[Evidence synthesis and recommendations: clinical practice guidelines on drug treatment for hypertension in pregnancySíntese de evidências e recomendações: diretrizes de prática clínica para o tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão arterial na gravidez]. / Síntesis de evidencia y recomendaciones: guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial en el embarazo.

Introduction: Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are a major cause of severe morbidity, long-term disability, and death. Appropriate pharmacological treatment is essential in the management of these disorders. Objectives: Synthesize the recommendations developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to improve the quality of care and health outcomes of adults with high blood pressure, and address aspects of how to implement these recommendations. Methods: A synthesis was conducted of WHO recommendations: drug treatment for severe hypertension in pregnancy and WHO recommendations: drug treatment for non-severe hypertension in pregnancy. The WHO recommendations follow the GRADE methodology (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) for the preparation of guidelines, as described in the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development. In addition, a systematic search for studies carried out in the Region of the Americas was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos, and gray literature to identify barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies. Results: Four recommendations were formulated for women with hypertensive disorders. Implementation barriers and facilitators were identified, and indicators were created to assess adherence and outcomes. Conclusions: The formulated recommendations provide guidance on how to approach drug treatment of hypertension in pregnancy, with considerations for implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Introdução: Os distúrbios hipertensivos na gravidez são uma das principais causas do alto índice de morbidade grave, morte e incapacidade de longo prazo. Um dos principais procedimentos para manejo desses distúrbios é o tratamento farmacológico adequado. Objetivos: Apresentar uma síntese das recomendações elaboradas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para melhorar a qualidade da atenção e dos desfechos de saúde em gestantes com distúrbios hipertensivos e abordar aspectos da implementação dessas recomendações. Métodos: Foi elaborado um resumo das recomendações feitas em duas diretrizes da OMS (uma para tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão grave na gestação e outra para tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão não grave na gestação). As diretrizes elaboradas pela OMS seguem os métodos de elaboração da Classificação de Análise, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Recomendações (GRADE, na sigla em inglês) do manual de elaboração de diretrizes da OMS. Além disso, foi realizada uma busca sistemática de estudos desenvolvidos na Região das Américas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Health Systems Evidence e Epistemonikos e na literatura cinzenta, a fim de identificar barreiras, facilitadores e estratégias de implementação, bem como indicadores. Resultados: Foram formuladas quatro recomendações para mulheres com distúrbios hipertensivos. Identificaram-se barreiras e facilitadores para a implementação e criaram-se indicadores de adesão e de resultados. Conclusões: As recomendações formuladas visam orientar a abordagem do tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão na gestação e incluem considerações de implementação na América Latina e no Caribe.

Markers of Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Pregnancy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the review is to summarize the unique cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors encountered during pregnancy and to provide the reader with a framework for acquiring a comprehensive obstetric history during the cardiovascular (CV) assessment of women. RECENT FINDINGS: Individuals with a history of pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes (GDM), preterm delivery, low birth weight, and fetal growth restriction during pregnancy are at a higher risk of developing short- and long-term CV complications compared to those without adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Women with a history of APOs can be at increased risk of CVD even after achieving normoglycemia and normal blood pressure control postpartum. Risk assessment and stratification in women must account for these APOs as recommended by the 2019 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guideline on the primary prevention of CVD. Early recognition, monitoring, and treatment of APOs are key to limiting CVD complications late in maternal life. Recognition of APOs as female-specific cardiovascular risk factors is critical for risk stratification for women and birthing persons. Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay between genetics, environmental, behavioral, and maternal vascular health, and the association between APOs and CVD risk.

[Synthesis of evidence and recommendations for the management of calcium supplementation before and during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and its complicationsSíntese de evidências e recomendações para o manejo da suplementação com cálcio antes e durante a gravidez para a prevenção da pré-eclâmpsia e de suas complicações]. / Síntesis de evidencia y recomendaciones para el manejo de la suplementación con calcio antes y durante el embarazo para la prevención de la preeclampsia y sus complicaciones.

INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in the world. Calcium supplementation has proven to prevent this disorder. It is therefore important to issue guidelines and recommendations on its use. OBJECTIVES: Synthesize the recommendations regarding preeclampsia developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) with a view to improving the quality of care and outcomes for the health of pregnant women and women of childbearing age in general, and address aspects of their implementation. METHODS: The guidelines prepared by WHO follow the GRADE method (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) for the preparation of guidelines in the WHO Manual for the Preparation of Directives. Two of the WHO guidelines were synthesized and a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos, and gray literature for studies carried out in the Region of the Americas in order to identify barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies, as well as to determine indicators. RESULTS: Two recommendations related to preeclampsia and eclampsia and their complications were formulated for implementation before and during pregnancy. Implementation barriers and facilitators were identified and indicators were created for assessing adherence and outcomes. CONCLUSION: The formulated recommendations aim to provide guidance on how to prevent preeclampsia through the consumption of calcium and include suggestions for implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean.

INTRODUÇÃO: A pré-eclâmpsia é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade materno-fetal no mundo. A suplementação com cálcio demonstrou prevenir esse transtorno e, portanto, é importante contar com guias que forneçam recomendações no que se refere ao seu uso. OBJETIVOS: Sintetizar as recomendações relacionadas à pré-eclâmpsia, desenvolvidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a fim de melhorar a qualidade do cuidado e dos desfechos de saúde das mulheres em idade reprodutiva e grávidas, e abordar aspectos sobre sua implementação. MÉTODOS: Os guias elaborados pela OMS seguem os métodos de elaboração dos guias GRADE (do inglês, Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation) do Manual para a elaboração de diretrizes da OMS. Foi realizada uma síntese das recomendações de dois guias da OMS. Além disso, foi realizada uma busca sistemática nas bases PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence e Epistemonikos e na literatura cinzenta de estudos conduzidos na Região das Américas para identificar barreiras, facilitadores e estratégias de implementação, bem como para definir indicadores. RESULTADOS: Foram formuladas duas recomendações relacionadas à pré-eclâmpsia, à eclâmpsia e a suas complicações para serem aplicadas antes e durante a gravidez. Foram identificadas barreiras e facilitadores para sua implementação e foram criados indicadores de adesão e resultado. CONCLUSÕES: As recomendações formuladas buscam oferecer orientações sobre como prevenir a pré-eclâmpsia por meio do consumo de cálcio, com considerações para sua implementação na América Latina e no Caribe.

Vitamin D status in mothers with pre-eclampsia and their infants: a case-control study from Serbia, a country without a vitamin D fortification policy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine if vitamin D intake and status are associated with pre-eclampsia in a country without a vitamin D fortification policy. DESIGN: A case-control study of pregnancies with (case) and without (control) pre-eclampsia was conducted from January to April when UVB is minimal. Maternal and cord blood obtained at delivery were measured for plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), 3-epimer of 25-OH-D3 (3-epi-25-OH-D3) and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-(OH)2D3) by LC-MS/MS and maternal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D). Differences between groups were tested with ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests (P<0·05). SETTING: Clinical Center of Serbia. SUBJECTS: Pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia (n 60) and their infants. RESULTS: Exogenous vitamin D intake (0·95-16·25 µg/d (38-650 IU/d)) was not significantly different between groups. Women with pre-eclampsia delivered infants at an earlier gestational age and had significantly lower mean total plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D; case: 11·2 (sd 5·1); control: 16·1 (sd 5·7) ng/ml; P=0·0006), 25-OH-D3 (case: 10·0 (sd 4·9); control: 14·2 (sd 5·8) ng/ml; P=0·002), 3-epi-25-OH-D3 (case: 0·5 (sd 0·2); control: 0·7 (sd 0·2) ng/ml; P=0·0007) and 1,25-(OH)2D (case: 56·5 (sd 26·6); control: 81·0 (sd 25·7) pg/ml; P=0·018), while 24,25-(OH)2D3 was not different between groups. Infants did not differ in total plasma 25-OH-D, 25-OH-D3, 3-epi-25-OH-D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3, but the mean proportion of 3-epi-25-OH-D3 was higher in the infant case group (case: 7·9 (sd 1·1); control: 7·0 (sd 1·4) % of total 25-OH-D3; P=0·005). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, as defined by plasma 25-OH-D<12 ng/ml, was observed in 47 % of all mothers and 77 % of all infants. These data underscore the need for prenatal vitamin D supplementation and a food fortification policy in Serbia.

