Relationship between Civilian Injuries Caused during Contact with Law Enforcement and Community-Level Sociodemographic Characteristics.

Civilian injuries caused during contact with law enforcement personnel erode community trust in policing, impact individual well-being, and exacerbate existing health inequities. We assessed the relationship between ZIP code-level rates of civilian injuries caused during legal interventions and community-level sociodemographic characteristics using Illinois hospital data from 2016 to 2022. We developed multivariable Poisson regression models to examine whether legal intervention injury rates differed by race-ethnicity and community economic disadvantage across three geographic regions of Illinois representing different levels of urbanization. Over the study period, 4976 civilian injuries were treated in Illinois hospitals (rate of 5.6 per 100,000 residents). Compared to non-Hispanic white residents, non-Hispanic Black residents demonstrated 5.5-10.5 times higher injury rates across the three geographic regions, and Hispanic-Latino residents demonstrated higher rates in Chicago and suburban Cook County, but lower rates in the rest of the state. In most regions, models showed that as the percent of minority residents in a ZIP code increased, injury rates among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic-Latino residents decreased. As community economic disadvantage increased at the ZIP code level, civilian injury rates increased. Communities with the highest injury rates involving non-Hispanic white residents were significantly more economically unequal and disadvantaged. While the injury rates were consistently and substantially higher among non-Hispanic Black residents throughout the state, the findings illustrate that the association between overall civilian injuries caused during contact with law enforcement and community sociodemographic characteristics varied across regions. Data on local law enforcement agency policies and procedures are needed to better identify appropriate interventions.

Fatal and non-fatal civilian injuries sustained during law enforcement-reported encounters in California, 2016-2021.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, California passed AB 71 to create a state-wide Use of Force Incident Reporting Database (URSUS) to tabulate law enforcement-reported encounters that resulted in serious bodily injury, death or discharge of a firearm. We use these data to analyse encounters that resulted in fatal and non-fatal civilian injuries in California between 2016 and 2021. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of URSUS from January 2016 to December 2021. The main outcomes were the number of law enforcement encounters that involved civilian serious bodily injury or death and encounter-level characteristics. RESULTS: URSUS recorded 3677 incidents between 2016 and 2021 resulting in 942 civilian fatalities and 2735 instances of serious civilian injuries. Injury rates were highest for civilians who identified as Hispanic (1.80 injuries per 100 000 population) or black (5.17 injuries per 100 000 population). Injuries involving a firearm were usually fatal (58.9% fatality rate; 1471 injuries), while non-firearm incidents were more likely to result in serious injuries (4.2% fatality rate; 2929 injuries). We did not find statistically significant trends in rates of civilian injuries per 100 000 population. CONCLUSION: Rates of law enforcement-related injuries were highest for Hispanic and black civilians in California between 2016 and 2021 and firearm-related injuries were overwhelmingly fatal. The URSUS database represents an important effort by law enforcement agencies to collect information on injuries and fatalities resulting from law enforcement encounters. Given similar databases exist in fewer than half of states, additional legislative efforts are needed to improve systematic national data collection on these encounters.

Violent deaths among individuals subject to domestic violence protection orders in King County, Washington, USA, 2014-2020.

OBJECTIVES: Individuals (ie, respondents) subject to domestic violence protection orders have threatened or engaged in one form of violence perpetration and may be at increased risk for experiencing others forms of violence, including violent death. METHODS: Using a cohort of granted domestic violence protection orders in King County, Washington, USA, from 2014 to 2020 (n=3543), we calculated standardised mortality ratios for violent death, including suicide, homicide, legal intervention and undetermined intent, comparing domestic violence protection order respondents to King County residents adjusting for year, age, sex, and race and ethnicity through indirect standardisation. RESULTS: There were 66 deaths among domestic violence protection order respondents; 25.8% were violent deaths and 52.9% of violent deaths involved firearms. The standardised mortality ratio for violent death was 3.71 (95% CI: 2.16 to 5.93) among domestic violence protection order respondents compared with King County residents. CONCLUSION: The domestic violence protection order process may provide an opportunity for referrals to services to address shared risk factors for violence perpetration and victimisation.

Safer Behind Bars? Comparing In-Custody Deaths Prior to and During Incarceration.

