"The Logic of Monsters:" Pere Alberch and the Evolutionary Significance of Experimental Teratology.

This paper offers an historical introduction to Pere Alberch's evolutionary thought and his contributions to Evo-Devo, based on his unique approach to experimental teratology. We will take as our point of reference the teratogenic experiments developed by Alberch and Emily A. Gale during the 1980s, aimed at producing monstrous variants of frogs and salamanders. We will analyze his interpretation of the results of these experiments within the framework of the emergence of evolutionary developmental biology (or "Evo-Devo"). The aim is understand how Alberch interpreted teratological anomalies as highly revealing objects of study for understanding the development of organic form, not only in an ontogenetic sense-throughout embryonic development-but also phylogenetically-throughout the evolution of species. Alberch's interpretation of monsters reflects the influence of a long tradition of non-Darwinian evolutionary thought, which began in the nineteenth century and was continued in the twentieth century by people such as Richard Goldschmidt, Conrad H. Waddington, and Stephen Jay Gould. They all proposed various non-gradualist models of evolution, in which embryonic development played a central role. Following this tradition, Alberch argued that, in order to attain a correct understanding of the role of embryological development in evolution, it was necessary to renounce the gradualist paradigm associated with the Darwinian interpretation of evolution, which understood nature as a continuum. According to Alberch, the study of monstrous abnormalities was of great value in understanding how certain epigenetic restrictions in development could give rise to discontinuities and directionality in morphological transformations throughout evolution.

Randomized controlled trial of a prenatal focused coparenting consultation for unmarried black fathers and mothers: One-year infant and family outcomes.

In the infant mental health field, scant conceptual attention has been given to coparenting and family adaptations of non-white family systems, with no evidence-based, community-informed coparenting interventions responsive to unmarried Black mothers' and fathers' life circumstances. This study examined 1-year post-partum child and family outcomes of a novel, modest dosage (six sessions) prenatal focused coparenting consultation (FCC) using randomized controlled trial methodology. One-hundred-thirty-eight expectant families (one or both parents identified as Black/African American) were randomized to an intervention (N = 70) or treatment-as-usual (TAU; control) condition (N = 68). TAU families received navigational support in accessing existing community services for pregnant families. Intervention families received TAU plus 6 dyadic FCC sessions led by a Black male-female Community Mentor team. When infants were three and 12 months old, parents reported on coparenting, father engagement, interparental aggression, depressive symptoms, and infant social and emotional adjustment. Intent-to-treat analyses focusing on 12-month post-partum data indicated significant intervention effects on coparenting, interparental psychological aggression, and infants' emotional adjustment. Improvement was also seen in depression and father engagement, with gains for both groups. Results suggest FCC delivered by same-race Community Mentors to unmarried Black coparents transitioning to parenthood supports infant and family adaptation during the first year of life.

En el campo de salud mental infantil, se le ha puesto escasa atención conceptual a la compartida crianza y a las adaptaciones familiares en sistemas de familias no blancas, sin intervenciones sobre la compartida crianza basadas en la evidencia o con información comunitaria que sean sensibles a las circunstancias de mamás y papás de raza negra no casados. Este estudio examinó los resultados en el niño y la familia al año después del parto de la novedosa, prenatal Consulta de Enfoque en la Compartida Crianza (FCC) con número modesto de 6 sesiones, usando metodología de ensayo controlado al azar. Se asignó al azar ciento treinta y ocho familias durante el embarazo (uno o ambos progenitores identificados como negro o afroamericano) a una condición de intervención (N = 70) o de Tratamiento Usual (TAU; control) (N = 68). Las familias del grupo TAU recibieron apoyo direccional para lograr acceso a los servicios comunitarios existentes para familias durante el embarazo. Las familias del grupo de Intervención recibieron TAU más 6 sesiones diádicas de FCC dirigidas por un equipo comunitario de mentores compuesto por un hombre y una mujer negros. Cuando los infantes tenían tres y 12 meses de edad, los progenitores reportaron acerca de la compartida crianza, la participación del papá, la agresión entre progenitores, síntomas depresivos, y el ajuste social y emocional del infante. Los análisis con Intención de Tratar enfocados en los datos a 12 meses después del parto indicaron significativos efectos de la intervención en la compartida crianza, la agresión sicológica entre progenitores y el ajuste emocional de los infantes. También se notó mejoría en la depresión y en la participación del papá, con beneficios para ambos grupos. Los resultados indican que la FCC que dirigen mentores comunitarios de la misma raza a parejas negras no casadas en transición a ser padres apoya la adaptación del infante y la familia durante el primer año de vida.

