An epigenetic candidate-gene association study of parental styles in suicide attempters with substance use disorders.

Suicide attempts (SA) are prevalent in substance use disorders (SUD). Epigenetic mechanisms may play a pivotal role in the molecular mechanisms of environmental effects eliciting suicidal behaviour in this population. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), oxytocin and neurotrophin pathways have been consistently involved in SA, yet , their interplay with childhood adversity remains unclear, particularly in SUD. In 24 outpatients with SUDs, we examined the relation between three parental dysfunctional styles and history of SA with methylation of 32 genes from these pathways, eventually analysing 823 methylation sites. Extensive phenotypic characterization was obtained using a semi-structured interview. Parental style was patient-reported using the Measure of Parental Style (MOPS) questionnaire, analysed with and without imputation of missing items. Linear regressions were performed to adjust for possible confounders, followed by multiple testing correction. We describe both differentially methylated probes (DMPs) and regions (DMRs) for each set of analyses (with and without imputation of MOPS items). Without imputation, five DMRs in OXTR, CRH and NTF3 significantly interacted with MOPS father abuse to increase the risk for lifetime SA, thus covering the three pathways. After imputation of missing MOPS items, two other DMPs from FKBP5 and SOCS3 significantly interacted with each of the three father styles to increase the risk for SA. Although our findings must be interpreted with caution due to small sample size, they suggest implications of stress reactivity genes in the suicidal risk of SUD patients and highlight the significance of father dysfunction as a potential marker of childhood adversity in SUD patients.

Proneness to Alcohol use Disorder or Pathological Gambling as Differentially Determined by Early Parental and Personality Factors.

Owing to growing alcoholism and gambling, numerous variables have been the subject of study to better understand the causes of such addictions. This study aims to investigate personality factors, parental styles in upbringing and early exposure to alcoholism integratively to shed light on how such variables generally shape vulnerability for addictive behaviours and alcohol use disorder (AUD) as well as pathological gambling (PG), separately. The sample consisted of 150 for the inpatient groups (78 AUD and 72 PG) and 102 participants for the control group. The inpatient group comprised "pure" AUD (excluding gambling and other significant addictive disorders) and "pure" PG (excluding AUD and other significant addictive disorders). A random forest-trees analysis established a model accurately classifying 79% of participants from the addictive group and found low conscientiousness, an authoritarian father, a less-flexible mother and neuroticism to be predisposed factors for both addictions. Additionally, through structural equation modeling, a satisfying-index model shows higher extroversion and lower openness may be attributed to PG, as well as the father's authoritarian parenting style. The mother's authoritarian or permissive styles may be linked to AUD and the father's alcoholism. The research concludes AUD and PG have similarities in personality as vulnerable factors for addictive behaviours as well as essential differences in personality and early experiences from boundaries set by mothers and fathers and alcoholism in childhood. The results are applicable in preventive programs as well as working with patients and their parents to create more individualized treatment in relation to addiction type.

Temperament, parenting styles and the intensity of early maladaptive schemas: assessment of correlations in a non-clinical adult group.

BACKGROUND: Prior research has partially verified the significance of child temperament and styles of upbringing for schema intensity. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the inter-relations between them. AIM: The present study examined how temperament (stable and labile) and style of parenting (positive and negative) are related to each other, and to early maladaptive schemas. METHOD: Participants (395 healthy adults) completed the Young Schema Questionnaire YSQ-S3 and the Retrospective Assessment of Parents' Attitudes and Formal Characteristic of Behaviour - Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI). Structural equation modelling was used to verify hypotheses. RESULTS: Temperament and parental styles together explain more than 59% of the variance of schema intensity. The obtained path coefficients show one-way directions of inter-relations. Stable temperament connects to schemas directly with a negative path coefficient. Labile temperament shows a significant positive association with negative parental attitudes, but not directly with schemas. Negative parenting is positively connected with schemas. A positive style of parenting is not significantly connected with temperament and schemas. CONCLUSIONS: Results show evidence that negative style of parenting and labile temperament features are more important for schema developing and may be treated as risk factors. Because temperament seems to be a relatively persistent feature, it may play a similar role in adulthood, reinforcing emotions and feelings in the context of environment, and then maintain the schemas.

Influence of Family and Childhood Memories in the Development and Manifestation of Paranoid Ideation.

