Exploring the association of gender role expectations of pain and measures of pain sensitization in people with knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: First, we explored the association between Gender Role Expectations of Pain (GREP), and psychophysical measures of sensitization in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Second, we explored whether the association differed by level of GREP items (high vs low scores). DESIGN: We conducted secondary analyses of a cohort study. Those who were (i) age of ≥40, English or French speaking, ii) diagnosed with knee OA using American College of Rheumatology criteria and iii) consulting with an orthopedic surgeon were included. GREP items pertaining to pain sensitivity and pain endurance of the typical man or woman were rated by males and females respectively. Psychophysical tests consisted of pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), Temporal Summation (TS), and Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM). Multiple linear regression models for males and females were run with GREP scores (independent variables) and psychophysical tests (dependent variables). Next models stratified on the median split of GREP scores were run. Models were adjusted for age, BMI, pain catastrophizing, anxio-depressive symptoms, and radiographic severity. RESULTS: 280 participants (57% females; age (SD): 63.9 (9.6) and BMI (SD): 31.3 (8.40)) were included. GREP pain sensitivity scores in males were associated with CPM values (ß: 95% CI: 0.09 (0.01 to 0.17)). Males with low GREP pain sensitivity or pain endurance had very small to small positive associations with PPT and CPM values. CONCLUSION: This first exploration of gendered pain sensitivity and pain endurance by males and females has small and clinically unimportant associations with measures of pain sensitization requiring further validation.

Facial Expression Stereotypes of Male and Female Adults and Children: Do Facial Expression Stereotypes of Adults Apply to Children?

This study explored the facial expression stereotypes of adult men and women within the Chinese cultural context and investigated whether adult participants had facial expression stereotypes of children aged 6 and 10 years old. Three experiments were conducted with 156 adult Chinese university student participants. Experiment 1 explored whether adult participants had facial expression stereotypes of adult men and women. In Experiment 1a, the participants imagined a happy or angry adult face and stated the gender of the imagined face. In Experiment 1b, the participants were asked to quickly judge the gender of happy or angry adult faces, and their response time was recorded. Experiments 2 and 3 explored whether adults apply the stereotypes of adult men and women to 10-year-old and 6-year-old children. Experiment 1 revealed that the participants associated angry facial expressions with men and happy facial expressions with women. Experiment 2 showed that the participants associated angry facial expressions with 10-year-old boys and happy expressions with 10-year-old girls. Finally, Experiment 3 revealed that the participants associated happy facial expressions with 6-year-old girls but did not associate angry facial expressions with 6-year-old boys. These results showed that, within the Chinese cultural context, adults had gender-based facial expression stereotypes of adults and 10-year-old children; however, the adult participants did not have gender-based facial expression stereotypes of 6-year-old male children. This study has important implications for future research, as adults' perceptions of children is an important aspect in the study of social cognition in children.

Motivations to Enhance One's Facial Hair: Affiliation, Rivalry, and Stress.

Facial hair is a sexually dimorphic trait with potential evolutionary and sociocultural functions. Bearded men are perceived as dominant, aggressive, and masculine, but also as having better parenting skills. Men may intentionally manage the amount and shape of their facial hair as a part of their self-promotion strategy; however, facial hair management entails costs in terms of time, effort, and money. We explored psychological factors associated with facial hair enhancement motivation among men. A total of 414 men (aged 18-40 years) reported the current amount of their facial hair along with their facial hair enhancement motivations, gender role stress, intrasexual competitiveness, and fundamental social motives. Willingness to care for facial hair was associated with the amount of facial hair men claimed to have and correlated with the fundamental social motives of affiliation and social status, intrasexual competition, and gender role stress. Therefore, facial hair enhancement may be regarded as a self-presentation strategy aimed at acquiring a beneficial position in social networks.

Exploring the Role of Discrepancy Stress and Muscle Dysmorphia in the Association Between Gender Role Discrepancy and Masculine Depression in Israeli Men.

Guided by the dynamic model of masculinity and men's psychopathology, the current study aimed to explore the mediating role of masculine discrepancy stress and each of the muscle dysmorphia dimensions (drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairments) in the association between masculine gender role discrepancy and masculine depression. For the present study, 936 Israeli men completed a structured self-report questionnaire. Masculine discrepancy stress and some of the muscle dysmorphia dimensions were found to partially mediate the association between masculine gender role discrepancy and masculine depression. The findings demonstrate how the internalization of social gender expectations and men's gender role discrepancy is reflected in the gap between perception of self and the typical man, which is eventually related to mental health outcomes. In turn, men attempt to mitigate the stress through what they perceive as masculine, reflecting muscle dysmorphia: drive for size, appearance intolerance, and functional impairments, which in turn predict masculine depression. Therefore, mental and physical health professionals are advised to be aware of these mechanisms, in order to recognize the negative mental health outcomes arising from traditional societal gender role expectations and provide specific solutions for them.

