G-site residue S67 is involved in the fungicide-degrading activity of a tau class glutathione S-transferase from Carica papaya.

Thiram is a toxic fungicide extensively used for the management of pathogens in fruits. Although it is known that thiram degrades in plant tissues, the key enzymes involved in this process remain unexplored. In this study, we report that a tau class glutathione S-transferase (GST) from Carica papaya can degrade thiram. This enzyme was easily obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, showed low promiscuity toward other thiuram disulfides, and catalyzed thiram degradation under physiological reaction conditions. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that G-site residue S67 shows a key influence for the enzymatic activity toward thiram, while mutation of residue S13, which reduced the GSH oxidase activity, did not significantly affect the thiram-degrading activity. The formation of dimethyl dithiocarbamate, which was subsequently converted into carbon disulfide, and dimethyl dithiocarbamoylsulfenic acid as the thiram degradation products suggested that thiram undergoes an alkaline hydrolysis that involves the rupture of the disulfide bond. Application of the GST selective inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole reduced papaya peel thiram-degrading activity by 95%, indicating that this is the main degradation route of thiram in papaya. GST from Carica papaya also catalyzed the degradation of the fungicides chlorothalonil and thiabendazole, with residue S67 showing again a key influence for the enzymatic activity. These results fill an important knowledge gap in understanding the catalytic promiscuity of plant GSTs and reveal new insights into the fate and degradation products of thiram in fruits.

Cellulose Surface Nanoengineering for Visualizing Food Safety.

Food safety is vital to human health, necessitating the development of nondestructive, convenient, and highly sensitive methods for detecting harmful substances. This study integrates cellulose dissolution, aligned regeneration, in situ nanoparticle synthesis, and structural reconstitution to create flexible, transparent, customizable, and nanowrinkled cellulose/Ag nanoparticle membranes (NWCM-Ag). These three-dimensional nanowrinkled structures considerably improve the spatial-electromagnetic-coupling effect of metal nanoparticles on the membrane surface, providing a 2.3 × 108 enhancement factor for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect for trace detection of pesticides in foods. Notably, the distribution of pesticides in the apple peel and pulp layers is visualized through Raman imaging, confirming that the pesticides penetrate the peel layer into the pulp layer (∼30 µm depth). Thus, the risk of pesticide ingestion from fruits cannot be avoided by simple washing other than peeling. This study provides a new idea for designing nanowrinkled structures and broadening cellulose utilization in food safety.

Lipidomics of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures in Staphylococcus aureus utilizing exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids.

It is well established that Staphylococcus aureus can incorporate exogenous straight-chain unsaturated fatty acids (SCUFAs) into membrane phospho- and glyco-lipids from various sources in supplemented culture media and when growing in vivo during infection. Given the enhancement of membrane fluidity when oleic acid (C18:1Δ9) is incorporated into lipids, we were prompted to examine the effect of medium supplementation with C18:1Δ9 on growth at low temperatures. C18:1Δ9 supported the growth of a cold-sensitive, branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA)-deficient mutant at 12°C. Interestingly, we found similar results in the BCFA-sufficient parental strain, supported by the fact that the incorporation of C18:1Δ9 into the membrane increased membrane fluidity in both strains. We show that the incorporation of C18:1Δ9 and its elongation product C20:1Δ11 into membrane lipids was required for growth stimulation and relied on a functional FakAB incorporation system. Lipidomics analysis of the phosphatidylglycerol and diglycosyldiacylglycerol lipid classes revealed major impacts of C18:1Δ9 and temperature on lipid species. Growth at 12°C in the presence of C18:1Δ9 also led to increased production of the carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthin. The enhancement of growth by C18:1Δ9 is an example of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures utilizing an exogenous fatty acid. This may be significant in the growth of S. aureus at low temperatures in foods that commonly contain C18:1Δ9 and other SCUFAs in various forms. IMPORTANCE: We show that Staphylococcus aureus can use its known ability to incorporate exogenous fatty acids to enhance its growth at low temperatures. Individual species of phosphatidylglycerols and diglycosyldiacylglycerols bearing one or two degrees of unsaturation derived from the incorporation of C18:1Δ9 at 12°C are described for the first time. In addition, enhanced production of the carotenoid staphyloxanthin occurs at low temperatures. The studies describe a biochemical reality underlying membrane biophysics. This is an example of homeoviscous adaptation to low temperatures utilizing exogenous fatty acids over the regulation of the biosynthesis of endogenous fatty acids. The studies have likely relevance to food safety in that unsaturated fatty acids may enhance the growth of S. aureus in the food environment.

Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Resilience in Milk after Thermal Inactivation.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) detected in dairy cows raises concerns about milk safety. The effects of pasteurization-like temperatures on influenza viruses in retail and unpasteurized milk revealed virus resilience under certain conditions. Although pasteurization contributes to viral inactivation, influenza A virus, regardless of strain, displayed remarkable stability in pasteurized milk.

Detection of Rat Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs, Spain, 2023.

We identified rat hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA in farmed pigs from Spain. Our results indicate that pigs might be susceptible to rat HEV and could serve as viral intermediaries between rodents and humans. Europe should evaluate the prevalence of rat HEV in farmed pigs to assess the risk to public health.

Subdural Empyema from Streptococcus suis Infection, South Korea.

In Jeju Island, South Korea, a patient who consumed raw pig products had subdural empyema, which led to meningitis, sepsis, and status epilepticus. We identified Streptococcus suis from blood and the subdural empyema. This case illustrates the importance of considering dietary habits in similar clinical assessments to prevent misdiagnosis.

High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia.

A high prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi infection (13.9%; 260/1,876) was found among schoolchildren and adults in Kandal Province, Cambodia, by fecal examination, worm expulsion, and molecular analysis of cox1 and nd1 genes. The source of infection was consumption of Pila sp. snails, a finding confirmed morphologically and molecularly.

Predictive Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Food-Producing Animals, Europe, 2000-2021.

In Europe, systematic national surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals has been conducted for decades; however, geographic distribution within countries remains unknown. To determine distribution within Europe, we combined 33,802 country-level AMR prevalence estimates with 2,849 local AMR prevalence estimates from 209 point prevalence surveys across 31 countries. We produced geospatial models of AMR prevalence in Escherichia coli, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter for cattle, pigs, and poultry. We summarized AMR trends by using the proportion of tested antimicrobial compounds with resistance >50% and generated predictive maps at 10 × 10 km resolution that disaggregated AMR prevalence. For E. coli, predicted prevalence rates were highest in southern Romania and southern/eastern Italy; for Salmonella, southern Hungary and central Poland; and for Campylobacter, throughout Spain. Our findings suggest that AMR distribution is heterogeneous within countries and that surveillance data from below the country level could help with prioritizing resources to reduce AMR.

Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Norovirus GII.8[P8], Thailand, 2023.

Acute gastroenteritis associated with human norovirus infection was reported in Phuket, Thailand, in June 2023. We amplified GII.8[P8] from the outbreak stool specimens. Retrospective sample analysis identified infrequent GII.8[P8] in the country beginning in 2018. In all, the 10 whole-genome GII.8[P8] sequences from Thailand we examined had no evidence of genotypic recombination.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Foodborne Illness Associated with Oysters, Australia, 2021-2022.

The bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus is ubiquitous in tropical and temperate waters throughout the world and causes infections in humans resulting from water exposure and from ingestion of contaminated raw or undercooked seafood, such as oysters. We describe a nationwide outbreak of enteric infections caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Australia during September 2021-January 2022. A total of 268 persons were linked with the outbreak, 97% of whom reported consuming Australia-grown oysters. Cases were reported from all states and territories of Australia. The outbreak comprised 2 distinct strains of V. parahaemolyticus, sequence types 417 and 50. We traced oysters with V. parahaemolyticus proliferation back to a common growing region within the state of South Australia. The outbreak prompted a national recall of oysters and subsequent improvements in postharvest processing of the shellfish.

Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Linked to Foods Eligible for Irradiation, United States, 2009-2020.

Food irradiation can reduce foodborne illnesses but is rarely used in the United States. We determined whether outbreaks related to Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes were linked to irradiation-eligible foods. Of 482 outbreaks, 155 (32.2%) were linked to an irradiation-eligible food, none of which were known to be irradiated.

Emergence of Group B Streptococcus Disease in Pigs and Porcupines, Italy.

We describe group B Streptococcus linked to disease in farmed pigs and wild porcupines in Italy. Occurrence in pigs was attributed to transmission from nonpasteurized bovine milk whey. Antimicrobial-resistance profiles in isolates from porcupines suggest no common source of infection. Our findings expand the known host range for group B Streptococcus disease.

Uncommon Salmonella Infantis Variants with Incomplete Antigenic Formula in the Poultry Food Chain, Italy.

Uncommon Salmonella Infantis variants displaying only flagellar antigens phenotypically showed identical incomplete antigenic formula but differed by molecular serotyping. Although most formed rough colonies, all shared antimicrobial resistances and the presence of usg gene with wild-type Salmonella Infantis. Moreover, they were undistinguishable wild-type Salmonella Infantis by whole-genome sequencing.

Vibrio mimicus Lineage Carrying Cholera Toxin and Vibrio Pathogenicity Island, United States and China.

Vibrio mimicus bacteria have caused sporadic cases and outbreaks of cholera-like diarrhea throughout the world, but the association of lineages with such events is unexplored. Genomic analyses revealed V. mimicus lineages carrying the virulence factors cholera toxin and toxin coregulated pilus, one of which has persisted for decades in China and the United States.

Emergence of Poultry-Associated Human Salmonella enterica Serovar Abortusovis Infections, New South Wales, Australia.

Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis is a ovine-adapted pathogen that causes spontaneous abortion. Salmonella Abortusovis was reported in poultry in 2009 and has since been reported in human infections in New South Wales, Australia. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a clade of 51 closely related isolates from Australia originating in 2004. That clade was genetically distinct from ovine-associated isolates. The clade was widespread in New South Wales poultry production facilities but was only responsible for sporadic human infections. Some known virulence factors associated with human infections were only found in the poultry-associated clade, some of which were acquired through prophages and plasmids. Furthermore, the ovine-associated clade showed signs of genome decay, but the poultry-associated clade did not. Those genomic changes most likely led to differences in host range and disease type. Surveillance using the newly identified genetic markers will be vital for tracking Salmonella Abortusovis transmission in animals and to humans and preventing future outbreaks.

Genomic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Brucella neotomae.

After reports in 2017 of Brucella neotomae infections among humans in Costa Rica, we sequenced 12 strains isolated from rodents during 1955-1964 from Utah, USA. We observed an exact strain match between the human isolates and 1 Utah isolate. Independent confirmation is required to clarify B. neotomae zoonotic potential.

Outbreak of Listeriosis Likely Associated with Baker's Yeast Products, Switzerland, 2022-2024.

We traced back a nationwide outbreak of human listeriosis in Switzerland to a persisting production line contamination of a factory producing baker's yeast with Listeria monocytogenes serotype 1/2a sequence type 3141. We used whole-genome sequencing to match clinical isolates to isolates from product samples.

Enhanced pyrophosphate detection: Utilizing oPD-derived carbon dots and Fe3+ interactions in a paper strip biosensor.