Aspirin-Mediated Reset of Preeclamptic Placental Stem Cell Transcriptome - Implication for Stabilized Placental Function.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disease, occurring in ~ 2-10% of all pregnancies. PE is associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, hypertension, proteinuria, disrupted artery remodeling, placental ischemia and reperfusion, and inflammation. The mechanism of PE pathogenesis remains unresolved explaining limited treatment. Aspirin is used to reduce the risk of developing PE. This study investigated aspirin's effect on PE-derived placenta mesenchymal stem cells (P-MSCs). P-MSCs from chorionic membrane (CM), chorionic villi, membranes from the maternal and amniotic regions, and umbilical cord were similar in morphology, phenotype and multipotency. Since CM-derived P-MSCs could undergo long-term passages, the experimental studies were conducted with this source of P-MSCs. Aspirin (1 mM) induced significant functional and transcriptomic changes in PE-derived P-MSCs, similar to healthy P-MSCs. These include cell cycle quiescence, improved angiogenic pathways, and immune suppressor potential. The latter indicated that aspirin could induce an indirect program to mitigate PE-associated inflammation. As a mediator of activating the DNA repair program, aspirin increased p53, and upregulated genes within the basic excision repair pathway. The robust ability for P-MSCs to maintain its function with high dose aspirin contrasted bone marrow (M) MSCs, which differentiated with eventual senescence/aging with 100 fold less aspirin. This difference cautions how data from other MSC sources are extrapolated to evaluate PE pathogenesis. Dysfunction among P-MSCs in PE involves a network of multiple pathways that can be restored to an almost healthy functional P-MSC. The findings could lead to targeted treatment for PE.

The impact of low-dose aspirin on markers of inflammation and placental function: an ancillary study of the ASPIRIN trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of low-dose aspirin (81 mg) on markers of maternal inflammation and placental function. SETTING: Rural Southern India. POPULATION: Nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy dated by ultrasound who were enrolled in the ASPIRIN (Aspirin Supplementation for Pregnancy Indicated risk Reduction In Nulliparas) Trial. METHODS: We performed a case-control study to elucidate the impact of low dose aspirin (LDA) on markers of placental function and maternal inflammation among women who delivered prematurely compared to term controls in women enrolled in the ASPIRIN trial. Women were prospectively enrolled in an ancillary observational trial wherein maternal serum was collected and measured between 10 to 13 weeks and 17 to 21 weeks of gestation after initiation of aspirin or an identical placebo. RESULTS: From 2016-18 with a total of 666 n women enrolled in this ancillary trial of whom 269 were selected for analyte analysis. Women who received LDA had lower levels of Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP) at 10 to 13 weeks than women who received placebo (Placebo) (LDA 18.3 ng/mL vs 21.4 ng/mL -P 0.001). AFP was similar between the two groups at 17 to 21 weeks. No other differences were seen in C-Reactive protein or Anti-Mullerian Hormone. CONCLUSION: Low-dose aspirin administration lowers AFP early in pregnancy.

Evaluation of Placental VEGFA mRNA Expression in Preeclampsia: A Case Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our case-control study was to determine expression of VEGFA mRNA in placentae of preeclamsia (PE) versus uncomplicated pregnancy to further clarify its differential expression in pregnancy hypertensive disorders. STUDY DESIGN: The PE group was subdivided into severe and non-severe; those with or without HELLP syndrome and placental VEGFA characteristics were compared for these cohorts. Additionally, the neonatal and maternal outcomes were recorded. The quantification of placental VEGFA was done using quantitative real-time PCR and results were expressed as fold change. RESULTS: Out of 42 PE cases, 23 (55%) were non-severe and 19 cases (45%) were severe PE. Out of 19 severe PE patients, 8 (42%) were HELLP syndrome (complete HELLP) and remaining 11 (58%) were non-HELLP severe PE. Compared to controls, the true fold change in PE, HELLP, non-HELLP, severe PE, non-severe PE was - 2.186, - 13.333, - 6.698, - 8.950 and 1.466, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a lowered VEGFA expression in PE placentae compared to uncomplicated controls. The finding of initial increase of VEGFA in non-severe PE and subsequent marked lowering in HELLP strengthens the existing hypothesis of decompensated VEGF being a major role player in PE.