Several studies point out to the influence of social experiences on perceptions of the environment and others in cognitive functioning and different aspects of psychopathology. The current study aimed at studying the influence of the psychosocial risk factors in a mixed sample of participants from the general population and affected by paranoid schizophrenia. The extent to which the existence of negative life events and events that are threatening to the inner models of the self (i.e., history of maltreatment, physical, social or psychological abuse) or the memories of these traumatic events occurring during childhood are related to the existence of paranoid beliefs in adulthood was explored. Results suggested that memories of parental behaviours characterized by antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization were important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. This further emphasizes the need for understanding the family and social dynamics of people presenting paranoid ideations to the development of therapeutic interventions that can effectively reduce the invalidation caused by severe psychopathology, as is the case of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: Memories of family dynamics characterized by behaviours of antipathy from both parental figures, submissiveness and bullying victimization are important predictors of paranoid ideation in adult life. The study highlights the importance of exploring subjective recalls of feelings and behaviours associated with early rearing experiences, peer relationships and themes related to social rank theory in the roots of internal models of relationship with the self and others in the general sample, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. Our findings indicate that schizophrenic patients in active phase differ regarding memories of threat and submission and are more likely to remember childhood experiences perceived as threatening during an active phase than when in remission. It is possible that by changing these internal models and social interaction styles, patients may be able to get involved in more cooperating and affiliative interactions, disconfirming these early beliefs about others being rejecting, critical or hostile towards the self, and more effectively reducing the invalidation caused by positive and negative symptomatology of schizophrenia on social functioning.

The role of early intergroup experiences for identification with all humanity in adulthood.

Identification with all humanity (IWAH), defined as a bond with and concern for people all over the world, predicts concern for global problems, commitment to human rights, and prosocial activities. However, it is still unknown how such a broad social identification develops and if early experiences play any role. Two studies explored the role of diverse childhood and adolescence intergroup experiences in predicting IWAH in adulthood. We focused on experiences such as being raised in diversity and having intergroup friends, helping or being helped by various others, and having experiences leading to re- or de-categorization, and introduced a new Childhood/Adolescent Intergroup Experiences (CAIE) scale. Study 1 (N = 313 U.S. students, M age = 21) and Study 2 (N = 1,000, a representative Polish sample, M age = 47) found that this kind of intergroup experiences during childhood and adolescence predicted IWAH beyond the effects of its other known predictors, such as empathy, openness to experience, universalism, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation or ethnocentrism. These results, obtained on various samples and in countries with different ethno-cultural contexts, point to potential ways of enlarging IWAH during childhood and adolescence.

Perceived Parental Styles and Alexithymia in Adult Iranian Migraine Patients: The Mediating Role of Emotional Schemas.

Migraine, which is a highly prevalent headache, is often comorbid with alexithymia. Parental styles contribute to the development of alexithymia. The core psychological mechanisms that connect parenting to alexithymia and can be targeted in psychotherapy are not yet studied. The objective of this study was to explore the role of emotional schemas as a possible mediator between perceived parental styles and alexithymia in migraine patients. Study participants consisted of 208 (67 males and 141 females) Iranians who completed the Farsi version of Toronto Alexithymia Scale (FTAS-20), Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS II), and Measure of Parental Styles (MOPS) online. For mediation analysis, structural equation modeling was used based on Baron and Kenny's mediation model. The results demonstrated that mother overprotection and mother indifference were significantly related to alexithymia in migraine patients. Emotional schemas and alexithymia were also positively and significantly related. Additionally, mother overprotection and father indifference showed positive and significant covariation with emotional schemas. Data analysis with structural equation modeling revealed that emotional schemas partially mediate the relationship between parental styles and alexithymia in migraine patients. The current study expands our knowledge of possible mechanisms that relate childhood experiences of being parented and alexithymia in migraine patients. Findings of this research imply psychological treatments can benefit from targeting emotional schemas in migraine patients with alexithymia.