INTRODUCTION: This project aims to characterize trauma-associated deaths of the American incarcerated population through legal intervention (LI) or death by law enforcement officials while in custody before and during incarceration. We determined the preceding events leading to violent death, including initiation of medical care, use of restraints and force, and demographics of the victims. METHODS: We used National Violent Death Reporting System data from the years 2003-2019 to identify deaths that occurred while in custody or incarcerated, including discriminate and narrative data. Event information included weapon type, location of death, incident type, incarceration status, use of restraints, and prone positioning. RESULTS: There were 86 victims who died from LI included in the analysis. Most events occurred after incarceration. All victims in our cohort were male, and race was an associated factor for death by LI. Only 16% of victims had an education level above high school/general educational development. Death by firearm compared to other weapons was significantly more common in the in-custody but not yet incarcerated group (83% versus 42%, P ≤ 0.0001). Other associated factors included a history of mental health, physical confrontations, the belief that the victim had a weapon, and being restrained in prone positioning. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that racial minority victims are disproportionately affected by LI deaths. Firearms and restraint type were important factors in LI deaths. Our findings suggest that violence prevention in the justice system should focus on prevention and de-escalation across setting with specific attention to use of force and inmate access to the weapons of police, guards, and other law and justice system workers. More transparent quality data is sorely needed to adequately define and address this problem.

High touch, high trust: Using community health advocates and lawyers to address ED high utilizers.

BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) high utilizers are a costly group of patients due to their higher utilzation of acute care costs. At a safety-net hospital, we enrolled patients in a program which partnered with lawyers and community health advocates (CHAs) to navigate patients' social, medical and legal needs. Our aim was to decrease costs and utilization and address the patient's social determinants of heath (SDOH). METHODS: We enrolled patients with 4 or more ED visits in the prior 6 months and gave them SDOH and medical questionnaires. Patients were followed for 6 months on a weekly, then bi-monthly basis. All utilization and cost data were obtained through an internal data warehouse and evaluated using a pre-post analysis and broken down into quartiles. RESULTS: ED, admission, and total costs did not differ significantly between the 12 months pre-enrollment and the 12 months post-enrollment. Outpatient costs did increase ($2182 increase, p < 0.005). ED visits declined significantly in the post-enrollment period (IRR = 0.84, p = 0.048), with the highest impact on those with <7 ED visits. Total admissions did not decline (IRR 0.84, p = 0.059). But, among those with 4 or 5 ED visits, admission costs and visits decreased. On average, six SDOH issues were identified. Of these, approximately 30.3% were mitigated with up to 17% requiring legal help. CONCLUSION: While outpatient costs did increase, total costs did not decrease in this program. This type of non-clinical intervention may be best served for patients who are less clinically complex but significant social needs.

Effect of race on suspect injuries during encounters with police.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effects of race and ethnicity on suspect injuries during use of force encounters with police in Tucson, Arizona. METHODS: Data on all use of force cases recorded by the Tucson Police Department from January 2018 to March 2020 were analysed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of race and ethnicity on the likelihood of suspect injuries controlling for a variety of other factors. RESULTS: Overall, 28.5% of people who had force used against them by Tucson police were injured. Multivariate analyses reveal that among those who had force used against them, African-American suspects were significantly less likely than white suspects to be injured. The risk of injury for other racial and ethnic groups is about the same as the risk for white suspects. Resisting arrest and seeking to escape from police custody do not increase the risk of injury among suspects, but assaulting officers or other individuals does increase the risk of injury. Certain types of force, such as canines, firearms and TASERs, are associated with significantly elevated risks of injury among suspects. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous interest groups have raised concerns about the police use of force against minorities. Using publicly available data, this analysis examined the effects of race and ethnicity on risk of injury during the use of force encounters with police in Tucson. The findings reveal that minorities are not injured at elevated rates relative to whites. To the contrary, African-American suspects are less likely to be injured than white suspects are.

Fatal police shootings of civilians, by rurality.