Dans le domaine de la santé mentale du nourrisson peu d'attention conceptuelle a été donnée au co-parentage et aux adaptations de la famille dans des systèmes familiaux non-blancs, avec aucune intervention basée sur l'évidence et informée par la communauté répondant aux circonstances de vie des mères et des pères noirs. Cette étude a examiné les résultats pour l'enfant à un mois post-partum et la famille d'un nouveau dosage modéré (6 session) de la Consultation Ciblée de Co-parentage (en anglais Focused Coparenting Consultation, soit FCC) prénatale en utilisant une méthodologie d'essai contrôlé randomisé. Cent trente-huit familles attendant un enfant (un ou les deux parents identifié(s) comme Américains noirs/africains) ont été randomisés pour une intervention (N = 70) ou une condition Traitement-Comme d'Habitude (TCH; contrôle) (N = 68). Les familles TCH ont reçu du soutien à la navigation pour accéder aux services communautaires pour les familles enceintes. Les familles de l'intervention ont reçu le TCH plus 6 session FCC dyadiques menées par une équipe de Mentor Communautaire noire et formée d'un homme et d'une femme. Quand les bébés ont eu trois et 12 mois, les parents ont fait état du co-parentage, de l'engagement du père, de l'agression inter-parentale, de symptômes dépressifs, et de l'ajustement social et émotionnel du bébé. Des analyses en intention de traiter portant sur les données post-partum à 12 mois ont indiqué des effets importants de l'intervention pour le co-parentage, l'agression psychologique inter-parentale, et l'ajustement émotionnel des bébés. Des améliorations ont également été vues dans la dépression et l'engagement du père, avec des gains pour les deux troupes. Les résultats suggèrent que la FCC faite par des Mentors Communautaires de la même race à des coparents noirs non mariés transitionnant à la parentalité soutient le bébé et l'adaptation de la famille durant la première année de la vie.

Self-reported reflective functioning and father-child interactions in a sample of fathers who have used intimate partner violence.

Reflective functioning (RF) has been found to be associated with mother-child interactions, but less is known about the association of fathers' self and child-focused RF and father-child relationships.  Fathers who have histories of intimate partner violence (IPV) are known to have poor RF, which may impact their father-child interactions.  The current study was designed to examine how types of RF are associated with father-child relationships.  Pretreatment assessments and recorded, coded father-child play interactions were used to examine associations among fathers' history of adverse childhood experiences (ACES), RF and coded father-child play interactions in a sample of 47 fathers with a history of IPV use in the last 6 months with their coparent.  Fathers' ACES and their child's mental states (CM) were associated with father-child dyadic play interactions.  Fathers with greater ACES and higher scores on CM had the most dyadic tension and constriction during play interactions.  Those with high ACES but low CM had scores similar to those with low ACES and low CM.  These results indicate that fathers who have used IPV and have a history of significant adversity may benefit from interventions to increase their child-focused RF and further improve their interactions with their children.

Se ha determinado que el Funcionamiento con Reflexión (RF) está asociado con las interacciones madre-niño, pero menos se conoce acerca de la asociación del propio RF de los papás y enfocado en el niño con las relaciones papá-niño. A los papás que cuentan con un historial de violencia con la pareja íntima (IPV) se les conoce por tener un débil RF, lo cual puede impactar sus interacciones papá-niño. El presente estudio se diseñó para examinar cómo los tipos de RF se asocian con las relaciones papá-niño. Las evaluaciones anteriores al tratamiento y el juego papá niño grabado y codificado se usaron para examinar las asociaciones entre el historial de los papás sobre experiencias adversas de niñez (ACES), RF y las codificadas interacciones papá-niño en un grupo muestra de 47 papás con un historial de uso de IPV en los últimos 6 meses con sus co-progenitores. Las ACES de los papás y ciertamente de los estados mentales de sus niños (CM) se asociaron con las interacciones de juego diádicas papá-niño. Los papás con mayor cantidad de ACES y más altos puntajes en CM presentaron la tensión y constricción más diádica durante las interacciones de juego. Aquellos con alto número de ACES, pero un bajo CM presentaron puntajes similares a aquellos con bajo número de ACES y un bajo CM. Estos resultados indican que los papás que han usado IPV y que tienen un historial de adversidad significativo pudieran beneficiarse de intervenciones para incrementar su RF con enfoque en el niño a fin de mejorar sus interacciones con sus niños.

