Use of video-electroencephalography as a first-line examination in veterinary neurology: development and standardization of electroencephalography in unsedated dogs and cats.

Objective: To assess the feasibility and validate the use of video-electroencephalography (EEG) in conscious dogs and cats and to propose guidelines of routine EEG in veterinary clinical practice. Design: Prospective clinical study. Data: One hundred and fifty EEG recordings were carried out to validate the clinical adding-value, reproducibility, and guidelines on 140 owned animals. One hundred and one EEGs were performed on dogs and 49 on cats. Procedures: We compared recordings performed with 8 EEG unwired stud Ag/AgCl electrodes held by elastic straps and 8 EEG wired cup Ag electrodes held by a tailor-made manufactured headset combined with a wired video-EEG device. Electrodes placement was determined according to previously published animal EEG protocols. Physiological sensors, such as electrocardiography, electromyography, and respiratory sensors were added. Stimulation protocols were tested. Quality and interpretability were evaluated. Results: Headsets and recording procedures appeared suitable for all skull shapes and sizes. Video-EEG recordings were successfully performed without tranquilization or anesthesia except for 9 animals. Median EEG recordings time was 40 min. Impedance remained below 20 kΩ in 99% of dog EEGs and 98% of cat EEGs. Isosynchrony was reported in 6% of the channels. Seventy-five percent of dog EEGs and 83% of cat EEGs were readable for more than 50% (to 100%) of their duration. Successful discrimination of vigilance states from rhythm analysis (wakefulness, drowsiness, and sleepiness) was possible in 99% of dog EEGs and 91% of cat EEGs. Photic driving responses during photic stimulations were observed in 11% of dog EEGs and 85% of cat EEGs. Electroencephalography recordings were directly informative in 32% of the examinations: in 25% EEG abnormalities were associated with clinical signs and 7% concerned EEG abnormalities without clinical symptoms during recording. Thirteen percent of dogs subjected to photic stimulation exhibited epileptic anomalies. Among 9 EEGs with other history-based stimulations, three displayed epileptic graphoelements. Conclusions: We have developed a standardized unanesthetized video-EEG procedure easily performed and reproducible in dogs and cats. Qualitative and quantitative technical and medical criteria were evaluated and were in accordance with human EEG recommendations. Moreover, we have demonstrated its relevance and accuracy for diagnostic purposes, providing further arguments for the use of EEG as a first-line neurological functional exploration test.

A preliminary attempt at capacitive deionization with PVA/PSS gel coating as an alternative to ion exchange membrane.

PVA/PSS composite gel membrane electrode for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) was fabricated and characterised in the present study. The composite electrode with ion exchange surface is prepared by coating glutaraldehyde cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite hydrogel, with Poly (Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) (PSS) added into the network, on the surface of activated carbon (AC) electrode. The feasibility of the gel membrane is analyzed by rheological, swelling rates and ion exchange capacity tests. Then electrochemical test and desalination test are used to study the performance of the MCDI electrode. The results show that coating of composite hydrogel layer improved the hydrophilicity, specific capacitance and lower interfacial electron transfer resistance of the electrode. Finally, we assemble the asymmetrical CDI cell with PVA/PSS composite gel electrode and AC electrode. Compared with the AC electrode, the salt adsorption capacity of PVA6-PSS15 can reach 18.9 mg g-1 and stable charge efficiency at 73.0% at operating voltage of 1.2 V. The decrease in specific capacitance of PVA6-PSS15 after 50 cycles is 1.33%, indicating that the electrode has a good cycling life. The gel membrane coated electrode prepared by PSS provides a new idea for the development of MCDI.

Development of a conductivity-based photothermal absorbance detection microchip using polyelectrolytic gel electrodes.

The development and application of polyelectrolytic gel electrodes (PGEs) for a microfluidic photothermal absorbance detection system is described. The PGEs are used to measure changes in conductivity based on heat generation by analytes absorbing light and changing the solution viscosity. The PGEs are suitable for direct contact conductivity measurements since they do not degrade with exposure to high electric fields. Both a 2-electrode system with DC voltages and a 3-electrode system with AC voltages were investigated. Experimental factors including excitation voltage, excitation frequency, laser modulation frequency, laser power, and path length were tested. The limits of detection for the 3-electrode and 2-electrode systems are 500nM and 0.55nM for DABSYL-tagged glucosamine, respectively. In addition, an electrokinetic separation of a potassium, DABSYL-tagged glucosamine, Rhodamine 6G, and Rhodamine B mixture was demonstrated.