Do Traditional Gender Role Beliefs Promote Abstinence and Sexual Health Behaviors Among Latina College Students?

Traditional gender role beliefs, or marianismo beliefs, are theorized to be largely protective against health risk behaviors, including sexual risk behaviors among Latina young adults. However, measurement differences across studies and research with heterogeneous samples of abstinent and sexually active Latina young adults have led to unclear findings. Thus, we investigated whether endorsement of certain marianismo beliefs may promote sexual health behaviors or solely promote abstinence. Guided by gender role schema theory, this study investigated the multidimensional construct of marianismo beliefs in relation to past-year abstinence from sexual activity, STI and HIV testing, and condom use among 611 Latina young adults. Results indicated that endorsement of the Virtuous and Chaste belief was associated with decreased odds of sexual activity (i.e., increased odds of being abstinent) in the past year. None of the five marianismo beliefs were significantly linked with condom use. Among sexually active participants, the Virtuous and Chaste belief was associated with decreased likelihood to be tested for both STIs and HIV in the past year. Findings support the notion that certain marianismo beliefs (e.g., the Virtuous and Chaste belief) may promote abstinence, yet pose a risk for sexual health via reduced likelihood for STI and HIV testing. Results may inform culturally-tailored HIV prevention interventions with Latinas to reduce the disproportionate HIV burden in this population.

Everything changes but nothing changes: gender stereotypes in the Italian population.

PURPOSE: Gender stereotypes refer to consensual or cultural shared beliefs about the attributes of men and women, influencing society behaviors, interpersonal relationships, education, and workplace. The literature has shown the existence of gender stereotypes on career choices, internalization of roles, and school and social experiences and demonstrates the impact of demographic factors on stereotypes. However, all the studies conducted in Italy available in scientific literature analyzed small sample sizes within specific schools of university settings, with a limited age range. METHODS: To assess the current state of gender stereotypes in Italy, we conducted an online survey from October 2022 to January 2023 on the general population residing in Italy. The questionnaire comprised sociodemographic factors and questions about gender stereotypes, investigating six fields: games, jobs, personality traits, home and family activities, sports, and moral judgments. RESULTS: The study involved 1854 participants, mostly women (70.1%) with an undergraduate or postgraduate degree (57.5%). The statistical and descriptive analyses revealed that gender stereotypes influenced respondents' beliefs, with statistically significant effects observed in most questions when stratifying by age, gender, and degree. Principal component analysis was performed to assess latent variables in different fields, revealing significant main stereotypes in each category. No statistically significant differences between men and women were found for the fields home and family activities, games, and moral judgments, confirming that stereotypes affect both men and women in the same way. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the persistence of gender stereotypes in any fields investigated, although our cohort is predominantly composed of high educational level women living in the North of Italy. This demonstrates that the long-standing gender stereotypes are prevalent, pernicious, and, unfortunately, internalized at times even by successful women pushbacking and sabotaging them unconsciously.

Sex differences in formal recommendation of assets for health (social prescribing) in Aragon.

BACKGROUND: In primary health care, social prescribing is an important tool which is gaining popularity. It is being studied significantly, however there is not enough evidence about different related issues. The aim of this study is to analyse the differences by sex in the application of a social prescription protocol in Primary Care. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with data from the Electronic Health Record between September 2018 and March 2021. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses of data from 2,109 records of Social Prescription protocol in primary health care centers located in Aragón in northern Spain (Europe) were performed using Jamovi Statistics software (version 2.3.28). The comparisons by sex were carried out using a Mann-Whitney U or chi-squared test to analyse differences. RESULTS: The protocol was used correctly 1,482 times, where it was applied more in females (74.8% female vs. 25.2% male). The median age in females was higher than males (female 72 vs. males 70; p = 0.003). There were significant differences by sex in several aspects to strengthen with the social prescribing, physical, emotional and relational skills. Most females and males regularly attended the recommended asset and there were significant differences in the group that never attended. Mean satisfaction was statistically different, with 4.74 points out of 5 for females and 4.86/5 for males (p = 0.010). It can be observed that older females in rural areas (OR = 34.15), whose social prescription acts on Emotional Skills and Relational and Social Skills (OR = 6.10-8.23), with good prior self-care and greater participant satisfaction (OR = 8.96), have greater chance of improving their health. CONCLUSIONS: Some results showed sex differences in the use and outcomes of formal asset recommendation. However, further research is needed to assess the relationship between social prescription, sex and gender and their implications.