Il est établi que le fonctionnement de réflexion (en anglais Reflective functioning, ici abrégé selon le français FR) est lié aux interactions mère-enfant mais on sait peu de choses sur le lien entre le FR sur soi et l'enfant des pères et les relations père-enfant. On sait que les pères ayant un passé de violence entre partenaires intimes (ici VPI) ont un FR diminué qui peut impacter leurs interactions père-enfant. Cette étude a été conçue afin d'examiner la manière dont les types de FR sont liés aux relations père-enfant. Des évaluations pré-traitement et des jeux père-enfant enregistrés et codés ont été utilisés afin d'examiner les liens entre l'histoire d'expériences négatives durant l'enfance (ACE) des pères, le FR et les interactions de jeu père-enfant codées chez un échantillon de 47 pères ayant un passé de VPI dans les six derniers mois avec leur coparent. Les ACE des pères et certainement des états mentaux de leur enfant (CM en anglais) ont été liés aux interactions de jeu dyadique père-enfant. Les pères avec plus de ACE et des scores CM plus élevés avaient le plus de tension dyadique et de constriction durant les interactions de jeu. Ceux avec des ACE élevés mais des CM bas avaient des scores similaires à ceux avec des ACE faibles et des CM faibles. Ces résultats indiquent que les pères ayant fait preuve de VPI qui ont un passé d'adversité importante peuvent bénéficier d'interventions pour accroître leur FR focalisé sur l'enfant afin d'améliorer leurs interactions avec leurs enfants.

[The psychoanalyst faced with a request for transition]. / Le psychanalyste face à une demande de transition.

Transitions are one of the new demands placed on doctors, psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. They testify to the decline of the Nom-du-Père that until recently organized our society. The discourse of the father has been replaced by that of science, accompanied by its technical prowess and objects. The new demands are torn between the solutions offered by science and the values of the old patriarchal society. How do professionals position themselves when faced with these demands?

[Representations of co-parenthood among primiparous and multiparous fathers-to-be]. / Représentations de la coparentalité des futurs pères primipares et multipares.

From the moment they become pregnant, future parents anticipate how they will coordinate, support and divide the tasks related to their child. This is known as co-parenting. Research carried out in three french gynaecology-obstetrics departments and in social network examined fathers' perceptions of co-parenthood and sought to determine whether these were in line with scientific conceptions of the concept.

A new Eimeria coccidian species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1866) in Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve in Jiangsu Province, eastern China.

BACKGROUND: Eimeria coccidiosis is a significant intestinal parasitic disease, which can lead to weight loss, disease and even death of many animals. At present, there is no information about the prevalence of Eimeria among the world's endangered species of Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify an unknown Eimeria genus in the Père David's deer in Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve, China. RESULTS: A new Eimeria species is described from Père David's deer. Sporulated oocysts (n = 54) are pyriform, with a rough, yellowish brown, 2-layered oocyst wall (2.5 µm thick). A numerous small granules are dispersed randomly on the wall. Oocysts measured 41.2 (39.2-42.8) µm × 29.5 (27.9-30.5) µm, oocyst length/width (L/W) ratio, 1.4. Oocyst residuum, a polar granule and a polar cap are absent. The micropyle (3.5 µm wide) is present. Sporocysts are spindle shaped, 18.2 (16.5-20.0) µm × 10.5 (9.8-11.9) µm, sporocyst L/W ratio, 1.7 (1.5-1.9). A thin convex Stieda body is present and the sporocyst residuum is composed of numerous small granules less than 2.0 µm in diameter dispersed randomly. Each sporocyst contained 2 comma-shaped sporozoites in head-to-tail arrangement. A nucleus is located immediately anterior to the posterior, strong refractive and subspherical refractile body (~ 8 µm). Molecular analysis was conducted at the 18S, ITS-1 and COI loci. CONCLUSION: Based on the morphological and molecular data, this isolate is a new species of coccidian parasite, which is named Eimeria davidianusi after its host, the Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus).

The prenatal video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting for expectant fathers (VIPP-PRE): Two case studies.

Although parenting interventions including expectant fathers are scarce, they yield promising results. The Prenatal Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting (VIPP-PRE) is a recently developed intervention, that is both manualized and personalized, aiming to enhance paternal sensitivity and involvement before the birth of the baby. Illustrating the intervention process, the current study presents two case studies of expectant fathers receiving VIPP-PRE (clinical trial registration NL62696.058.17). The VIPP-PRE program is described along with the individual dyads' prenatal video fragments and feedback specific for each father-fetus dyad. In addition, changes in paternal sensitivity and involvement levels are presented, as well as fathers' and intervener's evaluation of the intervention. VIPP-PRE promises to be a feasible short-term and potentially effective parenting intervention for expectant fathers. Currently, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is under review that systematically investigates the efficacy of the VIPP-PRE. Here we aim to provide further information on the intervention process, as well as fathers' and intervener's evaluations of this process, and the benefits of using ultrasound imaging in a parenting intervention.