Role of Parenting Styles in Adolescent Substance Use Cessation: Results from a Brazilian Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to identify the association between parenting styles and behavioral changes among adolescents regarding the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine/crack. METHODS: A group of ninety-nine adolescents (39 girls and 60 boys), aged 14 to 19 years (17.05 ± 1.51), who called in to a call center that provides counseling to substance users, was followed-up for 30 days. Data collection occurred between March 2009 and October 2015. The adolescents answered questions regarding parental responsiveness and demanding nature on a scale to assess parental styles and provided sociodemographic data, substance abuse consumption characteristics, and the Contemplation Ladder scale score. RESULTS: The parental styles most reported by the adolescents were authoritative (30%) and indulgent (28%). Children who perceived their mothers as having an indulgent style and who had absent fathers presented more difficulties in making behavioral changes to avoid alcohol and cocaine/crack consumption. CONCLUSION: The study found that parent-child relationships were associated with a lack of change in the adolescent regarding substance use behavior, particularly the consumption of alcohol and cocaine/crack.

The Predictive Role of Maternal Parenting and Stress on Pupils' Bullying involvement.

The link between inappropriate parenting style and both bullying and victimization is well documented. However, it is not clear as to which kind of parenting style is associated with victimization. Furthermore, no studies have yet been conducted regarding the role of parental stress in bullying and victimization. This study aimed to examine the role of parenting styles and maternal stress in pupils' bullying and victimization. A total of 300 primary school pupils, enrolled in fourth and fifth grades, participated in the study. Initially, 100 noninvolved pupils were randomly selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. Then using a screening method, 100 bully pupils and 100 victimized peers were selected. Olweus Bullying Scale and teacher nomination were administered for screening these pupils. Baumrind Parenting Style Questionnaire and revised version of Abidin Parental Stress Index (short form) were also applied to all pupils in the study. Data were analyzed using discriminant function analysis. The findings showed that (a) with regard to parenting styles, significant differences were found among groups. Authoritarian parenting style could significantly predict pupils' bullying behavior, whereas victimization was predictable in families with permissive parenting style. In addition, noninvolved pupils were predicted to have authoritative parenting style. (b) Considering maternal stress, significant differences were observed across groups. Parents of bullies and victims were predicted to have higher maternal stress than noninvolved pupils. The implications of the study in relation to the role of mothers in bullying and victimization are discussed.

Relationship between Parental Socialization, Emotional Symptoms, and Academic Performance during Adolescence: The Influence of Parents' and Teenagers' Gender.

Scientific interest in students' emotional and psychosocial experiences has been increasing in the last years due to their influence on students' learning processes and academic performance. The present manuscript tries to go further in the study of the relationship between perceived parenting socialization and academic performance by analyzing not only their direct effects, but also by testing their indirect influence through other variables such as students' psychological and school maladjustment, especially focusing on gender differences (both of students and parents). The sample comprised 823 students (416 males and 407 females) from the Basque Country (Spain), with ages ranging between 12 and 16 years (M = 13.7, SD = 1.2). Students completed a sociodemographic data form, the PARQ-Control questionnaire, and the BASC-S3 test. Teachers answered an ad hoc question on each student's academic performance. The data showed that, both for males and females, the same structure of parent-teenager relationship predicted teenagers' academic performance, via psychological and school maladjustment. However, the intensity of the relationship between parental acceptance and teenagers' results in all the other factors differed depending on teenagers' gender. Fathers' influence was greater in males, and mothers' influence was higher in females. This study is considered a starting point for a theoretical model predicting academic performance and psychological and school maladjustment among teenagers.

Use of the House-Tree-Person Projective Drawings and Parental Styles Inventory in the Global Psychological Evaluation of Transgender Youth Who Seek Healthcare at the Gender Identity Program.

The present study explores data collected in the psychological evaluation of transgender youth and their families who seek healthcare at the Gender Identity Program. Great psychosocial changes mark the transition from infancy to adulthood. Transgender youth may have these aspects of their developmental stage potentialized. A study was conducted with 23 transgender youth (mean age = 14 ± 2.38 years) and their caregivers. Eleven of the youngsters were assigned male at birth, while 12 were assigned female. The research protocol consisted of a survey and systematization of the data collected in the initial global psychological evaluation performed at the healthcare facility, including house-tree-person (HTP) projective drawings and the parental styles inventory. The present study aimed to explore the data collected during the psychological evaluation of youngsters diagnosed with gender incongruence, relating the HTP projective drawing technique to parental styles and gender trajectories. The results indicate two key points. One evidenced that parental styles could be either preventive or risk components in maintaining adequate socialization in these young people but not in affecting the level of gender dysphoria. The other was that coherence is introduced in the person's perception of his or her projected self-image and his or her expressed gender as he/she becomes more comfortable in expressing his/her gender identity. Treating youngsters inherently brings ethical issues to clinical practice. Thus, global psychological evaluation tailored to this population is a fundamental resource that the psychology professional can use in consultations with youngsters because this tool brings a global understanding about the natural development cycle, facilitating the formulation of therapeutic conducts and exchanges within interdisciplinary transgender health care teams.

