Highly Perforated V2 O5 Cathode with Restricted Lithiation toward Building "Rocking-Chair" Type Cell with Graphite Anode Recovered from Spent Li-Ion Batteries.

Current research motivation on fabricating next-generation lithium-ion batteries by averting the growing demand for battery raw materials brings enormous interest on the V2 O5 cathode again as a result of its abundance, ease synthesis, and tunable Li-intercalation properties. So far, the research activities are mainly focused on V2 O5 to attain a maximum capacity (>300 mAh g-1 ) for more than 1 mol. Li-intercalation which results in poor structural stability. Keeping this issue in mind, here, the full-cell assembly by limiting 1 mol is proposed and constructed. Li-insertion in V2 O5 as a cathode and LiC6 as an anode for the first time. Prior to the full-cell assembly, hydrothermally prepared rod-like V2 O5 reveals the specific capacity of 143 mAh g-1 in half-cell configuration with good cycling stability. The full-cell, V2 O5 /LiC6, offers a specific capacity of ≈236 mAh g-1 with a maximum energy density of ≈197.1 Wh kg-1 . Furthermore, the practical feasibility of the cell has been examined at different temperatures that divulged a maximum energy density of 136 Wh kg-1 at 50 °C. Also, the obtained results encourage V2 O5 as a strong contender for the commercial LiFePO4 /C system andpave the new directions for advanced battery technology.