In the United States, firearm homicides disproportionately occur in urban areas. We examine whether the same is true for fatal police shootings. We use data on fatal police shootings from Washington Post's "Fatal Force Database" (2015-2017). Using Census population estimates, we examine rates of fatal police shootings, stratified by race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic), across urban and rural areas using five different classification schemes. Two classification schemes-from the National Center for Health Statistics and the US Department of Agriculture-use counties as the basic unit. Three classification schemes-from the National Center for Education Statistics, the US Census Bureau, and the website "FiveThirtyEight" use zip codes. There were just under 1000 fatal police shootings per year from 2015 to 2017, a rate of 0.31 per 100,000 population. Black victimization rates were more than twice those for Whites, with Hispanic victimization rates in between. Across all classification schemes there was little difference in rates of fatal police shootings between urban and rural areas, with suburbs having somewhat lower rates. Among Whites, rates of fatal police shooting victimization were higher in rural areas compared to urban areas, while among Blacks the rates were higher in more urban areas. Our results suggest that efforts to reduce police shootings of civilians should include rural and suburban as well as urban areas.

A Typology of Civilians Shot and Killed by US Police: a Latent Class Analysis of Firearm Legal Intervention Homicide in the 2014-2015 National Violent Death Reporting System.

Approximately 1000 people are killed by police acting in the line of duty each year. Historically, research on these deaths, known as legal intervention homicides (LIH), has been limited by data that is either contextually rich but narrow in scope and not readily available to the public (e.g., police department reports from a single city), or detail-poor but geographically broad, large, and readily available (and maintained by federal agencies) (e.g., vital statistics and supplemental homicide reports). Over the past 5 years, however, researchers have turned to the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), which captures nearly all lethal police shootings in participating states while providing detailed incident and victim information. The current study extends prior work on police-involved lethal shootings in three important ways. First, we use latent class analysis to construct a data-driven, exhaustive, mutually exclusive typology of these events, using NVDRS data 2014-2015. Second, rather than fitting some, but not all cases into predefined sub-types, every case is assigned membership to a particular emergent class. Third, we use a validated case identification process in NVDRS to identify incidents of lethal police-involved shootings. Seven classes emerge. Classes differ across important incident and victim characteristics such as the event that brought the victim and law enforcement together, the highest level of force used by the victim against law enforcement, and the kind of weapon, if any, used by the victim during the incident. Demographic variables do not distribute uniformly across classes (e.g., the latent class in which the victim appeared to pose minimal threat to law enforcement was the only class in which the plurality of victims was a non-white race). Our approach to generating these typologies illustrates how data-driven techniques can complement subjective classification schemes and lay the groundwork for analogous analyses using police encounter data that include fatal and non-fatal outcomes.

Increasing adolescent firearm homicides and racial disparities following Florida's 'Stand Your Ground' self-defence law.

Establishing whether specific laws impact rates of firearm homicide in adolescents is critical for identifying opportunities to reduce preventable adolescent death. We evaluated Florida's Stand Your Ground law, enacted October 2005, using an interrupted time series design from 1999 to 2017. We used segmented quasi-Poisson regression to model underlying trends in quarterly rates of adolescent (15-19 years) firearm homicide in Florida and disaggregated by race (Black/White). We used synthetic and negative controls (firearm suicide) to address time-varying confounding. Before Florida's Stand Your Ground law, the mean quarterly rate was 1.53 firearm homicides per 100 000 adolescents. Black adolescents comprised 63.5% of all adolescent firearm homicides before and 71.8% after the law. After adjusting for trends, the law was associated with a 44.6% increase in adolescent firearm homicide. Our analysis indicates that Florida's Stand Your Ground is associated with a significant increase in firearm homicide and may also exacerbate racial disparities.

Mental and substance use disorders among legal intervention injury cases in California, 2005-2014.

