Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles as a biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis and metastasis monitoring.

It is imperative to explore biomarkers that are both precise and readily accessible in the comprehensive management of breast cancer. A multicenter cohort, including 512 breast cancer patients and 198 nonneoplastic individuals, was recruited to detect the level of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles using our method based on dual DNA tetrahedral nanostructures. The level of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles was significantly higher in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients than in nonneoplastic individuals at a cutoff value of 3.58 U/µL. For postoperative metastasis monitoring, the level of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles was significantly higher in breast cancer patients with metastasis than in those without metastasis at a cutoff value of 3.91 U/µL. Its efficacy of diagnosis and metastasis monitoring was superior to traditional tumor markers. Elevated level of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles served as a predictive biomarker for diagnosis and metastasis monitoring in breast cancer patients.

Glucose starvation causes ferroptosis-mediated lysosomal dysfunction.

Lysosomes, the hub of metabolic signaling, are associated with various diseases and participate in autophagy by supplying nutrients to cells under nutrient starvation. However, their function and regulation under glucose starvation remain unclear and are studied herein. Under glucose starvation, lysosomal protein expression decreased, leading to the accumulation of damaged lysosomes. Subsequently, cell death occurred via ferroptosis and iron accumulation due to DMT1 degradation. GPX4, a key factor in ferroptosis inhibition located on the outer membrane of lysosomes, accumulated in lysosomes, especially under glucose starvation, to protect cells from ferroptosis. ALDOA, GAPDH, NAMPT, and PGK1 are also located on the outer membrane of lysosomes and participate in lysosomal function. These enzymes did not function effectively under glucose starvation, leading to lysosomal dysfunction and ferroptosis. These findings may facilitate the treatment of lysosomal-related diseases.

Aurora-A condensation mediated by BuGZ aids its mitotic centrosome functions.

Centrosomes composed of centrioles and the pericentriolar material (PCM), serve as the platform for microtubule polymerization during mitosis. Despite some centriole and PCM proteins have been reported to utilize liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to perform their mitotic functions, whether and how centrosomal kinases exert the coacervation in mitosis is still unknown. Here we reveal that Aurora-A, one key centrosomal kinase in regulating centrosome formation and functions, undergoes phase separation in vitro or in centrosomes from prophase, mediated by the conserved positive-charged residues inside its intrinsic disordered region (IDR) and the intramolecular interaction between its N- and C-terminus. Aurora-A condensation affects centrosome maturation, separation, initial spindle formation from the spindle pole and its kinase activity. Moreover, BuGZ interacts with Aurora-A to enhance its LLPS and centrosome functions. Thus, we propose that Aurora-A collaborates with BuGZ to exhibit the property of LLPS in centrosomes to control its centrosome-dependent functions from prophase.

The HRD1-SEL1L ubiquitin ligase regulates stress granule homeostasis in couple with distinctive signaling branches of ER stress.

Stress granules (SGs) are membrane-less cellular compartments which are dynamically assembled via biomolecular condensation mechanism when eukaryotic cells encounter environmental stresses. SGs are important for gene expression and cell fate regulation. Dysregulation of SG homeostasis has been linked to human neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here we report that the HRD1-SEL1L ubiquitin ligase complex specifically regulates the homeostasis of heat shock-induced SGs through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the UPS-associated ATPase p97. Mechanistically, the HRD1-SEL1L complex mediates SG homeostasis through the BiP-coupled PERK-eIF2α signaling axis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby coordinating the unfolded protein response (UPR) with SG dynamics. Furthermore, we show that the distinctive branches of ER stress play differential roles in SG homeostasis. Our study indicates that the UPS and the UPR together via the HRD1-SEL1L ubiquitin ligase to maintain SG homeostasis in a stressor-dependent manner.

USP7 upregulated by TGF-ß1 promotes ferroptosis via inhibiting LATS1-YAP axis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury.

Our work aimed to investigate the interactive roles of transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7), and Yes-associated protein (YAP) in ferroptosis during sepsis-secondary acute lung injury (ALI). Our study demonstrated that ferroptosis was aggravated by TGF-ß1 in both cellular and animal models of acute lung injury. Additionally, YAP upregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and SLC7A11 by regulating the binding of TEAD4 to GPX4/SLC7A11 promoters. Furthermore, large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) knockdown resulted in YAP expression stimulation, while USP7 downregulated YAP via deubiquitinating and stabilizing LATS1/2. YAP overexpression or USP7/LATS1 silencing reduced ferroptosis process, which regulated YAP through a feedback loop. However, TGF-ß1 annulled the repression of ferroptosis by YAP overexpression or LATS1/USP7 knockdown. By elucidating the molecular interactions between TGF-ß1, USP7, LATS1/2, and YAP, we identified a new regulatory axis of ferroptosis in sepsis-secondary ALI. Our study sheds light on the pathophysiology of ferroptosis and proposes a potential therapeutic approach for sepsis-induced ALI.

Mitochondrial F0F1-ATP synthase governs the induction of mitochondrial fission.