Practicable strategies parents can apply in their daily routine to successfully implement the 50/50-split-model of paid work, childcare, and housework: a qualitative content analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many young couples are planning to share paid work, childcare, and housework equally between each other. But implementing such a 50/50-split-model is difficult and parents often return to traditional gender role distributions after the birth of a child. This return has potential negative effects on mental health, physical health, and relationship satisfaction. Therefore, this study aims to find practicable strategies on a behavioral-level which new parents can apply in their daily routine to successfully implement the 50/50-split-model if they wish to do so. METHODS: This qualitative study, DREAMTALK, is part of the multi-method, prospective Dresden Study on Parenting, Work, and Mental Health (DREAM). For DREAMTALK, N = 25 parents implementing a 50/50-split-model were selected based on quantitative data regarding time use, which participants had provided in questionnaires. In DREAMTALK, problem-centered interviews were conducted with the selected sample at 17 months postpartum. Those were analyzed via qualitative content analysis, which is systematic, rule-guided, and based on the criteria of validity and reliability. RESULTS: The qualitative content analysis revealed a catalog of 38 practicable strategies to manage daily routine, which can help parents to successfully implement a 50/50-split-model. Individual participants used 23 success strategies on average. Examples include having a regular coordination appointment with the other parent, planning foresightedly, flexibility, reducing cleaning, optimization of routes, or moderate split-shift parenting. Some of these strategies seem opposing, e.g., planning foresightedly, and at the same time, meeting unpredicted changes with flexibility. Those seemingly opposing strategies were well balanced by the participants, which was an additional strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Parents can use the success strategies relatively independently of external circumstances. This behavioral perspective extends prior theories, which have focused on explaining unequal gender role distributions with external circumstances. A behavioral perspective can be a gateway to assist more parents to pioneer in implementing the 50/50-split-model, which might in turn lead to a healthier and more satisfied public population.

A small shift, a major leap: Changing gender-role attitudes among adolescents across two ethnic groups.

INTRODUCTION: The current study examined a growth mindset intervention designed to promote egalitarian gender role attitudes among adolescents during a pivotal stage of their development, as these attitudes may have important implications for their identity development, well-being, and future life decisions. METHODS: A sample of 181 eighth-grade students (61% female, Mage = 13.14, SD = 0.42) from six Israeli schools participated in the study. The sample consisted of 49% Jewish and 51% Arab adolescents, including both Muslims and Christians. Adolescents engaged in a two-session intervention that included videos and reflective writing tasks. Pre-and postintervention, they completed self-administered questionnaires assessing their gender-role mindsets, attitudes toward women, and sexism. The data collection and intervention process took place from late 2021 to early 2023. RESULTS: After the intervention, there was an increase in growth mindsets and egalitarian attitudes towards women among adolescents, and a reduction in benevolent sexism and fixed gender-role mindsets. Hostile sexism, however, remained unchanged. No significant sex or ethnic differences were found in the effectiveness of the intervention. Gender-role mindsets mediated the association between the intervention and egalitarian attitudes, but not the association between the intervention and benevolent sexism. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate the potential of brief and targeted growth mindset interventions in promoting favorable changes adolescents' attitudes towards gender roles. According to this study, despite prolonged gender-role socialization, adolescents from diverse ethnic backgrounds can move towards more egalitarian attitudes and flexibility in gender roles through a rather targeted process. This finding is promising especially in adolescence, when stereotypes are often intensified.

Undergraduate nursing students challenge misconceptions towards men in nursing: A mixed-method study.