Estilos parentais como fator de proteção ou risco ao consumo de álcool

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os estilos parentais (autoritativo, autoritário, negligente e indulgente) como fator de proteção ou risco ao consumo de álcool em estudantes de uma universidade pública localizada no estado XX, Brasil. Participaram do estudo 392 universitários com idade entre 18 e 58 anos (M = 23, 23; DP = 5,78), a maioria do sexo feminino (70,7%), solteiros (58,4%), que responderam ao Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a Escala de Responsividade e Exigência e a questões sociodemográficas. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e análise multivariada de variância (MANOVA). Os resultados da MANOVA indicaram, de modo geral, os estilos de socialização parental autoritativo e indulgente como fatores de proteção ao consumo de álcool; enquanto a parentalidade autoritária e negligente constituíram risco ao uso da substância. Os dados da contribuição de cada estilo parental no consumo de bebidas etílicas favorece o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção, além de permitir identificar o impacto das práticas parentais na educação dos filhos, promovendo comportamentos mais saudáveis e adaptativos.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los estilos parentales (autoritativo, autoritario, negligente e indulgente) como un factor de protección o de riesgo para el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de una universidad pública ubicada en el estado XX, Brasil. Participaron 392 estudiantes universitarios de 18 a 58 años (M = 23, 23; SD = 5.78), en su mayoría mujeres (70.7%), solteros (58.4%), los cuales respondieron el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), la Escala de Responsividad y Exigencia, y las cuestiones sociodemográficas. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y análisis multivariante de la varianza (MANOVA). Los resultados de MANOVA indicaron, en general, los estilos de socialización parental autoritativos e indulgentes como factores de protección para el consumo de alcohol; mientras que la parentalidad autoritaria y negligente constituyeron un riesgo para el uso de sustancias. Los datos sobre la contribución de cada estilo parental al consumo de bebidas etílicas favorecen el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención, además de permitir la identificación del impacto de las prácticas parentales en la educación de los hijos, promoviendo comportamientos más saludables y más adaptativos.

This research aimed to analyze parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful) as a protective factor or risk alcohol consumption in students of a public university in the state XX, Brazil. The study included 392 university aged 18 to 58 years (M = 23, 23; SD = 5.78), most females (70.7%), single (58.4%), who answered the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Responsiveness and Requirement Scale, and sociodemographic questions. Descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed. MANOVA results generally indicated authoritative and indulgent parental socialization styles as protective factors for alcohol consumption; while the authoritarian and neglectful parenting constituted risk of substance use. The data of the contribution of each parental style in the consumption of beverages ethylic favoring the development of prevention strategies, and allows identify of the impact of parenting practices in the education of children by promoting healthier behaviors and adaptive.

Association between perceived parental style and depressive symptoms among adolescents in Hulu Langat District, Malaysia.

Depression among adolescents is increasing and worrying because of its morbidity and mortality from suicide. It has been found to be associated with negative parental styles. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived negative parental styles and depressive symptoms among adolescents in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 1769 secondary school students by using a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by using a set of validated, pre-tested and standardized questionnaires which included the Measures of Parental styles (MOPS) and modified Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 12 (DASS-12) for adolescents. Data were analyzed by using the chi-square test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and independent t-tests. Out of 1800, 1769 completed the questionnaire giving a response rate of 98.3%. The prevalence of severe depressive symptoms was about 14% while 18.0% and 36.1% of respondents have moderate and mild depressive symptoms, respectively. There were significantly moderate and positive correlations between perceived indifferent parents (Father: r = 0.367; Mother: r = 0.340, p < 0.05), perceived abusive parents (Father: r = 0.338; Mother: r = 0.331, p < 0.05) and depressive symptoms among the respondents. While perceived over control parents shows a significantly positive but weak correlation (Father: r = 0.206; Mother: r = 0.244, p < 0.05) with depressive symptoms among respondents. All types of parental styles in this study were significantly different among respondents with different categories of depressive symptoms (p < 0.008). Perceived negative parental styles have significant influence on adolescents' depressive symptoms. Intervention on modifying parental style is needed to reduce depressive symptoms.