Mitochondrial dynamics is a process that balances fusion and fission events, the latter providing a mechanism for segregating dysfunctional mitochondria. Fission is controlled by the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) cleavage, and DRP1 recruitment. It is thought that this process is closely linked to the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC). However, we report here that MRC inhibition does not decrease ΔΨm nor increase fission, as evidenced by hyperconnected mitochondria. Conversely, blocking F0F1-ATP synthase activity induces fragmentation. We show that the F0F1-ATP synthase is sensing the inhibition of MRC activity by immediately promoting its reverse mode of action to hydrolyze matrix ATP and restoring ΔΨm, thus preventing fission. While this reverse mode is expected to be inhibited by the ATPase inhibitor ATPIF1, we show that this sensing is independent of this factor. We have unraveled an unexpected role of F0F1-ATP synthase in controlling the induction of fission by sensing and maintaining ΔΨm.

VDAC1-interacting molecules promote cell death in cancer organoids through mitochondrial-dependent metabolic interference.

The voltage-dependent anion-selective channel isoform 1 (VDAC1) is a pivotal component in cellular metabolism and apoptosis with a prominent role in many cancer types, offering a unique therapeutic intervention point. Through an in-silico-to-in-vitro approach we identified a set of VA molecules (VDAC Antagonists) that selectively bind to VDAC1 and display specificity toward cancer cells. Biochemical characterization showed that VA molecules can directly interact with VDAC1 with micromolar affinity by competing with the endogenous ligand NADH for a partially shared binding site. NADH displacement results in mitochondrial distress and reduced cell proliferation, especially when compared to non-cancerous cells. Experiments performed on organoids derived from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability upon treatment with VA molecules with lower impact on healthy cells than conventional treatments like gemcitabine. VA molecules are chemical entities representing promising candidates for further optimization and development as cancer therapy strategies through precise metabolic interventions.

Cell non-autonomous control of autophagy and metabolism by glial cells.

Glia are the protectors of the nervous system, providing neurons with support and protection from cytotoxic insults. We previously discovered that four astrocyte-like glia can regulate organismal proteostasis and longevity in C. elegans. Expression of the UPRER transcription factor, XBP-1s, in these glia increases stress resistance, and longevity, and activates the UPRER in intestinal cells via neuropeptides. Autophagy, a key regulator of metabolism and aging, has been described as a cell autonomous process. Surprisingly, we find that glial XBP-1s enhances proteostasis and longevity by cell non-autonomously reprogramming organismal lipid metabolism and activating autophagy. Glial XBP-1s regulates the activation of another transcription factor, HLH-30/TFEB, in the intestine. HLH-30 activates intestinal autophagy, increases intestinal lipid catabolism, and upregulates a robust transcriptional program. Our study reveals a novel role for glia in regulating peripheral lipid metabolism, autophagy, and organellar health through peripheral activation of HLH-30 and autophagy.

Dry molten globule conformational state of CYP11A1 (SCC) regulates the first step of steroidogenesis in the mitochondrial matrix.

Multiple metabolic events occur in mitochondria. Mitochondrial protein translocation from the cytoplasm across compartments depends on the amino acid sequence within the precursor. At the mitochondria associated-ER membrane, misfolding of a mitochondrial targeted protein prior to import ablates metabolism. CYP11A1, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (SCC), is imported from the cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix catalyzing cholesterol to pregnenolone, an essential step for metabolic processes and mammalian survival. Multiple steps regulate the availability of an actively folded SCC; however, the mechanism is unknown. We identified that a dry molten globule state of SCC exists in the matrix by capturing intermediate protein folding steps dictated by its C-terminus. The intermediate dry molten globule state in the mitochondrial matrix of living cells is stable with a limited network of interaction and is inactive. The dry molten globule is activated with hydrogen ions availability, triggering cleavage of cholesterol sidechain, and initiating steroidogenesis.

Activation of limbal epithelial proliferation is partly controlled by the ACE2-LCN2 pathway.

In response to corneal injury, an activation of corneal epithelial stem cells and their direct progeny the early transit amplifying (eTA) cells to rapidly proliferate is critical for proper re-epithelialization. Thus, it is important to understand how such stem/eTA cell activation is regulated. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is predominantly expressed in the stem/eTA-enriched limbal epithelium but its role in the limbal epithelium was unclear. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) suggested that Ace2 involved the proliferation of the stem/eTA cells. Ace2 was reduced following corneal injury. Such reduction enhanced limbal epithelial proliferation and downregulated LCN2, a negative regulator of proliferation in a variety of tissues, via upregulating TGFA and consequently activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Inhibition of EGFR or overexpression of LCN2 reversed the increased proliferation in limbal epithelial cells lacking ACE2. Our findings demonstrate that after corneal injury, ACE2 is downregulated, which activates limbal epithelial cell proliferation via a TGFA/EGFR/LCN2 pathway.

Fission yeast Bgs1 glucan synthase participates in the control of growth polarity and membrane traffic.

