Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Related Iatrogenic Fistula in Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Iatrogenic coronary artery fistula (CAF) can occur following acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures, and heart surgery. Iatrogenic CAF linked to PCI has a low incidence rate. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial when an iatrogenic fistula develops, as it may lead to cardiac tamponade, myocardial infarction, or death. In this report, we present a case of iatrogenic CAF secondary to coronary perforation caused by guidewire-induced trauma, followed by stent implantation and balloon inflation in the context of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). It was successfully managed through prolonged balloon inflation within the previously implanted stent just prior to the rupture zone.

An Investigation of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study From Pakistan.

Background and objective Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is a complication observed among individuals undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It is characterized by an elevation in serum creatinine (SCr) levels >0.5 mg/dl or a 50% relative increase in SCr from the baseline value following exposure to contrast within a 48- to 72-hour timeframe, in the absence of any alternative causes for acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aimed to assess the incidence of CIAKI in patients following PCI. Methods This prospective study was conducted from July to December 2022, after obtaining ethical approval from the institutional ethics committee (reference no: 147/LRH/MTI). A total of 159 consecutive patients who met the selection criteria were enrolled. A detailed patient and family history was obtained, and a thorough physical examination was conducted. Baseline tests, including SCr, were performed, with SCr repeated 72 hours post-PCI. All investigations were performed in the affiliated hospital's main laboratory and conducted by the same biochemist. Results The study included 159 patients presenting with myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or ischemic features on EKG, exercise tolerance test (ETT), or echocardiogram and underwent PCI. The patients had a mean age of 51 ± 9 years, baseline SCr of 0.77 ± 0.41 mg/dl, SCr 72 hours post-procedure of 0.83 ± 0.41 mg/dl, and an average contrast volume of 128.6 ± 63 ml; 87 (55%) patients were male, and 72 (45%) were female. CIAKI was observed in 15 (9.4%) patients. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most prevalent comorbidities. Male gender, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension had a clinically significant association with the development of CIAKI (p<0.05). ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was the predominant clinical presentation in 81 (50.9%) cases. Conclusions This study examines the frequency, risk factors, and associations of CIAKI following PCI at a tertiary care hospital in a low-middle-income country. We believe our findings provide future directions for identifying and minimizing the risk of CIAKI in this patient population.

Snaring Technique for Removal of Entrapped Coronary Guidewire in the Left Anterior Descending Artery.

A 68-year-old female underwent coronary angiogram which was complicated by guidewire entrapment in a deployed left anterior descending (LAD) artery stent that extended into the aorta. Snare loop technique was utilized to retrieve the entrapped guidewire and LAD stent with successful deployment of a new stent. Snaring technique is a unique method for percutaneous extraction and can be utilized with whole stent removal along with the guidewire. This technique, as outlined in our case, can be a safe and effective approach.

Catheter-induced coronary artery and aortic dissections. A study of the mechanisms, risk factors, and propagation causes.

BACKGROUND: Only the incidence, management, and prognosis of catheter-induced coronary artery and aortic dissections have been systematically studied until now. We sought to evaluate their mechanisms, risk factors, and propagation causes. METHODS: Electronic databases containing 76,104 procedures and complication registries from 2000-2020 were searched and relevant cineangiographic studies adjudicated. RESULTS: Ninety-six dissections were identified. The overall incidence was 0.126%, and 0.021% for aortic injuries. The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.2%, and 6.25% for aortic dissections. Compared to the non-complicated population, patients with dissection were more often female (48% vs. 34%, p = 0.004), with a higher prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension (56% vs. 25%, p < 0.001) or chronic kidney disease (10% vs. 4%, p = 0.002). They more frequently presented with acute myocardial infarction (72% vs. 43%, p < 0.001), underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (85% vs. 39%, p < 0.001), and were examined with a radial approach (77% vs. 65%, p = 0.011). The most prevalent predisposing factor was small ostium diameter and/or atheroma. Deep intubation for support, catheter malalignment, and vessel prodding were the most frequent precipitating factors. Of the three dissection mechanisms, 'wedged contrast injection' was the commonest (the exclusive mechanism of aortic dissections). The propagation rate was 30.2% and led to doubling of coronary occlusions and aortic extensions. The most frequent progression triggers were repeat injections and unchanged catheter. In 94% of cases, dissections were inflicted by high-volume operators, with ≥ 5-year experience in 84% of procedures. The annual dissection rate increased over a 21-year timespan. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter-induced dissection rarely came unheralded and typically occurred during urgent interventions performed in high-risk patients by experienced operators.

Endovascular Management of a Large Femoral Pseudoaneurysm: A Case Report and Literary Review.

