channel, is an S-wave Ds+Ds- hadronic molecule. In addition, the JPC=0++ component in the B+→D+D-K+ assigned to the X(3915) in the current Review of Particle Physics has the same origin as the X(3960), which has a mass around 3.94 GeV. To check the proposal, the available data in the DD¯ and Ds+Ds- channels from both B decays and γγ fusion reaction are analyzed considering both the DD¯-DsD¯s-D*D¯*-Ds*D¯s* coupled channels with 0++ and a 2++ state introduced additionally. It is found that all the data in different processes can be simultaneously well reproduced, and the coupled-channel dynamics produce four hidden-charm scalar molecular states with masses around 3.73, 3.94, 3.99 and 4.23 GeV, respectively. The results may deepen our understanding of the spectrum of charmonia as well as of the interactions between charmed hadrons.

Charmonium and charmoniumlike states at the BESIII experiment.

Charmonium is a bound state of a charmed quark and a charmed antiquark, and a charmoniumlike state is a resonant structure that contains a charmed quark and antiquark pair but has properties that are incompatible with a conventional charmonium state. While operating at center-of-mass energies from 2 to 5 GeV, the BESIII experiment can access a wide mass range of charmonium and charmoniumlike states, and has contributed significantly in this field. We review BESIII results involving conventional charmonium states, including the first observation of the M1 transition ψ(2S) → γη c (2S) and the discovery of the ψ2(3823) state; and report on studies of charmoniumlike states, including the discoveries of the Z c (3900) and Z c (4020) tetraquark candidates, the resolution of the fine structure of the Y(4260) state, the discovery of the new production process e + e - → γX(3872) and the uncovering of strong evidence for the commonality among the X(3872), Y(4260) and Z c (3900) states. The prospects for further research at BESIII and proposed future facilities are also presented.