Police use of force is an important public health issue in the US. Recent high-profile incidents suggest a potential link between mental disorders and police use of force, however little research has examined their co-occurrence in the general population. We aimed to assess the overall association between specific mental and substance use disorders (MSUDs) and nonfatal legal intervention injury. We identified nonfatal legal intervention injury cases (n = 90,099) and MSUD diagnoses from all hospital and emergency department (ED) records in California between 2005 and 2014. Age-, sex-, and race-standardized MSUD prevalence estimates among legal intervention injury cases, stratified by inpatient status, were compared to general US population-based estimates from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Compared to the general US population, nonaffective psychoses, mood disorders, alcohol use disorders, and drug use disorders were substantially overrepresented among inpatient legal intervention injuries (prevalence difference [PD]: 19.2%, (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.0, 20.4); PD: 15.3%, (95% CI: 13.9, 16.7); PD: 21.1%, (95% CI: 19.8, 22.4); PD: 29.7%, (95% CI: 28.4, 31.0), respectively). Associations for all except mood disorders were similar but attenuated among ED injury cases. In contrast, anxiety disorders were underrepresented in both inpatient and ED injury cases. Results for mood disorders and suicidal ideation were mixed. In summary, MSUDs characterized by more overt behavioral symptoms were substantially overrepresented among legal intervention injury cases. Findings support the potential importance of interventions to improve treatment and law enforcement recognition of such disorders. Additional research should disentangle the complex relationship between MSUDs and legal intervention injury.

Variation in Rates of Fatal Police Shootings across US States: the Role of Firearm Availability.

The USA has very high rates of homicide by police compared to other high-income countries, with approximately 1000 civilians killed annually. The overwhelming majority of these police homicides are fatal shootings. Over the past 5 years, several comprehensive, real-time, data repositories, drawn largely from news reporting, have kept track of incidents in which civilians die during an encounter with the police and have become widely available. Data from these repositories, which are more complete than data available from federal data systems, have been used to explore fatal police shootings of civilians, often with a focus on racial disparities in police shootings of unarmed civilians, and have consistently found that police are more likely to shoot unarmed African American men than unarmed White men. Although numerous studies have examined how rates of police killings of civilians are related to several ecologic determinants of these events, no peer-reviewed study to date has examined the extent to which variation in police involved firearm homicides is explained by firearm prevalence while adjusting for violent crime rates (the most well-established ecologic factor associated with fatal police shootings). The current cross-sectional state-level analysis uses data on the number of civilians shot and killed by police in the line of duty, aggregated over 2015-2017. Data come from the Washington Post's "Fatal Force Database", which assembles the information from news reports and other sources. Data provided include information on whether the victim was armed, and, if so, with what weapon. Explanatory ecologic variables in our models include the violent crime rate, the percentage of the state population that is non-White, poverty rate, and urbanization, along with a validated proxy for firearm prevalence. We find that rates of police shooting deaths are significantly and positively correlated with levels of household gun ownership, even after accounting for the other explanatory variables. The association is stronger for the shooting of armed (with a gun) rather than unarmed victims.

Alcohol management plans in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) Australian communities in Queensland: community residents have experienced favourable impacts but also suffered unfavourable ones.

BACKGROUND: In Australia, 'Alcohol Management Plans' (AMPs) provide the policy infrastructure for State and Commonwealth Governments to address problematic alcohol use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. We report community residents' experiences of AMPs in 10 of Queensland's 15 remote Indigenous communities. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a two-stage sampling strategy: N = 1211; 588 (48%) males, 623 (52%) females aged ≥18 years in 10 communities. Seven propositions about 'favourable' impacts and seven about 'unfavourable' impacts were developed from semi-structured interviews. For each proposition, one-sample tests of proportions examined participant agreement and multivariable binary logistic regressions assessed influences of gender, age (18-24, 25-44, 45-64, ≥65 years), residence (≥6 years), current drinking and Indigenous status. Confirmatory factor analyses estimated scale reliability (ρ), item loadings and covariances. RESULTS: Slim majorities agreed that: AMPs reduced violence (53%, p = 0.024); community a better place to live (54%, 0.012); and children were safer (56%, p < 0.001). More agreed that: school attendance improved (66%, p < 0.001); and awareness of alcohol's harms increased (71%, p < 0.001). Participants were equivocal about improved personal safety (53%, p = 0.097) and reduced violence against women (49%, p = 0.362). The seven 'favourable' items reliably summarized participants' experiences of reduced violence and improved community amenity (ρ = 0.90). Stronger agreement was found for six 'unfavourable' items: alcohol availability not reduced (58%, p < 0.001); drinking not reduced (56%, p < 0.001)); cannabis use increased (69%, p < 0.001); more binge drinking (73%, p < 0.001); discrimination experienced (77%, p < 0.001); increased fines, convictions and criminal records for breaching restrictions (90%, p < 0.001). Participants were equivocal (51% agreed, p = 0.365) that police could enforce restrictions effectively. 'Unfavourable' items were not reliably reflected in one group (ρ = 0.48) but in: i) alcohol availability and consumption not reduced and ii) criminalization and discrimination. In logistic regressions, longer-term (≥ 6 years) residents more likely agreed that violence against women had reduced and that personal safety had improved but also that criminalization and binge drinking had increased. Younger people disagreed that their community was a better place to live and strongly agreed about discrimination. Current drinkers' views differed little from the sample overall. CONCLUSIONS: The present Government review provides an opportunity to reinforce 'favourable' outcomes while targeting: illicit alcohol, treatment and diversion services and reconciliation of criminalization and discrimination issues.