Femoral artery pseudoaneurysms have an increased incidence over the past few years due to the rise in percutaneous catheterization and so have the potential treatment options. Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection has been strongly studied, and data have shown its efficacy, safety, and superiority to ultrasound-guided compression therapy as well as open surgical repair; however, a less well-studied approach that appears to be burgeoning is endovascular stent repair. Many small studies and case reports have shown this option to be not only effective but also safe and might be the treatment option of choice in patients who are deemed high risk for surgical intervention or with complicated anatomical considerations at the site of injury. In this case report, we describe a 71-year-old man with an expanding right groin hematoma which was discovered to be a right superficial femoral artery pseudoaneurysm with a venous fistula connection to the common femoral vein. Due to the patient's venous fistula component, high surgical risk from substantial comorbidities, and large pseudoaneurysm size with a wide pseudoaneurysm neck, thrombin injection, compression therapy, and open surgical repair were ruled out as potential treatments; therefore, endovascular stent repair was performed. The procedure was successful, as was the patient's postoperative period. This case report and literary review can support and further validate the usage of endovascular stent repair to treat femoral artery pseudoaneurysms.

Intramyocardial Haematoma Complicating Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Intramyocardial haematoma is a rare complication of chronic total occlusion intervention. We present five cases complicated by intramyocardial haematomas highlighting the presentation, mechanisms and management techniques employed followed by a discussion of the relevant literature. SUMMARY FOR THE ANNOTATED TABLE OF CONTENTS: Case series of intramyocardial haematoma complicating chronic coronary total occlusion PCI, with review of risk factors, recognition and management of this complication.

Innovative Guide Extension Catheter Trapping Technique to Retrieve a Lost Stent From a Coronary Artery.

A stent that was being implanted in the left circumflex artery, to treat an iatrogenic dissection, became dislodged at the ostial left circumflex artery on a previously deployed stent implanted for the treatment of a distal left main bifurcation stenosis. We describe here a novel technique to retrieve the device safely. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Inadvertent Septal Ablation During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

We present a case of inadvertent occlusion of a septal artery from being jailed during percutaneous coronary intervention of left anterior descending artery. This resulted in partial loss of the interventricular septum. Risks of side branch occlusion and bifurcation stenting are discussed.

Feasibility of single catheter intervention for multivessel coronary artery disease using transradial approach.

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the feasibility of single catheter intervention using the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: The transradial approach for PCIs has fewer vascular events and complications and lower mortality rate. However, complications can result from forearm artery tortuosity, a longer learning curve and artery spasm that can complicate, delay and impede coronary artery interventions. The latter is usually exacerbated by the changing and manipulation of catheters. Methods: We performed a study using a single catheter on patients undergoing coronary assessment and treatment. Procedural outcomes including success, procedural time, bleeding, access site complications, and contrast used were all analyzed. Results: We included 327 patients, of whom 70% were male. The mean age was 63.3 ± 11.1 years, mean height was 165.9 ± 7.7 cm, mean weight was 73.3 ± 11.3 kg, and mean body index was 26.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2. Contrast use averaged 158.5 ± 60.5 ml. Three vessels were treated in 3% of all cases, two vessels in 32%, and one vessel in 65%. Procedural success was achieved in 94.5% of the cases. A second catheter was required in 9 cases (2.7%), and crossover to the femoral approach was performed in 9 cases (2.7%) due to a lack of support, artery spasm, difficult anatomy, or the need for a larger catheter. Three complications were related to access, including a Class 2 hematoma that was treated conservatively with no further complications. Conclusions: Our study showed that using a single catheter to perform both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has a higher success rate, lower spasm incidence, and fewer complications than reported in literature.

Objetivo: Describir la factibilidad del uso de un solo catéter en el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo por vía transradial. Antecedentes: El abordaje transradial en las intervenciones coronarias ha mostrado menores eventos cardiovasculares y complicaciones, y menor mortalidad. Sin embargo, algunos eventos adversos pueden resultar por trotuosidad de las arterias del brazo, curva de aprendizaje más larga o espasmo arterial que puede complicar, retardar o impedir la intervención coronaria. Ésta última es usualmente exacerbada por el intercambio de catéterres o la manipulación de los mismos. Métodos: Realizamos un studio utilizando un solo catéter en pacientes sometidos a coronariografía e intervención coronaria. Los desenlaces del procedimiento incluyendo éxito, tiempo de procedimiento, sangrado, complicaciones en el sitio de acceso y uso de medio de contraste fueron analizados. Resultados: Incluimos 327 pacientes, 70% de los cuales fueron varones. La edad promedio fue de 63.3 ± 11.1 años, la estatura promedio fue de 165.9 ± 7.7 cm, peso promedio de 73.3 ± 11.3 kg y el índice de masa corporal promedio de 26.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2. El contraste utilizado promedio fue 158.5 ± 60.5 ml. El total de vasos tratados fue de tres en 3% de los casos, dos en 32% de los casos y uno en 65%. El éxito del procedimiento fue logrado en 94.5% de los pacientes No obstante, un Segundo catéter fue requerido en 9 intervenciones (2.7%), y cambio en la vía de acceso fue realizado en 9 casos (2.7%) por falta de apoyo, espasmo arterial, anatomía dificil o necesidad de un catéter de mayor lumen. Tres complicaciones asociadas al sitio de acceso incluyendo un hematoma clase 2 fueron registradas el cual se trató conservadoramente. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio mostró que el uso de un catéter único para realizar tanto procedimientos diagnósticos como terapéuticos tiene una tasa de éxito mayor, con menor incidencia de espasmo y complicaciones reportadas en la literatura.