Aunque las intervenciones de crianza incluyendo a los papás en espera son escasas, las mismas producen resultados prometedores. La Intervención Prenatal de Información en Video para promover la Crianza Positiva (VIPP-PRE) es una intervención recientemente desarrollada, la cual es manejada a mano y personalizada, con el objetivo de mejorar la sensibilidad y la participación paterna antes del nacimiento del bebé. Demostrando el proceso de intervención, el presente estudio presenta dos casos de estudio de papás en espera que reciben VIPP-PRE (registro de ensayo clínico NL62696.058.17). El programa VIPP-PRE se describe junto con los fragmentos e información del video prenatal de las díadas individuales específicas para cada díada papá-feto. Adicionalmente, se presentan los cambios en los niveles de sensibilidad y participación paterna, así como también la evaluación de la intervención por parte de los papás y de quien condujo la intervención. VIPP-PRE promete ser una intervención de crianza factible a corto plazo y potencialmente efectiva para papás en espera. Actualmente, se encuentra bajo revisión un ensayo controlado al azar (RCT) que sistemáticamente investiga la efectividad de VIPP-PRE. Aquí nos proponemos ofrecer mayor información sobre el proceso de intervención, así como también las evaluaciones que del proceso hicieron los papás y quien condujo la intervención, y los beneficios de usar las imágenes de ultrasonido en una intervención de crianza.

Bien que les interventions de parentage in incluent des futurs pères soient rares, elles donnent des résultats prometteurs. L'Intervention de Retour-Vidéo Prénatale pour promouvoir le Parentage Positif (abrégé en anglais VIPP-PRE) est une intervention récemment développée. Elle est à la fois manualisée et personnalisée, se donnant pour but de renforcer la sensibilité et l'engagement avant la naissance du bébé. Illustrant le processus d'intervention cette étude présente deux études de cas de futurs pères recevant la CVIP-PRE (enregistrement des essais cliniques NL62696.058.17). Le programme VIPP-PRE est décrit ainsi que les fragments vidéo prénatale des dyades individuelles et le retour spécifique pour chaque dyade père-fœtus. De plus les changements dans la sensibilité paternelle et dans les niveaux d'engagement sont présentés, ainsi que l'évaluation des pères et des intervenants de l'intervention. La VIPP-PRE promet d'être une intervention de parentage viable à court terme et potentiellement efficace pour les futurs pères. Pour l'instant un essai contrôlé randomisé est à l'étude, étudiant systématiquement l'efficacité de la VIPP-PRE. Ici nous nous donnons pour but d'offrir des informations plus amples sur le processus d'intervention, ainsi que sur les évaluations du processus faites par les pères et les intervenants, et sur les bénéfices qu'il y a à utiliser les images ultrasons dans une intervention de parentage.

[Place of the father in the transmission of trauma from mother to baby in a migratory]. / Place du père en contexte migratoire dans la transmission du trauma de la mère au bébé.

Paternal involvement impacts the relationship between mother and child and protects the transmission of the traumatic experience in a migratory context. A study was conducted in France with mother-child dyads in which the women were exposed to traumatic events. It identified three themes around the metatheme of the father's place: the husband's function as moral support during migration, his cultural function as a relay for his wife to the child, and the maintenance of the bond despite his physical absence.

[Tactile communication within the father-mother-baby triad]. / La communication tactile au sein de la triade père-mère-bébé.

This literature review focuses on tactile interactions between parents and their infants. Research on the dyad has explored both cultural differences in touch and the relationship between touch style and hormonal secretion in both parents. The few studies that have examined this communicative modality within the triad have investigated the frequency and type of parent-infant touch, as well as the effect of skin-to-skin contact on tactile interactions at three months postpartum.

Present as a partner and a parent: Mothers' and fathers' perspectives on father participation in prenatal care.