Arrest Web Entanglement: Female Domestic Violence Survivors' Experiences with Police Intervention and Coercively Controlling Male Partners.

Although U.S.-based mandatory and preferred arrest laws and policies were created to promote domestic violence survivors' safety, at times they have contributed to the wrongful arrest of women defending themselves against their abusive partners. While these laws and policies are the subject of broad critique, less considered are domestic violence survivors' descriptions of the events that unfold after police officers respond to a domestic violence incident and before they make an arrest. This is an important area of inquiry as these events may highlight how the circumstances leading to wrongful arrest decisions are more complex than the laws and policies alone. Data from the present study came from the author's larger in-depth qualitative investigation of 33 cisgender women's descriptions of their legal and child protection systems involvement. The women were recruited from an antiviolence intervention agency receiving referrals from communities with mandatory and preferred laws and policies. The women had agency contact due to their use of force or alleged use of force. The respondents were diverse across race, age, class, ability, U.S. citizenship status, and sexual identity. The author analyzed the 33 women's 51 interview transcripts and extensive fieldnotes using rigorous iterative analysis and constructivist grounded theory. The analysis revealed that seven of the 33 women, all of whom identified domestic and sexual violence survivorship histories, described a patterned series of events that unfolded after the police arrived at the domestic violence incident and before the police made an arrest. In this study, the author details three of the seven women's stories to demonstrate how a series of events, including police prearrest questioning and their coercively controlling male partners' tactics, facilitated the women's entanglement in what the author refers to as an "arrest web." Their incremental disentanglement from the arrest's impact is also explored. Broad system-focused implications are discussed.

Involvement of Guns in Nonfatal Conflict Between Adult Children and Their Parents.

The objectives of the present analyses are to examine the frequency, nature, and correlates of nonfatal gun use in incidents of conflict between adult children and their parents, to which police were summoned. A cross-sectional study design was used with all cases of domestic violence to which police were called between adult children and their parents, in Philadelphia, PA, in 2013 (N = 6,248). Data were drawn from forms required to be completed by police when responding to domestic violence calls for assistance. A series of multivariate logistic regression models were estimated. Of the 6,248 incidents, 5,486 involved no weapon, 522 involved a bodily weapon, 190 involved a non-gun external weapon, and 50 involved a gun. Guns were most often used to threaten victims (66%), with guns less often fired (6%) or used to pistol whip victims (4%). Compared to incidents involving a bodily weapon, when guns were involved, offenders were less likely to have pushed, grabbed, or punched the victim and victims were less likely to have visible injuries; however, offenders were more likely to have threatened victims and victims were more likely to be observed as frightened. Police officers intervened similarly to incidents involving guns vs. bodily weapons. This is the first study we are aware of to focus on nonfatal gun use between family members who are not intimate partners, with the results extending much of what is known regarding nonfatal gun use among intimate partners to nonfatal gun use among adult children and parents.

Outcomes of Hospitalized Injured Suspects Sustaining Gunshot Wounds From Law Enforcement Action.