Feasibility of single catheter intervention for multivessel coronary artery disease using transradial approach.

Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the feasibility of single catheter intervention using the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: The transradial approach for PCIs has fewer vascular events and complications and lower mortality rate. However, complications can result from forearm artery tortuosity, a longer learning curve and artery spasm that can complicate, delay and impede coronary artery interventions. The latter is usually exacerbated by the changing and manipulation of catheters. Methods: We performed a study using a single catheter on patients undergoing coronary assessment and treatment. Procedural outcomes including success, procedural time, bleeding, access site complications, and contrast used were all analyzed. Results: We included 327 patients, of whom 70% were male. The mean age was 63.3 ± 11.1 years, mean height was 165.9 ± 7.7 cm, mean weight was 73.3 ± 11.3 kg, and mean body index was 26.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2. Contrast use averaged 158.5 ± 60.5 ml. Three vessels were treated in 3% of all cases, two vessels in 32%, and one vessel in 65%. Procedural success was achieved in 94.5% of the cases. A second catheter was required in 9 cases (2.7%), and crossover to the femoral approach was performed in 9 cases (2.7%) due to a lack of support, artery spasm, difficult anatomy, or the need for a larger catheter. Three complications were related to access, including a Class 2 hematoma that was treated conservatively with no further complications. Conclusions: Our study showed that using a single catheter to perform both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has a higher success rate, lower spasm incidence, and fewer complications than reported in literature.

Objetivo: Describir la factibilidad del uso de un solo catéter en el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo por vía transradial. Antecedentes: El abordaje transradial en las intervenciones coronarias ha mostrado menores eventos cardiovasculares y complicaciones, y menor mortalidad. Sin embargo, algunos eventos adversos pueden resultar por trotuosidad de las arterias del brazo, curva de aprendizaje más larga o espasmo arterial que puede complicar, retardar o impedir la intervención coronaria. Ésta última es usualmente exacerbada por el intercambio de catéterres o la manipulación de los mismos. Métodos: Realizamos un studio utilizando un solo catéter en pacientes sometidos a coronariografía e intervención coronaria. Los desenlaces del procedimiento incluyendo éxito, tiempo de procedimiento, sangrado, complicaciones en el sitio de acceso y uso de medio de contraste fueron analizados. Resultados: Incluimos 327 pacientes, 70% de los cuales fueron varones. La edad promedio fue de 63.3 ± 11.1 años, la estatura promedio fue de 165.9 ± 7.7 cm, peso promedio de 73.3 ± 11.3 kg y el índice de masa corporal promedio de 26.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2. El contraste utilizado promedio fue 158.5 ± 60.5 ml. El total de vasos tratados fue de tres en 3% de los casos, dos en 32% de los casos y uno en 65%. El éxito del procedimiento fue logrado en 94.5% de los pacientes No obstante, un Segundo catéter fue requerido en 9 intervenciones (2.7%), y cambio en la vía de acceso fue realizado en 9 casos (2.7%) por falta de apoyo, espasmo arterial, anatomía dificil o necesidad de un catéter de mayor lumen. Tres complicaciones asociadas al sitio de acceso incluyendo un hematoma clase 2 fueron registradas el cual se trató conservadoramente. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio mostró que el uso de un catéter único para realizar tanto procedimientos diagnósticos como terapéuticos tiene una tasa de éxito mayor, con menor incidencia de espasmo y complicaciones reportadas en la literatura.

Common themes in patients requiring urgent cardiothoracic surgery after percutaneous coronary interventions: Case series and review of the literature.

Urgent cardiothoracic surgical intervention for the management of complications of percutaneous coronary intervention is uncommon in the stent era. Nonetheless, given increasing procedural complexity, in part reflecting an aging population, an ongoing hazard for urgent surgery remains. We sought to review the incidence and outcome of urgent cardiothoracic surgery in patients undergoing PCI in a contemporary cohort at a tertiary referral centre. The incidence of cardiothoracic intervention for PCI related complications was low at 0.1% over a ten-year period, with iatrogenic coronary artery and aortic root dissection unable to successfully managed percutaneously recurrent precipitants for surgical involvement. Procedural features associated with the need for urgent surgery are noted and methods to overcome such complications discussed.