Rod-shaped fission yeast grows through cell wall expansion at poles and septum, synthesized by essential glucan synthases. Bgs1 synthesizes the linear ß(1,3)glucan of primary septum at cytokinesis. Linear ß(1,3)glucan is also present in the wall poles, suggesting additional Bgs1 roles in growth polarity. Our study reveals an essential collaboration between Bgs1 and Tea1-Tea4, but not other polarity factors, in controlling growth polarity. Simultaneous absence of Bgs1 function and Tea1-Tea4 causes complete loss of growth polarity, spread of other glucan synthases, and spherical cell formation, indicating this defect is specifically due to linear ß(1,3)glucan absence. Furthermore, linear ß(1,3)glucan absence induces actin patches delocalization and sterols spread, which are ultimately responsible for the growth polarity loss without Tea1-Tea4. This suggests strong similarities in Bgs1 functions controlling actin structures during cytokinesis and polarized growth. Collectively, our findings unveil that cell wall ß(1,3)glucan regulates polarized growth, like the equivalent extracellular matrix in neuronal cells.

Exosomal miRNA 16-5p/29a-3p from pancreatic cancer induce adipose atrophy by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis.

Over 80% of the patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have cachexia/wasting syndrome. Cachexia is associated with reduced survival, decreased quality of life, and higher metastasis rates. Here, we demonstrate that fat loss is the earliest feature of PDAC-exosome-induced cachexia. MicroRNA sequencing of exosomal components from normal and cancer-derived exosomes revealed enrichment of miR-16-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-29a-3p, and miR-125b-5p in serum exosomes of mice harboring PDAC and patients with PDAC. Further, miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p inhibited adipogenesis through decreasing Erlin2 and Cmpk1 expression which downregulates C/EBPß and PPARγ. Synergistically, miR-29a-3p promotes lipolysis through increasing ATGL expression by suppressing MCT1 expression. Furthermore, PDAC-exosomes deprived of miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p fail to induce fat loss. Hence, miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p exosomal miRs are essential for PDAC-induced fat loss. Thus, we unravel that PDAC induces adipose atrophy via exosomal miRs. This knowledge may provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PDAC-induced cachexia.

Enhanced and sustained T cell activation in response to fluid shear stress.

The efficacy of T cell therapies in treating solid tumors is limited by poor in vivo persistence, proliferation, and cytotoxicity, which can be attributed to limited and variable ex vivo activation. Herein, we present a 10-day kinetic profile of T cells subjected to fluid shear stress (FSS) ex vivo, with and without stimulation utilizing bead-conjugated anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. We demonstrate that mechanical stimulation via FSS combined with bead-bound anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies yields a synergistic effect, resulting in amplified and sustained downstream signaling (NF-κB, c-Fos, and NFAT), expression of activation markers (CD69 and CD25), proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). This study represents the first characterization of the dynamic response of primary T cells to FSS. Collectively, our findings underscore the critical role of mechanosensitive ion channel-mediated mechanobiological signaling in T cell activation and fitness, enabling the development of strategies to address the current challenges associated with poor immunotherapy outcomes.

RSU-1 regulates the integrity of dense bodies in muscle cells of aging Caenorhabditis elegans.

Muscle contraction is vital for animal survival, and the sarcomere is the fundamental unit for this process. However, the functions of many conserved sarcomere proteins remain unknown, as their mutants do not exhibit obvious defects. To address this, Caenorhabditis elegans was utilized as a model organism to investigate RSU-1 function in the body wall muscle. RSU-1 is found to colocalize with UNC-97 at the dense body and M-line, and it is particularly crucial for regulating locomotion in aging worms, rather than in young worms. This suggests that RSU-1 has a specific function in maintaining muscle function during aging. Furthermore, the interaction between RSU-1 and UNC-97/PINCH is essential for RSU-1 to modulate locomotion, preserve filament structure, and sustain the M-line and dense body throughout aging. Overall, these findings highlight the significant contribution of RSU-1, through its interaction with UNC-97, in maintaining proper muscle cell function in aging worms.

Epidermal growth factor augments the self-renewal capacity of aged hematopoietic stem cells.

Hematopoietic aging is associated with decreased hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal capacity and myeloid skewing. We report that culture of bone marrow (BM) HSCs from aged mice with epidermal growth factor (EGF) suppressed myeloid skewing, increased multipotent colony formation, and increased HSC repopulation in primary and secondary transplantation assays. Mice transplanted with aged, EGF-treated HSCs displayed increased donor cell engraftment within BM HSCs and systemic administration of EGF to aged mice increased HSC self-renewal capacity in primary and secondary transplantation assays. Expression of a dominant negative EGFR in Scl/Tal1+ hematopoietic cells caused increased myeloid skewing and depletion of long term-HSCs in 15-month-old mice. EGF treatment decreased DNA damage in aged HSCs and shifted the transcriptome of aged HSCs from genes regulating cell death to genes involved in HSC self-renewal and DNA repair but had no effect on HSC senescence. These data suggest that EGFR signaling regulates the repopulating capacity of aged HSCs.