AIMS: To examine misconceptions towards men in nursing from the perspective of undergraduate nursing students. Specifically, this study sought to explore contributing factors of misconceptions and attributions of the success of men in nursing. DESIGN: A convergent parallel mixed-method study. METHODS: A national survey was conducted (July-September 2021). The quantitative data included demographics and responses to the Gender Misconceptions of Men in Nursing (GEMINI) scale. The qualitative data included responses to a provocative statement related to characteristics of men and their career in nursing. The GRAMMS guideline was used in reporting. RESULTS: Undergraduate nursing students (n = 1245) from 16 Australian schools of nursing responded to the survey. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that most students (96%) did not have misconceptions about men in nursing. Those who did were more likely to be men, born overseas, not in health-related employment and did not have nursing as their first choice. Four broad overarching main themes were generated in response to the statement that suggested men do not have the right attributes for nursing: (1) 'This is a very misandristic viewpoint'; (2) 'Compassion and intelligence are distributed in men and women equally'; (3) 'Men bring a different quality to nursing' (4) 'Anyone can be whatever they want to be'. CONCLUSION: Overall, nursing students did not have misconceptions about men in nursing, despite experiencing ongoing social stigma regarding archaic gender norms. The findings from this study indicate that the next-generation nurses were championing to challenge the gender stereotype and support the needs of a gender diverse society. IMPACT: Attitudes and misconceptions that elicit gender inequalities must be addressed with comprehensive strategies and de-gendered language and imagery within the profession, schools, workplaces and the media. Shifting culture and attitudes towards inclusion, values the diversity in the workforce and supports healthy workplace environments. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Nursing intervention with a gender approach in patients with arterial hypertension: a scoping review.

This scoping review aims to identify and synthesize the available literature describing the use of the gender approach in research and nursing clinical practice related to hypertension. The review was conducted following the scoping review framework recommended by Arksey and O'Malley. Elements related to content were chosen following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Data were extracted using a predesigned table and were presented narratively after the content analysis. The PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane, Scopus, ScienceDirect and ERIC databases were consulted between March 2022 and June 2024. Reference lists from all sources and gray literature were also reviewed to identify additional publications. A total of 18 studies were finally included in this scoping review. Most of the studies (83 percent) represent gender as a biological variable (sex), and only a few of them (22 percent) analyzed psychological or social differences. In addition, several studies include unequal representations of each sex, most of them use the terms "sex" and "gender" as incorrect or interchangeable, which makes it difficult to evaluate the results from a gender perspective. There is still a substantial gap in the literature related to nurses' intervention with a gender approach in patients with hypertension. Future studies should focus on improving health interventions by considering gender to improve equality and efficiency in health outcomes associated with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors.

The role of duty, gender and intergenerational care in grandmothers' parenting of grandchildren: a phenomenological qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe grandmothers' experiences of taking care of their grandchildren in terms of their care-giving tasks, motivations and emotions. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted. Purposive sampling was used, based on the relevance of the research question. Seventeen participants were included, women ≥ 65 years old, grandmothers who care for their grandchildren at least 10 h per week and who attended the Nursing units of the Primary Care Health Centers (Madrid Public Health Service). Seventeen in-depth interviews were conducted. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis was carried out from the perspective of hermeneutic phenomenology. For the analysis, the Excel program was used to organize and share the coding process. Also, we followed COREQ guidelines. RESULTS: Four main themes were identified: (a) Care out of obligation, where participants feel an obligation to help their children by caring for grandchildren, regardless of their number, and prefer to do so voluntarily; (b) Care out of responsibility, where grandmothers see their role as a responsibility that includes saving costs by caring for grandchildren and facilitating their children's work life balance; (c) Care as a social duty, reflecting a moral commitment inherited from their mothers to help future generations; and (d) Construction of care from a gender perspective, where grandmothers, as women, primarily assume the care and upbringing of grandchildren. DISCUSSION: Our results contribute to increase knowledge about childcare provided by grandmothers to their grandchildren. Grandmothers become fundamental pillars of families by helping their children balance family and work. Behind this care there is a strong sense of obligation, duty and generational responsibility. Grandmothers' help presents differences in the distribution of tasks and care by sex. Identifying factors that motivate grandmothers to care for their grandchildren helps nurses to perform higher quality comprehensive care.

Student and Teacher Culture and Composition and the Development of Gender Role Attitudes among Young Adolescents.

Research has shown that gender role attitudes develop during adolescence; however, the relevant predictors remain a matter of debate. In adolescence, the school environment gains in importance. Thus, the present study investigates how students' and especially teachers' culture and composition predict the development of gender role attitudes in young adolescents. The study addresses this question using a sample of 7360 Flemish students (44.8% girls), who were surveyed three times after entering secondary education between 2012 (Mage = 13.14, SD = 0.56) and 2014. Latent change models reveal that boys' initial gender role attitudes are associated with the students' gender role culture; however, boys with more traditional gender role attitudes do not develop in an even more traditional direction at the beginning of secondary education. In contexts with a more privileged student SES composition, boys develop less traditional attitudes, while a traditional gender role culture among teachers supports the development of more traditional gender role attitudes among boys. Girls with more traditional gender role attitudes find themselves within student contexts with a more traditional culture. However, the development does not vary with the students' gender role culture. Overall, boys seem more susceptible to students' cultural and compositional characteristics.