The development of portable, cost-effective, and straightforward DNA biosensors holds immense importance in various fields, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. This study contributes to the objective by introducing an innovative approach for synthesizing carbon dots (Cdots) with high quantum yield (QY) and remarkable selectivity for Fe3+ ions. Utilizing o-phenylenediamine as a precursor, the study achieved a straightforward and environmentally friendly synthesis method, enabling the efficient detachment of metal ions from the Cdot surface upon introducing pyrophosphate (PPi). The presence of surface hydroxyl and amino groups facilitated specific Fe3+ recognition. Employing D-optimal response surface methodology, the study optimized Cdot synthesis parameters, identifying temperature and heating time as critical factors influencing QY. Statistical analysis confirmed the model's reliability, predicting maximum QY of 48.8 % with minimal deviation from experimental results. Characterization studies revealed the amorphous nature of Cdots through HR-TEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis. Furthermore, the proposed LAMP/PPi biosensing technique demonstrated higher sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability, with negligible interference from common anions and efficacy across varying pH levels. The limit of detection (LOD) of 0.079 (±0.01) µM and the detection range of 0.1 µM-2 mM underscore the biosensor's practical utility. This study highlights a promising direction for developing paper-based LAMP/PPi biosensors with potential diagnostics and environmental monitoring applications. Significantly, the biosensing technique is applicable to any DNA amplification method generating pyrophosphate (PPi) as a by-product.

Outbreak-associated Salmonella Baildon found in wastewater demonstrates how sewage monitoring can supplement traditional disease surveillance.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a common cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, but current non-typhoidal Salmonella surveillance is suboptimal. Here, we evaluated the utility of wastewater monitoring to enhance traditional surveillance for this foodborne pathogen. In June 2022, we tested raw sewage collected twice a week from two treatment plants in central Pennsylvania for non-typhoidal Salmonella and characterized isolates using whole-genome sequencing. We recovered 43 Salmonella isolates from wastewater samples, differentiated by genomic analysis into seven serovars: 16 Panama (37.2%), 9 Senftenberg (20.9%), 8 Baildon (18.6%), and 3 or fewer of four other serovars. We assessed genetic relatedness and epidemiologic links between these wastewater isolates with those from patients with salmonellosis. All S. Baildon isolates from wastewater were genetically similar to those associated with a known contemporaneous salmonellosis outbreak. S. Baildon from wastewater and 42 outbreak-related isolates in the national outbreak detection database had the same core genome multilocus sequence typing, and outbreak code differed by zero or one single polynucleotide polymorphism. One of the 42 outbreak-related isolates was obtained from a patient residing in the wastewater sample collection catchment area, which serves approximately 17000 people. S. Baildon is a rare serovar (reported in <1% cases nationally, over five years). Our study underscores the value of monitoring sewage from a defined population to supplement traditional surveillance methods for the evidence of Salmonella infections and to determine the extent of outbreaks.IMPORTANCEDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater was highly effective in identifying the variants of concern earlier than clinical surveillance methods. Here, we show that monitoring domestic sewage can also augment traditional reporting of foodborne illnesses to public health authorities. Our study detected multiple Salmonella enterica serovars in samples from two wastewater treatment plants in central Pennsylvania. Using whole-genome sequencing, we demonstrated that the isolates of variant S. Baildon clustered with those from a foodborne salmonellosis outbreak that occurred in a similar time frame. Cases were primarily from Pennsylvania, and one individual lived within the wastewater treatment catchment area. This study highlights the effectiveness of domestic sewage testing as a proactive public health strategy to track and respond to infectious disease outbreaks.

Multiomics and biotechnologies for understanding and influencing cadmium accumulation and stress response in plants.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals faced by plants and, additionally, via the food chain, threatens human health. It is principally dispersed through agro-ecosystems via anthropogenic activities and geogenic sources. Given its high mobility and persistence, Cd, although not required, can be readily assimilated by plants thereby posing a threat to plant growth and productivity as well as animal and human health. Thus, breeding crop plants in which the edible parts contain low to zero Cd as safe food stuffs and harvesting shoots of high Cd-containing plants as a route for decontaminating soils are vital strategies to cope with this problem. Recently, multiomics approaches have been employed to considerably enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying (i) Cd toxicity, (ii) Cd accumulation, (iii) Cd detoxification and (iv) Cd acquisition tolerance in plants. This information can be deployed in the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated Cd tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. The aim of this review is to provide a current update about the mechanisms involved in Cd uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of multiomics approach in terms of Cd stress responses, as well as in the development of Cd tolerant and low Cd accumulating crops.