Zotarolimus-eluting stent fracture at initial implantation diagnosed with StentBoost.

Stent fracture is a rare complication of drug-eluting stent implantation with a reported rate of 0.84%-3.2% in various clinical studies with first-generation drug-eluting stents and 29% in autopsy studies. Sirolimus-eluting stents with their closed cell design were reported to be more prone to fracture compared to paclitaxel-eluting stents. Other risk factors for stent fracture are multiple stenting, longer stent length, chronic renal failure, right coronary artery intervention, and a higher maximal inflation pressure. The role of angiography in diagnosing stent fracture is limited, a fact also questioning the reliability of angiographic data. Image enhancement techniques like StentBoost are widely available in new-generation angiography systems and are used to assess stent expansion, overlap size, or to localize the postdilation balloon. Here, we report a case of zotarolimus-eluting stent fracture at initial implantation diagnosed with StentBoost.

Delayed occurrence of radial artery pseudoaneurysm following transradial percutaneous coronary intervention.

Radial artery pseudoaneurysm is rare following transradial catheterization procedures. In this article, we report a 5-month delay in the occurrence of this vascular complication following the completion of transradial coronary intervention in a subject without any underlying vasculitis, representing the longest time lag thus far described. .

Feasibility of single catheter intervention for multivessel coronary artery disease using transradial approach / Viabilidad de la intervención con un solo catéter para la enfermedad de la arteria coronaria con múltiples vasos mediante abordaje transradial

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the feasibility of single catheter intervention using the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: The transradial approach for PCIs has fewer vascular events and complications and lower mortality rate. However, complications can result from forearm artery tortuosity, a longer learning curve and artery spasm that can complicate, delay and impede coronary artery interventions. The latter is usually exacerbated by the changing and manipulation of catheters. Methods: We performed a study using a single catheter on patients undergoing coronary assessment and treatment. Procedural outcomes including success, procedural time, bleeding, access site complications, and contrast used were all analyzed. Results: We included 327 patients, of whom 70% were male. The mean age was 63.3 ± 11.1 years, mean height was 165.9 ± 7.7 cm, mean weight was 73.3 ± 11.3 kg, and mean body index was 26.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2. Contrast use averaged 158.5 ± 60.5 ml. Three vessels were treated in 3% of all cases, two vessels in 32%, and one vessel in 65%. Procedural success was achieved in 94.5% of the cases. A second catheter was required in 9 cases (2.7%), and crossover to the femoral approach was performed in 9 cases (2.7%) due to a lack of support, artery spasm, difficult anatomy, or the need for a larger catheter. Three complications were related to access, including a Class 2 hematoma that was treated conservatively with no further complications. Conclusions: Our study showed that using a single catheter to perform both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has a higher success rate, lower spasm incidence, and fewer complications than reported in literature.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la factibilidad del uso de un solo catéter en el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo por vía transradial. Antecedentes: El abordaje transradial en las intervenciones coronarias ha mostrado menores eventos cardiovasculares y complicaciones, y menor mortalidad. Sin embargo, algunos eventos adversos pueden resultar por trotuosidad de las arterias del brazo, curva de aprendizaje más larga o espasmo arterial que puede complicar, retardar o impedir la intervención coronaria. Ésta última es usualmente exacerbada por el intercambio de catéteres o la manipulación de los mismos. Métodos: Realizamos un studio utilizando un solo catéter en pacientes sometidos a coronariografía e intervención coronaria. Los desenlaces del procedimiento incluyendo éxito, tiempo de procedimiento, sangrado, complicaciones en el sitio de acceso y uso de medio de contraste fueron analizados. Resultados: Incluimos 327 pacientes, 70% de los cuales fueron varones. La edad promedio fue de 63.3 ± 11.1 años, la estatura promedio fue de 165.9 ± 7.7 cm, peso promedio de 73.3 ± 11.3 kg y el índice de masa corporal promedio de 26.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2. El contraste utilizado promedio fue 158.5 ± 60.5 ml. El total de vasos tratados fue de tres en 3% de los casos, dos en 32% de los casos y uno en 65%. El éxito del procedimiento fue logrado en 94.5% de los pacientes No obstante, un Segundo catéter fue requerido en 9 intervenciones (2.7%), y cambio en la vía de acceso fue realizado en 9 casos (2.7%) por falta de apoyo, espasmo arterial, anatomía dificil o necesidad de un catéter de mayor lumen. Tres complicaciones asociadas al sitio de acceso incluyendo un hematoma clase 2 fueron registradas el cual se trató conservadoramente. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio mostró que el uso de un catéter único para realizar tanto procedimientos diagnósticos como terapéuticos tiene una tasa de éxito mayor, con menor incidencia de espasmo y complicaciones reportadas en la literatura.