Supportive father involvement during pregnancy can positively impact maternal and child outcomes. Father participation in prenatal care is increasing, yet little research exists to understand how mothers and fathers experience father participation in prenatal care and their preferences for father participation. We interviewed expectant first-time mothers (N = 22) and fathers (N = 20) to learn about fathers' participation in prenatal care, perceptions of providers' treatment of fathers, and preferences for father participation. Interviews were coded using principles of grounded theory. Father participation ranged from attendance at visits considered "important" (e.g., ultrasounds) to attendance at every appointment. Experiences of father participation varied, with many describing it as both an important act of support for the mother and part of assuming the role of father. Most participants saw great value in father participation in prenatal care as an opportunity for fathers to learn how to support a healthy pregnancy, bond with their developing baby, and share joy and/or worries with mothers. Participants generally felt that fathers were made to feel welcome and wanted providers to be inclusive of fathers during appointments. Results of this study suggest that father participation presents an opportunity for prenatal care providers to foster fathers' positive involvement in pregnancy, support for mothers, and preparation to parent.

El apoyo participativo del papá durante el embarazo puede tener un impacto positivo en el resultado materno y del niño. La participación del papá en el cuidado prenatal está aumentando, sin embargo, existe poca investigación para comprender cómo las mamás y los papás experimentan la participación del papá en el cuidado prenatal, y sus preferencias en cuanto a la participación del papá. Entrevistamos a madres primerizas embarazadas (N = 22) y papás (N = 20) para conocer acerca de la participación de los papás en el cuidado prenatal, las percepciones que acerca de los papás tenían quienes ofrecen el tratamiento, así como las preferencias en cuanto a la participación del papá. Se codificaron las entrevistas usando principios de teoría fundamentada. La participación del papá osciló desde el asistir a visitas consideradas "importantes" (v.g. el ultrasonido) hasta el asistir a cada cita. Las experiencias de la participación del papá variaron, y muchos las describieron como un acto importante de apoyo para la mamá y parte de asumir el papel de papá. La mayoría de los participantes vio un gran valor en la participación del papá en el cuidado prenatal, así como una oportunidad para los papás de aprender cómo prestar apoyo a un embarazo sano, establecer una relación con su bebé en desarrollo y compartir las alegrías y/o las preocupaciones con las mamás. Los participantes generalmente sintieron que a los papás se les hizo sentir bienvenidos y querían que quienes prestaban el cuidado incluyeran a los papás durante la cita. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la participación del papá presenta una oportunidad para quienes prestan el cuidado prenatal de fomentar una participación positiva en el embarazo, el apoyo a las mamás y la preparación para ser padre.

La participation d'appui du père durant la grossesse peut affecter de manière positive les résultats maternels et l'enfant. La participation du père au soin prénatal augmente et cependant il existe peu de recherches permettant de comprendre comment les mères et les pères font l'expérience de la participation du père au soin prénatal et leurs préférences pour la participation du père. Nous avons interviewé des mères attendant leur premier enfant (N = 22) et des pères (N = 20) afin de découvrir la participation des pères au soin prénatal, les perceptions de manière dont les prestataires traitent les pères, et les préférences pour ce qui concerne la participation des pères. Les entretiens ont été codés en utilisant les principes de théorie ancrée. La participation du père est allée de la présence aux visites considérées comme étant "importantes" (comme par exemple les ultrasons) à la présence à chaque rendez-vous. Les expériences de la participation des pères ont varié, la plupart des participants la décrivant comme étant à la fois un acte de soutien important pour la mère et une partie du fait d'assumer le rôle de père. La plupart des participants ont ressenti une grande valeur en la participation du père dans le soin prénatal, en la considérant comme une chance pour les pères d'apprendre comment soutenir une grossesse saine, de se lier avec leur bébé se développant et de partager la joie et/ou les inquiétudes avec les mères. Les participants ont généralement ressenti que les pères étaient bien accueillis et souhaitaient que les prestataires incluent les pères durant les rendez-vous. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que la participation du père présente une opportunité pour les prestataires de soin prénatal de cultiver une participation positive des pères à la grossesse, au soin des mères et à la préparation au parentage.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the endangered Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in China.

Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) is an emblematic endangered species and regarded as a national treasure, toxoplasmosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease for wild animals. Little is known about the prevalence of antibodies to this parasite in Père David's deer. In this study, sera from 43 wild Père David's deer, from Dafeng nature reserve China were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by MAT. The investigation showed that antibodies to toxoplasma were detected in 8 of 43 (18.60%, 95% CI 6.97-30.24) samples. Seroprevalence ranged from 15.00% to 21.74% between the different genders, but the difference was not significant according to SPSS analysis (P > 0.05). This report of seroprevalence of antibodies to T. gondii in Père David's deer provides basic data of T. gondii infection data, which is important for controlling and preventing toxoplasmosis in Père David's deer.

Effects of male postpartum depression on father-infant interaction: The mediating role of face processing.