Bridging the Gender Gap in Academic Engagement among Young Adults: The Role of Anticipated Future Sex Discrimination and Gender-role Orientation.

Academic engagement is vital for college students, yet existing studies reveal inconsistencies in how gender influences academic engagement. Building upon the statistical discrimination theory and identity-based motivation theory, this study develops an integrated model to examine gender differences in college students' academic engagement. Further, the role that gender-role orientation in influencing academic engagement was investigated. Using a sample of 524 college students (Mage = 21.11, SD = 1.98; 47.7% women) from a large university collected in two time periods, the findings indicate that in the Chinese context, women anticipate higher future sex discrimination than men. However, gender-role orientation restores parity between men and women through a moderated mediation: egalitarian gender-role orientation has a stronger effect on women's anticipated future sex discrimination than on men's, resulting in increased academic engagement of women. The findings highlight the need to consider female students' egalitarian beliefs in gender-related academic research.

Positive and Negative Gender Role Beliefs and Intimate Partner Violence.

An ethnically diverse sample of 384 male and female undergraduates was assessed for their gender role beliefs based on positive (family responsibility) vs. negative (male dominance and female submissiveness) aspects derived from Hispanic cultural traditions. Negative male and female gender role beliefs were significantly positively correlated with reported victimization by and perpetration of severe intimate partner violence (IPV) for both men and women. Positive male gender role beliefs were negatively correlated with reported victimization by and perpetration of IPV for both men and women, with women also providing some evidence that positive female gender role beliefs were associated with less IPV.

[Depression in the field of tension of gender roles]. / Die Depression im Spannungsfeld der Geschlechterrollen.

BACKGROUND: The distribution of depression and suicidal ideation by gender reveals a gender paradox: women are at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with depressive disorders but have a lower suicide rate than men. In contrast, the suicide rate of men is at least three times higher than women, while the prevalence of depressive disorders is only half as high. Although these differences have long been known the reasons for this paradox are still not fully understood. AIM OF THE ARTICLE AND METHOD: The aim of this narrative review article is to discuss possible explanatory models regarding gender differences in depressive disorders. Aspects related to stress processing and traumatization are considered as well as sociological and biological factors. This article summarizes information that was considered particularly relevant in the interdisciplinary dialogue regarding possible explanatory factors for gender differences in depressive disorders. RESULTS: The summarized studies indicate that women and men differ in certain aspects of stress processing and trauma exposure but men do not have a lower risk of disease as a result. On the contrary, the frequency of depressive disorders in men seems to be underestimated due to an atypical symptom manifestation. DISCUSSION: The implementation of knowledge about gender-specific vulnerability in the training of physicians and psychotherapists, the systematic assessment of gender beyond binary classifications as well as further diversity domains in research and healthcare as well as gender-sensitive and diversity-sensitive prevention strategies could contribute to the resolution of the gender paradox.

Behaviour change communication to improve complementary feeding practices in Ethiopia: Couples' beliefs concerning paternal involvement in childcare.

An important cause of stunting is limited consumption of complementary foods, in terms of both quantities and nutrients. Although existing studies show a positive association between fathers' engagement and children's diet, programmes designed to improve complementary feeding practices often only target mothers. In response to this, maternal behaviour change communication (BCC), paternal BCC and food voucher programmes were designed and implemented in Ethiopia using a clustered randomized controlled trial design. The paternal BCC programme included gender-equal messages to increase fathers' participation in childcare, household labour and decision making. The research reported in this paper is an examination of the BCC programmes, characterizing the behavioural, normative and control beliefs of both mothers and fathers in BCC households compared to those in control households. In this study, a total of 40 participants were included, with 13 mother-father pairs in the BCC + food voucher group, and seven pairs in the control group. Each participant was interviewed separately. We found that BCC mothers showed more gender-equal tendencies than the control mothers despite being more rural in location. By contrast, the beliefs of BCC and control fathers were similar overall, suggesting men are more resistant to gender-equal BCC. More work is needed to develop and test effective methods for changing fathers' beliefs and practices.

Sex and Gender Multidimensionality in Epidemiologic Research.