Relações entre estilos parentais atuais e vivências de apego na infância: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Relationships between current parenting styles and attachment experiences in childhood: a narrative literature review

Existem estudos que relacionam estilos parentais e o apego desenvolvido na infância dos cuidadores, bem como, estudos que buscam entender os efeitos da transgeracionalidade na parentalidade. Entretanto, há poucas revisões que se debruçam nos dados nacionais que avaliem essas relações. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a relação entre apego da infância dos pais e os estilos parentais com seus filhos. Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura do tipo narrativa para investigação da temática. Foram selecionados, para a análise de dados cinco artigos que tratavam sobre o tema. Os resultados revelaram que há poucos estudos nacionais sobre a temática. Também foi possível notar nos estudos a importância da transgeracionalidade nos comportamentos parentais.

There are studies that relate parenting styles and attachment developed in caregivers' childhood, as well as studies that seek to understand the effects of transgenerationality on parenting. However, there are few reviews that focus on national data that assess this relationship. The purpose of this article is to verify the relationship between parents' childhood attachment and parenting styles with their children. A narrative-type literature review was carried out to investigate the theme. Five articles were selected for data analysis on the topic. The results revealed that there are few national studies on the subject. It was also possible to note in the studies the importance of transgenerationality in parental behaviors.

Estilos parentais, coparentalidade eproblemas de comportamento em crianças com autismo: estudo correlacional / Parenting styles, coparenting and behavior problems in children with autism: a correlational study / Estilos de crianza, coparentalidad y problemas de conducta en niños con autismo: un estudio correlacional

Resumo Esta pesquisa leve como principal objetivo verificar as relações entre os estilos parentais predominantes, as dimensões da coparentalidade e os problemas de comportamento em crianças com transtomo do espectro autista (TEA). Caracterizou-se como de caráter exploratório, descritivo e correlacionai, da qual participaram pais (n=45) e mães (n=45) de crianças diagnosticadas com TEA com média de idade de 59 meses. Os dados foram coletados no Centro Especializado em Reabilitação Física e Intelectual, no Sul do Brasil. Primeiramente, foi aplicado um questionário socio demográfico e. posteriormente, aplicaram-se. com cada membro do casal, os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário de Dimensões dos Estilos Parentais, Escala da Relação Coparental e Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades. Por meio de análises estatísticas de correlação, constatou-se que os estilos parentais permissivo e autoritário foram associados a uma relação coparental negativa com pouco apoio do(a) companheiro (a), exposição a conflitos e boicote das funções parentais. Além disso, esse tipo relação coparental teve relação positiva com problemas de comportamento da criança com TEA. Esta pesquisa avança no conhecimento dos estudos no campo da parentalidade por evidenciar a relação bidirecional do comportamento da criança com TEA e os subsistemas parental e coparental. Contudo, os resultados não podem ser generalizados para todas as familias de crianças com TEA, devido à limitação do número da amostra e aos instrumentos e análises empregados.

Abstract This research had as main objective to verify the relationships between the predominant parenting styles, the dimensions of coparenting and the behavior problems in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This investigation is characterized as exploratory, descriptive and correlational. Fathers (n=45) and mothers (n=45) of children diagnosed with ASD, with a mean age of 59 months, participated. Data were collected at the Specialized Center for Physical and Intellectual Rehabilitation in southern Brazil. First, a sociodemographic questionnaire was applied and then the following instruments were applied to each member of the couple: Questionnaire on Dimensions of Parenting Styles, Coparental Relationship Scale and Capacity and Difficulties Questionnaire. Through statistical correlation analyzes, it was found that the permissive and authoritarian parenting styles were associated with a negative coparental relationship with little partner support, exposure to conflicts and a boycott of parental functions. In addition, this type of coparental relationship had a positive relationship with behavioral problems of children with ASD. This research advances the knowledge of studies in the field of parenting by highlighting the bidirectional relationship between the behavior of children with ASD and the parental and coparental subsystems. However, the results cannot be generalized to all families of children with ASD, due to the limited sample size, instruments and analyzes used.