It is estimated that postpartum depression affects up to 25% of men. Despite such high prevalence, the majority of studies on postpartum depression are focused on mothers, and the role of paternal depression and its effects on infant development have been overlooked by researchers and clinicians. The present study aimed to fill this gap by investigating the effect of paternal postpartum depression on father-infant interactions. In addition, we examined whether differences in face recognition mediated the effects of paternal postpartum depression on father-infant interactions. A total of 61 father-infant dyads (17 postpartum depression, 44 controls) took part in the study. Results revealed that compared to controls, fathers with postpartum depression had a worse pattern of interaction with their infants on measures of responsiveness, mood, and sensitivity; they also had greater difficulty in recognizing happy adult faces, but greater facility in recognizing sad adult faces. Depressed fathers attributed greater intensities to sad adult and infant faces. The tendency to attribute greater intensity to sad adult faces was confirmed as a partial mediator of the effect of paternal postpartum depression on measures of father responsiveness and as a full mediator of the effects of paternal depression on father sensitivity. Clinical implications and suggestions for further studies are discussed.

Se estima que la depresión posterior al parto afecta hasta un 25% de los hombres. A pesar de tan alta prevalencia, la mayoría de los estudios sobre la depresión posterior al parto se enfocan en las madres, y los investigadores y clínicos han pasado por alto el papel de la depresión paterna y sus efectos en el desarrollo del infante. El presente estudio se propuso llenar ese vacío investigando el efecto que la depresión paterna posterior al parto tiene en las interacciones papá-infante. Adicionalmente, examinamos si las diferencias en reconocer las caras mediaron los efectos que la depresión paterna posterior al parto tiene en las interacciones papá-infante. Sesenta y una díadas papá-infante (17 en el grupo de depresión posterior al parto, 44 en el grupo de control) participaron en el estudio. Los resultados revelaron que, comparados con el grupo de control, los papás con depresión posterior al parto presentaban un peor patrón de interacción con sus infantes en medidas de capacidad de respuesta, estado de ánimo y sensibilidad; ellos también tuvieron mayores dificultades en reconocer caras adultas felices, pero con mayor facilidad reconocieron caras adultas tristes. Los padres deprimidos atribuyeron una mayor intensidad a las caras tristes de adultos e infantes. Se confirmó la tendencia de atribuir una mayor intensidad a las caras adultas tristes como un mediador parcial del efecto que la depresión paterna posterior al parto tiene sobre la calidad de respuesta del papá y como un completo mediador de los efectos que la depresión paterna tiene sobre la sensibilidad del papá. Se discuten las implicaciones y sugerencias clínicas para futuros estudios.

On estime que la dépression postpartum affect jusqu'à 25% des hommes. En dépit d'une telle prévalence élevée la majorité des études sur la dépression postpartum porte sur les mères et le rôle de la dépression paternelle et de ses effets sur le développement du nourrisson a été négligé par les chercheurs et les cliniciens. Cette étude s'est donné pour but de remplir ce fossé en recherchant l'effet de la dépression postpartum sur les interactions père-nourrisson. De plus, nous avons examiné si les différences dans la reconnaissance faciale ont assuré la médiation des effets de la dépression paternelle postpartum sur les interactions père-nourrisson. 61 dyades père-bébé (17 dépression postpartum, 44 contrôles) ont pris part à l'étude. Les résultats ont révélé que, comparés aux contrôles, les pères avec la dépression postpartum faisaient état d'un pattern d'interaction avec leur bébé pire sur les mesures de réactivité, d'humeur et de sensibilité. Ils avaient aussi plus de difficulté à reconnaître les visages adultes heureux mais une plus grande facilité à reconnaître les visages adultes tristes. Les pères déprimés ont attribué de plus grandes intensités aux visages tristes de l'adulte et du bébé. La tendance à attribuer une plus grande intensité aux visages tristes de l'adulte a été confirmée comme un médiateur partiel de l'effet de la dépression paternelle postpartum sur la réaction du père et comme un médiateur total sur les effets de la dépression paternelle sur la sensibilité du père. Les implications cliniques et des suggestions de recherche sont discutées.

The link between child temperament and low-income mothers' and fathers' parenting.