BACKGROUND: Although firearms are implicated in the majority of law enforcement intervention (LEI)-related deaths, scientific research is lacking. The present study sought to characterize clinical and financial outcomes between injured suspects and other gunshot wound (GSW) patients. STUDY DESIGN: The 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample was queried for patients ≥16 years old admitted following GSW. Patients were categorized as injured suspects (ISs) if they were injured in LEI and non-IS otherwise. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality with complications, hospitalization duration (LOS), and costs secondarily considered. Multivariable regression models were used to adjust for patient characteristics, injury burden using the Trauma Mortality Prediction Model (TMPM), and hospital factors. RESULTS: Of 143,125 hospitalizations, 1575 (1.10%) were IS. Compared to non-IS, ISs were less frequently Black (24.4% vs 54.3%) but had a higher proportion of psychiatric conditions (19.4% vs 6.4%) (P < .05). Although having a similar requirement for major operations and TMPM score, ISs more frequently underwent thoracic (11.4% vs 4.1%) and gastrointestinal operations (33.0% vs 25.7%) (P < .05). After adjustment, IS was associated with similar odds of mortality but was associated with greater odds of cardiac complications, respiratory failure, and need for intensive care. While LOS was similar, IS was associated with greater costs (ß: +$14,300, 95% CI: 6,200-22,400). CONCLUSIONS: Suspects injured during law enforcement intervention have similar in-hospital mortality but greater complication rates and costs. Through the quantification of the clinical and financial burden of IS, our findings may help inform further policy discussions regarding use of potentially lethal force in law enforcement intervention.

Outcomes Associated with Arrest for Domestic Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This systematic review evaluated outcomes associated with arrest for domestic violence (DV), for both victims and perpetrators, considering both classic and modern research. A systematic search of 5 databases for quantitative reports resulted in 1,379 potentially relevant entries, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Studies were screened using prespecified criteria for the population (adults), outcomes (individual-level outcomes), study design (quantitative, including arrest for DV as a focal independent variable and a non-arrest comparator), publication type (peer-reviewed academic journal), study location (United States), language (English), and publication year (in or after 1984). Part I employs narrative synthesis to explore the impact of arrests by race/ethnicity, revealing gaps in reporting and a scarcity of analyses that consider race/ethnicity or its intersections with gender. Part II, a meta-analysis, indicates that arrest does not consistently reduce repeat violence and suggests variability based on the type of comparator used and the proportion of Black victims in a sample. The review finds that much of the research on the impacts of arrest is outdated and lacks diversity in data sources and outcomes, with few studies examining outcomes other than repeat violence. Future research should prioritize an intersectional approach and the perspectives and needs of survivors. Policymakers should consider the potential for disparate impacts and evaluate alternatives to mandatory arrest policies, with funding available for new data sources and related projects. Ultimately, policymakers must consider the context when evaluating the effectiveness and ethics of arrest policies.

Health Professionals: Identifying and Reporting Child Physical Abuse-a Scoping Review.

Health professionals play a significant role in identifying and reporting child physical abuse (CPA). However, several studies have pointed out non-reporting behavior among these professionals, evidencing difficulties identifying and reporting suspected cases. This review aimed to explore the frequency and possible barriers in identifying and reporting CPA by health professionals worldwide and to identify associated factors. This scoping review was conducted in the Pubmed, Web Of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases between July 2019 and December 2020. Analytical and qualitative observational epidemiological studies were selected and published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, with data on the identification and/or reporting of CPA by health professionals. Twenty studies fulfilled the criteria of this review. The studies were conducted with dentists, nurses, pediatricians, and general practitioners. The frequency of identification of CPA ranged from 50% to 89%, while the frequency of reporting ranged from 8% to 47%. This review revealed that health professionals had a low frequency of reporting of CPA, especially for dentists. In addition, several associated factors and barriers in the identification and reporting of CPA were identified in the studies. These were discussed in five main themes: training and continuing education in CPA, impact on professional practice, experiences and perceptions about child protection services, the threshold for suspicion of the professional, and the professional category.

Supportive Interventions of Chinese Police in Domestic Violence: Do Officer Knowledge and Training Matter?