Resumen Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal verificar las relaciones entre los estilos de crianza predominantes, las dimensiones de la coparentalidad y los problemas de conducta de los niños con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Es de tipo exploratorio, descriptivo y correlacional, en la que participaron padres (n=45) y madres (n=45) de niños diagnosticados con TEA, con una edad media de 59 meses. Los datos fueron recolectados en el Centro Especializado de Rehabilitación Física e Intelectual en el sur de Brasil. Primero, se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y luego se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos a cada miembro de la pareja: Cuestionario sobre las Dimensiones de los Estilos de Crianza, Escala de Relación Coparental y Cuestionario de Capacidad y Dificultades. A través de análisis de correlación estadística, se descubrió que los estilos de crianza permisivos y autoritarios se asociaron con una relación coparental negativa con poco apoyo de la pareja, exposición a conflictos y un boicot a las funciones parentales. Además, este tipo de relación coparental tuvo una relación positiva con los problemas de conducta de los niños con TEA. Esta investigación avanza el conocimiento de estudios en el campo de la crianza de los hijos al destacar la relación bidireccional entre el comportamiento de los niños con TEA y los subsistemas parental y coparental. Sin embargo, los resultados no pueden generalizarse a todas las familias de niños con TEA, debido al tamaño limitado de la muestra y a los instrumentos y análisis utilizados.

Influence of attitudes, impulsivity, and parental styles in adolescents' externalizing behavior.

Diverse works have associated externalizing problem behavior with impulsivity, parental styles, and attitudes toward violence. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between these variables and externalizing behavior. A cross-sectional correlational design was used with a sample of 252 adolescents, aged between 12 and 15 years, from the general population. The results obtained indicate a significant association of externalization with high impulsivity, ingrained attitudes toward violence, and inconsistent parental styles, as well as gender and age differences. These results are discussed in relation with the influence of gender stereotypes and their implications in the development of attitudes toward violence.

Abuso y abandono infantil y estilo parental dominante en relación con las experiencias paranormales en la adultez / Negative childhood experiences, parental styles and resilience among people who report paranormal experiences

Resumen El trauma infantil puede conducir al desarrollo de una personalidad propensa a la fantasía y, luego, desarrollar creencias y experiencias paranormales como estrategia de afrontamiento a la ansiedad durante la vida adulta. Se administró la Encuesta de Experiencias Paranormales, el Cuestionario de Experiencias Negativas en la Niñez, y la Escala de Estilos Parentales a una muestra compuesta por 644 individuos Los resultados indican alta frecuencia de experiencias tales como sensación de presencia (58 %), sueños premonitorios (56 %), telepatía (41 %), experiencias místicas (40 %), apariciones (38 %) y experiencia fuera del cuerpo (25 %). Además, se plantearon dos hipótesis: (H1) en la que se encontraría una relación positiva y significativa entre las experiencias negativas en la niñez (abuso y abandono) y la frecuencia de experiencias paranormales en la vida adulta, lo cual se confirmó (rs = .27, Sig. < .001), con correlaciones fuertes para experiencias tales como sensación de presencia (rs = .23) y apariciones (rs = .19); y (H2) que muestra a individuos que reportan mayor frecuencia de experiencias paranormales y tenderían a mostrar un estilo parental más autoritario en comparación con un estilo parental negligente, sobreprotector, permisivo y autoritativo, lo cual se confirmó para madre: χ2 = 18.24, p < .001, en comparación con un estilo parental negligente, sobreprotector, autoritario y autoritativo. Una posible interpretación es que los eventos traumáticos en la niñez son no solo la fuente para la emergencia de las experiencias paranormales, sino un estilo parental autoritario que contribuye a reforzar el modo en que se procesan cognitiva y emocionalmente tales experiencias negativas.