Numerous studies have shown that children's temperamental characteristics impact the quality and quantity of parent-child interactions. However, these studies have largely focused on middle-class samples, have not compared multiple domains of parenting across mothers and fathers, and have not considered the possibility of nonlinear associations between temperament and parenting. The present study addresses these gaps by examining the potentially nonlinear role of two temperamental characteristics-negative emotionality and sociability-in predicting the quality and quantity of low-income mothers' and fathers' parenting. Data were drawn from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, a study of low-income children and families. Results indicated that whereas parenting quality was somewhat impaired when children were temperamentally vulnerable (low sociability, high negativity), parents increased parenting quantity with the same vulnerable children. There was some evidence that parents were most reactive to children who scored either very high or very low on negative emotionality and sociability in both parenting domains. Patterns also suggest that mothers were more reactive to sociability, and fathers to negative emotionality.

Numerosos estudios han mostrado que las características del temperamento de los niños tienen un impacto sobre la calidad y cantidad de interacciones entre progenitor y niño. Sin embargo, estos estudios se han enfocado por la mayor parte en grupos muestras de clase media, no han comparado múltiples dominios de crianza que incluyan tanto a las mamás como a los papás, y no han considerado la posibilidad de asociaciones no lineales entre el temperamento y la crianza. El presente estudio trata estos vacíos al examinar el potencialmente no lineal papel de dos características del temperamento - la negativa emocionalidad y sociabilidad - para predecir la calidad y cantidad de interacciones de crianza de mamás y papás de bajos recursos económicos. Los datos se obtuvieron del Proyecto de Investigación y Evaluación de Comienzo Temprano (Early Head Start - EHS), un estudio de niños y familias de bajos recursos económicos. Los resultados indicaron que mientras que la calidad de la crianza se vio de alguna manera afectada cuando los niños eran temperamentalmente vulnerables (baja sociabilidad, alta negatividad), los progenitores aumentaron la cantidad de las interacciones en la crianza con los mismos niños vulnerables. Se dio alguna evidencia de que los progenitores reaccionaban más con los niños cuyos puntajes eran muy altos o muy bajos en la negativa emocionalidad y sociabilidad en ambos dominios de la crianza. Los patrones también sugieren que las mamás reaccionaron más en cuanto a la sociabilidad y los papás a la negativa emocionalidad.

De nombreuses études ont montré que les caractéristiques du tempérament des enfants impactent la qualité et la quantité des interactions parent-enfant. Cependant, ces études ont largement porté sur des échantillons de classes moyennes, et n'ont pas comparé de multiples domaines de parentage entre les mères et les pères, et n'ont pas non plus considéré la possibilités d'associations non-linéaires entre le tempérament et le parentage. Cette étude aborde ces fossés en examinant le rôle potentiellement non-linéaire de deux caractéristiques du tempérament - l'émotivité négative et la sociabilité - en prédisant la qualité et la quantité de parentage de mères et de pères issus de milieux socioéconomiques défavorisés. Les données ont été tirées du Projet de Recherche et d'Evaluation du programme américain de Early Head Start (EHS), une étude d'enfants et de familles de milieux socioéconomiques défavorisés. Les résultats ont indiqué qu'alors que la qualité de parentage était plus ou moins dépréciée lorsque les enfants étaient vulnérables d'un point de vue du tempérament (sociabilité faible, négativité élevée), les parents augmentaient la quantité de parentage avec les mêmes enfants vulnérables. On a pu établir que les parents étaient plus réactifs envers les enfants ayant des scores soit très élevés soit très bas pour ce qui concerne l'émotivité négative et la sociabilité dans les deux domaines de parentage. Les patterns suggèrent aussi que les mères étaient plus réactives à la sociabilité et les pères à l'émotivité négative.

Borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato in Père David Deer and Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks.

By sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, flaB, p66, and glpQ, we identified Borrelia miyamotoi in 1 of 4 Père David deer (n = 43) seropositive for Borrelia spp. and 1.2% (3/244) of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks from Dafeng Elk National Natural Reserve, China. Future studies should assess Borrelia pathogenesis in deer.

["We gave birth in a birth centre."] / « Nous avons accouché en maison de naissance ¼.

Alice and Julien chose a birth centre for the birth of their baby. They share their experience of the first appointments, the preparation for the birth and the delivery which took place in accordance with their choices and at their pace.

FATHER-CHILD INTERACTIONS AT 3 MONTHS AND 24 MONTHS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO CHILDREN'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AT 24 MONTHS.