Policing domestic violence (DV) poses significant challenges in China due to cultural, legal, and organizational complexities. Policing DV in China favors mediation over assertive interventions, complicating law enforcement's role. While previous research has focused on coercive interventions by Chinese police, there is limited information on non-coercive, supportive approaches. This study investigates the relationship between police officers' knowledge and training regarding the Anti-DV law and their willingness to provide supportive services to DV victims in China. It also considers various individual and organizational factors. The data used in this study are derived from the Policing DV in China project, with a sample of 1,353 respondents who had experience dealing with DV cases within the past 3 years. The study focuses on three dependent variables representing supportive approaches to DV cases: Referral, Counseling, and Protection orders. Independent variables include officers' knowledge of the Anti-DV law and agency training. Control variables include the use of body-worn cameras (BWC) and attitudes toward Violence Tolerance, Male Dominance, and Gender Equality. Additionally, demographic variables, working environment, length of service, and police rank are considered. The analytical approach involves a three-step strategy, incorporating descriptive, bivariate analyses, and regression analyses. The results are interpreted using odds ratios and average marginal effects, and statistical software such as SPSS by IBM and R by Open-Source Model is utilized for data analysis. Key findings indicate that more than half of the officers referred intimate partner violence survivors to shelters and assisted victims in filing protection orders. Counseling practices varied across provinces and between male and female officers. Agency training and the use of BWC were positively associated with non-coercive and supportive approaches, while knowledge of the DV Act, male dominance score, and gender equality score did not predict the use of such approaches. Demographic characteristics, including police rank, length of service, and province of employment, influenced the utilization of non-coercive and supportive approaches. This study examines the challenges faced by Chinese police officers when responding to DV cases and their willingness to provide supportive interventions. The study highlights the complexities surrounding the initiation of protection orders due to officers' legal knowledge and discretion. The study emphasizes the importance of police support in addressing DV in China and the role of agency training in promoting non-coercive responses. It highlights regional variations in police support and underscores the need for addressing disparities in service provision across different provinces.

Can This Provider Be Trusted? A Review of the Role of Trustworthiness in the Provision of Community-Based Services for Intimate Partner Violence Survivors.

While there is a growing literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors and service providers, it is limited by its largely atheoretical and descriptive nature, and its emphasis on individual-level survivors' help-seeking. We seek to broaden our understanding by shifting the focus onto organizations and service systems and introducing the concept of these providers' trustworthiness toward survivors. Provider trustworthiness in delivering services includes benevolence (locally available and caring), fairness (accessible to all and non-discriminatory), and competence (acceptable and effective in meeting survivors' needs). Guided by this conceptualization, we conducted an integrative review drawing on four databases: PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Westlaw. We identified studies for inclusion that were published between January 2005 and March 2022, and we examined the trustworthiness of community-based providers serving adult IPV survivors in the United States, including domestic violence services, health and mental health care, the legal system, and economic support services (N = 114). Major findings include (1) many survivors live in communities with no shelter beds, mental health care, or affordable housing; (2) many services are inaccessible because they lack, for example, bilingual staff, sliding fees, or telehealth options; (3) too many providers are harmful or discriminatory toward survivors, especially those who are, for example, sexual or gender minorities, immigrants or non-English-speaking, poor, or Native, Black, or Latinx; (4) many providers appear to be incompetent, lack evidence-based training, and are ineffective in meeting survivors' needs. We call on researchers, advocates, and providers to examine provider trustworthiness, and we offer an introduction to measuring it.

Manhandling injuries during legal interventions.

INTRODUCTION: Data concerning injuries resulting from physical force during legal interventions are scarce. The purpose of this study was to examine manhandling injuries occurring in both civilian suspects and law enforcement officials (LEO). METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study using data from the National Trauma Data Bank. All patients who sustained manhandling injuries during legal interventions were identified using ICD-10 e-codes. The study groups were injured civilian suspects and LEO. The primary outcomes were type and severity of injuries among the groups. RESULTS: A total of 507 patients were included in the study, 426 (84.0%) civilians and 81 (16.0%) LEO. Overall, median age was 37 years (IQR: 28-48) and 90.3% were male. The median ISS was higher in civilians compared to LEO (5 [4-10] vs 4 [4-9], p = 0.023). Civilians were more likely to sustain injuries to the face (49.8% vs 35.9%, p = 0.024) and abdomen (8.3% vs 1.3%, p = 0.028). LEO were more likely to sustain tibia/fibula fractures (3.5% vs 9.9%, p = 0.019). The mortality was 1.2% (5/426) in civilians and there were no deaths in LEO. The overall complication rates and hospital length of stay were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: Injury patterns and severity of injuries sustained from the use of physical force during legal interventions are different in civilians and law enforcement officials. Further research and more comprehensive data are warranted to better understand and prevent these injuries.