Abstract Child trauma can lead to the development of a personality fantasy prone and life, to develop paranormal beliefs and experiences as a strategy to cope with anxiety during adulthood. In other words, beliefs and paranormal experiences can be a system of representations that allow us to give sense and meaning to control trauma anxiety, and in general an illusion of control over future disturbing events. There are relatively few studies examining the parental style and paranormal experiences/beliefs, therefore, the aim of this study is to measure the dominant parental style of those who have experienced paranormal events and their correlate with negative events in childhood. The Survey of Paranormal Experiences, the Survey of Negative Experiences in Children, and the Scale of Parental Styles were administered to a sample of 644 individuals of both sexes 28 % males and 72 % females (Mean = 28.13 years) in a simple intentional non-probabilistic sampled technique. The results showed high frequency of experiences such as Sense of presence (58 %), Premonitory dreams (56 %), Telepathy (41 %), Mystical experiences (40 %), Apparitions (38 %), and Out-of-Body experiences (25 %). The results confirmed hypotheses which predict (H1) a positive and significant relationship will be found between negative experiences in childhood and the frequency of paranormal experiences in adult life which was confirmed (rs = .27, p < .001); and (H2) individuals who reported a higher frequency of paranormal experiences showed a more Authoritarian parenting style compared to a Negligent, Overprotective, Permissive and Authoritative parenting style, which was confirmed for Mother χ2 = 18.24, p < .001, but not for Father, who showed a more Permissive style χ2 = 8.11, p < .001 compared to a negligent, overprotective, authoritarian and authoritative parenting style. The results here support, in part, the idea that adult paranormality is an adaptive mechanism that helps individuals cope with an absence of control in childhood. For example, when the parents do not meet the physical, psychological, and/or emotional needs of the child, who ends up being explicitly insulted, ridiculed, shouted at, emotionally manipulated, or unfairly blamed by parents- One possible interpretation is that traumatic events in childhood are not only the source for the emergence of other paranormal experiences but a permissive and negligent parental style helps to reinforce the way in which these negative experiences are processed cognitive and emotionally. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life, can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of the paranormal experience. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life, can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of the paranormal experience. Consequently, the behavior of the parents is an easily available model that children imitate involuntarily. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of paranormal experiences and, to some extent, its cognitive adaptation. In this way, internalization can be a much more active process by which parents strive to inculcate their own beliefs in their children, which may involve an explicit program of instruction and positive encouragement but sometimes a degree of coercion and punishment for their breach as well. Therefore, through the process of internalization, the parents' beliefs can be assimilated into the children's own frame of reference and their anomalous experiences. Parents showed a more permissive parenting style, characterized by greater receptivity than demand, that is, parents are more lenient and tended to give in to the demands of their children and give them support, this parenting style significantly favored such paranormal experiences as sense of presence and "seeing" ghosts.

Anxiety Sensitivity: An Examination of the Relationship With Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive Parental Styles.

A substantial literature has investigated the role of parenting on a child's development. Several classifications of parenting styles (i.e., permissive, authoritarian, authoritative) have been linked to a wide range of negative outcomes such as mood and anxiety problems; however, their respective associations to anxiety sensitivity (AS) remain unclear. Using a nonclinical sample of young adults (N = 227), this study is the first to empirically investigate whether parenting styles were differentially associated with AS, controlling for general depression and anxiety symptoms. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that authoritarian and permissive styles were associated with elevated AS. Permissive parenting was associated with the AS physical subfactor, whereas authoritarian parenting was associated with the AS social subfactor. Moreover, AS was found to mediate the relationship between specific parental styles and anxiety symptoms as well as depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that AS may mediate the relationship between parenting styles and negative psychological outcomes.

The Impact of Parental Styles on the Development of Psychological Complaints.

The main aim of the present study was to test Rogers' theory, stating that parental styles characterized by unconditional positive regard (UPR) promote healthier adults than parental styles characterized by conditional regard (CR). For both caregivers CR was found to be associated with significantly higher scores on psychological complaints than UPR (on nearly all SCL-90 scales and the SCL-total score), even when controlling for gender. Although lack of emotional warmth by the father and harsh discipline by the mother were significant predictors of SCL-90-Total (indicating state neuroticism) it should be noted that both variables only explained a small amount of the total variance. Empirical evidence was found for Rogers' theory. Others factors than merely emotional warmth and discipline play a role in the etiology of state neuroticism. For future research it is therefore recommended to include other factors, such as daily worries, temperament, and alexithymia.

Inventário de estilos parentais de Young: validação em crianças paraibanas / Inventory of parenting styles of Young: validation on childrens from Paraíba