The quality of father-child interactions has become a focus of increasing research in the field of child development. We examined the potential contribution of father-child interactions at both 3 months and 24 months to children's cognitive development at 24 months. Observational measures of father-child interactions at 3 and 24 months were used to assess the quality of fathers' parenting (n = 192). At 24 months, the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition (N. Bayley, ) measured cognitive functioning. The association between interactions and cognitive development was examined using multiple linear regression analyses, adjusting for paternal age, education and depression, infant age, and maternal sensitivity. Children whose fathers displayed more withdrawn and depressive behaviors in father-infant interactions at 3 months scored lower on the MDI at 24 months. At 24 months, children whose fathers were more engaged and sensitive as well as those whose fathers were less controlling in their interactions scored higher on the MDI. These findings were independent of the effects of maternal sensitivity. Results indicate that father-child interactions, even from a very young age (i.e., 3 months) may influence children's cognitive development. They highlight the potential significance of interventions to promote positive parenting by fathers and policies that encourage fathers to spend more time with their young children.

THE QUALITY OF FATHER-CHILD ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE PLAY AND TODDLERS' AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN CHINA.

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the quality of early father-child rough-and-tumble play (RTP) on toddler aggressive behaviors and more fully understand how child, mother, and father characteristics were associated with higher quality father-child RTP among contemporary urban Chinese families. Participants included 42 families in Changsha, China. Play observations of fathers and their children were coded for RTP quality. The specific RTP quality of father-child reciprocity of dominance was associated with fewer toddler aggressive behaviors, as rated by both fathers and mothers. Mothers' democratic parenting attitudes were associated with higher quality father-child RTP. These findings suggest that higher quality father-child RTP may be one way in which some fathers influence children's expression of aggressive behaviors, and the quality of father-child RTP may be influenced by the broader family, social, and cultural contexts.

PARENTAL REPORTS OF EARLY SOCIOEMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS: DOES THE FATHER'S VIEW MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

Although both mothers and fathers are essential sources of information to address early socioemotional/behavioral (SEB) problems, there continues to be a dearth of studies considering both parental views. A sample of 208 toddlers (Mage = 19.3 months) was recruited through public child health centers. Both parents of 172 toddlers (76 boys, 96 girls) completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 1-5 (T.M. Achenbach & L.A. Rescorla, 2000; Finnish translation by F. Almqvist, ). Correspondence (intraclass correlation coefficients; ICCs) between the maternal and paternal CBCL ratings was good (.64) for the Internalizing and excellent (.76) for the Externalizing and Total Problems scores whereas ICCs varied from .45 for the Withdrawn to .76 for the Sleep Problems and Aggressive Behavior syndrome scores. Regarding discrepancies, mothers consistently reported higher CBCL scale scores than did fathers. Most significant differences between the parental ratings were found on the Aggressive Behavior syndrome, Externalizing, and Total Problems scales. Interparental rating discrepancies increased with elevations in the corresponding CBCL scale scores. Positive correlations were found between maternal, but not paternal, parenting stress and interparental rating discrepancies on the CBCL. The observed differences between maternal and paternal ratings highlight the importance of gathering reports from both parents when assessing early SEB problems. The findings are more profoundly discussed in the article.

MEASUREMENT OF FATHER-CHILD ROUGH-AND-TUMBLE PLAY AND ITS RELATIONS TO CHILD BEHAVIOR.

Although there is increasing evidence of paternal influence on child outcomes such as language and cognition, researchers are not yet clear on the features of father-child play that are most valuable in terms of child development. Physical play such as rough and tumble play (RTP) is a favored type of father-child play in Western societies that has been linked to children's socioemotional competence. It is important, therefore, to determine the implications of this play for child development. In this review and meta-analysis, associations between father-child physical play and child behavior were examined. The review also focused on study methods. Sixteen studies are reviewed, N = 1,521 father-child dyads, 35% boys. Study characteristics such as definitions of physical play, play settings, play measures, and coding were examined. The meta-analysis found weak to moderate population effects for links between father-child physical play and child aggression, social competence, emotional skills, and self-regulation. Research investigating the effect of father-child physical play on children's development will be improved when definitions clearly identify the nature of play, settings facilitate boisterous play, and measures include frequency and quality of play interactions. This play shows promise as an enhancer of positive father-child relationships and a catalyst for child development.

FATHER PLAY: IS IT SPECIAL?

Both mothers and fathers play with their children, but research on parent-child play interactions is conducted with mothers three times more often than it is with fathers. The articles in this special issue address this gap by focusing on the nature and quality of father-child play, across cultural contexts, and considering whether father play offers something unique and special for early human development, in infancy or early childhood. The studies show that fathers can be just as developmentally supportive as are mothers in terms of being playful and engaged with their children in ways that are related to greater child socioemotional competence, emotion regulation, and vocabulary, and to less aggression, anxiety, and negativity. We encourage future research to examine the cultural influences, family system dynamics, and specificity of timing and types of father-child play in relation to children's developmental competence.