Along with age and race, sex has historically been a core stratification and control variable in epidemiologic research. While in recent decades research guidelines and institutionalized requirements have incorporated an approach differentiating biological sex from social gender, neither sex nor gender is itself a unidimensional construct. The conflation of dimensions within and between sex and gender presents a validity issue wherein proxy measures are used for dimensions of interest, often without explicit acknowledgement or evaluation. Here, individual-level dimensions of sex and gender are outlined as a guide for epidemiologists, and 2 case studies are presented. The first case study demonstrates how unacknowledged use of a sex/gender proxy for a sexed dimension of interest (uterine status) resulted in decades of cancer research misestimating risks, racial disparities, and age trends. The second illustrates how a multidimensional sex and gender framework may be applied to strengthen research on coronavirus disease 2019 incidence, diagnosis, morbidity, and mortality. Considerations are outlined, including: 1) addressing the match between measures and theory, and explicitly acknowledging and evaluating proxy use; 2) improving measurement across dimensions and social ecological levels; 3) incorporating multidimensionality into research objectives; and 4) interpreting sex, gender, and their effects as biopsychosocial.

The Effect of Face-Voice Gender Consistency on Impression Evaluation.

Face and voice are important information cues of interpersonal interaction. Most previous studies have investigated the cross-modal perception of face and voice from the perspective of cognitive psychology, but few empirical studies have focused on the effect of gender consistency of face and voice on the impression evaluation of the target from the perspective of social cognition. Based on the two-stage model of stereotype activation and the stereotype content model, this research examined the effects of face-voice gender consistency on impression evaluation (gender categorization and warmth competence evaluation) by using a cross-modal priming paradigm (Study 1, 20 males and 23 females, Mage = 21.00, SDage = 2.59), a sequential presentation task (Study 2a, 57 males and 70 females, Mage = 18.54, SDage = 1.54; Study 2b, 52 males and 51 females, Mage = 18.54, SDage = 1.36), and a simultaneous presentation task (Study 3, 51 males and 55 females, Mage = 23.58, SDage = 3.20), respectively. The results showed that: (1) there was a face-voice gender consistency preference in gender categorization, and the response of face-voice consistent condition was faster than that of inconsistent condition; (2) compared with the face-voice gender-inconsistent individuals, the participants showed a higher and more stable evaluation of the warmth and competence of the gender-consistent individuals, indicating the effect of matching preference of the face-voice gender consistency on the impression evaluation; (3) people paid more attention to the gender information of faces in the impression evaluation, and the female face could improve people's evaluation on the target's warmth and competence; (4) males were more intolerant of face-voice gender inconsistency when presented sequentially; the "voice needs to match face" effect was stronger for females when presented simultaneously. These findings, on the one hand, enrich and expand previous theories and research on cross-modal processing of face and voice from the perspective of social cognitive impression evaluation; on the other hand, these findings have important practical implications for impression management and decision-making in social interaction.

Gender role attitudes and well-being of German and refugee adolescents-same or different?

BACKGROUND: Assumed differences in gender role attitudes (GRAs) of German adolescents and refugee adolescents from the Middle East are often discussed, but rarely investigated. Presumed differences in GRAs across cultures and genders are assumed to be involved in emerging gender differences in well-being and mental health symptoms. Overall, appropriate measurements for investigating GRAs of adolescents with different cultural backgrounds are scarce. METHODS: Hence, the present study exemplarily investigates (1) the measurement invariance (MI) of a German translation of the Social Role Questionnaire (SRQ) for German (n = 114) and German-speaking Middle Eastern refugee adolescents from Syria, Afghanistan, or Iraq (n = 115), using a Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause (MIMIC) model to account for age and gender. Moreover, (2) differences between GRAs of both groups, (3) relationships of GRAs with different facets of affective well-being, as well as (4) differences in these relationships between German and refugee adolescents are examined by extending the MIMIC-model to a full structural equation model (SEM). RESULTS: Results indicate (1) that scalar MI for the SRQ can be assumed. Furthermore, (2) German adolescents show less traditional gender-linked GRAs than refugee adolescents, but no further differences in GRAs. Furthermore, no differences between the relationships of GRAs with well-being and mental health symptoms were found between the groups (4). Also, (3) GRAs showed no relation with any of the outcomes, but gender and age predicted mental health symptoms. CONCLUSION: The findings show that the SRQ is a useful measurement for investigating the GRAs of adolescents living in Germany and could be used in further cross-cultural research.