A família é a instituição responsável pelo processo de socialização primária das crianças, especificamente os genitores efetuam a mediação entre os primeiros contatos da criança e o mundo externo, com diferentes maneiras de trocas intersubjetivas primordiais para o desenvolvimento. Nas últimas décadas, observa-se o crescimento de estudos sobre a família e sua influência no desenvolvimento normal e patológico da criança e do adolescente, mas nenhum modelo clínico de compreensão dos estilos parentais foi proposto anteriormente. Jeffrey Young, como pioneiro nos estudos voltados à Terapia Focada nos Esquemas, desenvolveu o Inventário de Estilos Parentais de Young (IEP). O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi de adaptar e analisar se o IEP apresenta validade psicométrica para aplicação com crianças paraibanas, inicialmente e especificamente na escala relacionada aos domínios esquemáticos maternos. Para o estudo empírico, contou-se com a participação de 646 crianças, do ensino fundamental, com idades entre 8 a 12 anos. Os dados foram coletados em 6 cidades da Paraíba. Todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,3. Para a escala materna o índice KMO=0,900 e x²=7693,140 p<0,000 e o percentual de variância cumulativa foi 42%. A versão final para a escala materna foi composta pelos fatores: (I) Desconexão e Rejeição (0,864); (II) Limites Prejudicados e Inibição (0,804); (III) Hipervigilância (0,74); (IV) Orientação para o outro (0,74); (V) Superproteção e Autonomia Prejudicados (0,67). Conclui-se que a versão adaptada para crianças, na escala materna apresenta parâmetros psicométricos adequados. Ademais sugere-se a continuação dos estudos para validação da escala paterna.

The family is the institution responsible for the process of primary socialization of children, specifically the parents mediate between the child's first contacts and the external world, with different ways of intersubjective exchanges primordial for development. In the last decades, the growth of studies about family and their influence on the normal and pathological development of the child and the adolescent has been observed, but no clinical model of understanding the parental styles has been proposed previously. Jeffrey Young, as a pioneer in studies focused on Scheme-Focused Therapy, developed Young's Parenting Styles Inventory (IEP). The objective of this research was to adapt and analyze if the IEP has psychometric validity for application with children from Paraiba, initially and specifically in the scale related to maternal schematic domains. For the empirical study, we counted on the participation of 646 children, of primary education, between 8 and 12 years old. The data were collected in 6 cities of Paraíba. All items had factorial loads above 0.3. For the maternal scale, the KMO index = 0.900 and x² = 7693.140 p <0.000 and the cumulative variance percentage was 42%. The final version for the maternal scale was composed by the following factors: (I) Disconnection and Rejection (0.864); (II) Impaired Limits and Inhibition (0.804); (III) Hypervigilance (0.74); (IV) Guidance for the other (0.74); (V) Overprotected and Autonomy Impaired (0.67). It is concluded that the adapted version for children, on the maternal scale, presents adequate psychometric parameters. In addition, it is suggested the continuation of the studies for validation of the paternal scale.

Empatia e práticas parentais: a importância dos pais se colocarem no lugar dos filhos / Empathy and parental practices: the importance of parents putting themselves in their children's shoes

A empatia está ligada à aproximação afetiva, menor utilização de comportamentos agressivos e melhores condições de saúde mental, apontada de forma positiva às práticas parentais (PP). Objetivou-se identificar a associação entre empatia dos pais e as PP utilizadas pelos mesmos na educação dos filhos, em 231 pais e mães de diversos estados brasileiros. Responderam online, ao Questionário Sociodemográfico, à Escala de Práticas Parentais (EPP) e Inventário de Empatia (IE). Os resultados mostraram que a tomada de perspectiva esteve associada com o apoio emocional, incentivo à autonomia, intrusividade e supervisão do comportamento; a sensibilidade afetiva associou-se com o apoio emocional e supervisão do comportamento. Entretanto, flexibilidade interpessoal se correlacionou negativamente com todos os fatores da EPP e, também, com a escala total. Os resultados demonstram que baixos escores no IE, principalmente relacionada à regulação emocional dos pais, indicam que os mesmos se veem menos engajados em PP saudáveis.

Empathy is connected to affective approach, fewer aggressive behaviors and better mental health conditions. The aim was to identify an association between empathy in both parents and their parental practices in their children's education, in 231 fathers and mothers from several Brazilian states. Participants responded online to a sociodemographic questionnaire, to the Parental Practices and Styles Scale (PPSS), and to the Empathy Inventory (EI). The results showed that perspective taking was associated with emotional support, autonomy incentive, intrusiviness and behavioral supervision. Likewise, affective sensibility was associated with emotional support and behavioral supervision. However, interpersonal flexibility was negatively correlated with each of the PPSS factors and, also, with the total scale. The results show that low scores on EI and on factors related to parents emotional regulation indicates that parents see themselves less engaged in healthy PP.