Síntesis de evidencia y recomendaciones: guías de práctica clínica para el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial en el embarazo / Evidence synthesis and recommendations: clinical practice guidelines on drug treatment for hypertension in pregnancy / Síntese de evidências e recomendações: diretrizes de prática clínica para o tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão arterial na gravidez

RESUMEN Introducción. Los trastornos hipertensivos durante el embarazo son una causa importante de morbilidad grave, muerte y discapacidad a largo plazo. El tratamiento farmacológico adecuado es uno de los pilares de la gestión de estos trastornos. Objetivos. Sintetizar las recomendaciones desarrolladas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) con el fin de mejorar la calidad del cuidado y los desenlaces en salud de las mujeres embarazadas con trastornos hipertensivos y abordar aspectos sobre su implementación. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis de las recomendaciones de dos guías de la OMS (Tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión severa en el embarazo y Tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión no severa en el embarazo). Las guías elaboradas por la OMS siguen los métodos de elaboración de las guías GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation) del Manual para el Desarrollo de Guías de la OMS. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos y literatura gris de estudios desarrollados en las Américas con el fin de identificar barreras, facilitadores y estrategias de implementación, así como para identificar indicadores. Resultados. Se formularon cuatro recomendaciones dirigidas a las mujeres con trastornos hipertensivos. Se identificaron barreras y facilitadores para la implementación, y se crearon indicadores de adherencia y resultado. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones formuladas buscan orientar sobre cómo enfocar el tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión en el embarazo, con consideraciones para su implementación en América Latina y el Caribe.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are a major cause of severe morbidity, long-term disability, and death. Appropriate pharmacological treatment is essential in the management of these disorders. Objectives. Synthesize the recommendations developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to improve the quality of care and health outcomes of adults with high blood pressure, and address aspects of how to implement these recommendations. Methods. A synthesis was conducted of WHO recommendations: drug treatment for severe hypertension in pregnancy and WHO recommendations: drug treatment for non-severe hypertension in pregnancy. The WHO recommendations follow the GRADE methodology (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) for the preparation of guidelines, as described in the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development. In addition, a systematic search for studies carried out in the Region of the Americas was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos, and gray literature to identify barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies. Results. Four recommendations were formulated for women with hypertensive disorders. Implementation barriers and facilitators were identified, and indicators were created to assess adherence and outcomes. Conclusions. The formulated recommendations provide guidance on how to approach drug treatment of hypertension in pregnancy, with considerations for implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean.

RESUMO Introdução. Os distúrbios hipertensivos na gravidez são uma das principais causas do alto índice de morbidade grave, morte e incapacidade de longo prazo. Um dos principais procedimentos para manejo desses distúrbios é o tratamento farmacológico adequado. Objetivos. Apresentar uma síntese das recomendações elaboradas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para melhorar a qualidade da atenção e dos desfechos de saúde em gestantes com distúrbios hipertensivos e abordar aspectos da implementação dessas recomendações. Métodos. Foi elaborado um resumo das recomendações feitas em duas diretrizes da OMS (uma para tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão grave na gestação e outra para tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão não grave na gestação). As diretrizes elaboradas pela OMS seguem os métodos de elaboração da Classificação de Análise, Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de Recomendações (GRADE, na sigla em inglês) do manual de elaboração de diretrizes da OMS. Além disso, foi realizada uma busca sistemática de estudos desenvolvidos na Região das Américas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Health Systems Evidence e Epistemonikos e na literatura cinzenta, a fim de identificar barreiras, facilitadores e estratégias de implementação, bem como indicadores. Resultados. Foram formuladas quatro recomendações para mulheres com distúrbios hipertensivos. Identificaram-se barreiras e facilitadores para a implementação e criaram-se indicadores de adesão e de resultados. Conclusões. As recomendações formuladas visam orientar a abordagem do tratamento farmacológico da hipertensão na gestação e incluem considerações de implementação na América Latina e no Caribe.

[Maternal and fetal outcome in Mexican women with rheumatoid arthritis]. / Desenlace materno-fetal en mujeres mexicanas con artritis reumatoide.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in maternal-fetal outcome in women with RA in a national medical referral center. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the records of pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis attending at a Pregnancy and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases Clinic was performed. Maternal-fetal outcomes such as disease activity, preclampsia/eclampsia, rate of live births, abortions, stillbirths, preterm birth, weeks of gestation, birth weight, congenital malformations and use of anti-rheumatic drugs were studied. RESULTS: We included 73 pregnancies in 72 patients. Disease activity was documented in 47.2% of patients during pregnancy and/or postpartum and 87.7% of patients received some antirheumatic drug. Preclampsia developed in 8.2% of cases. The live birth rate was 98.6%, with preterm delivery in 15.9% and low weight at term in 17.6% of cases. Cesarean section was performed in 77.1% of cases. The disease activity was not associated with a higher percentage of maternal-fetal complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that most patients do not experience significant activity of RA during pregnancy, fetal outcome is satisfactory and disease activity did not appear to influence significantly the obstetric outcome.

Objetivo: reportar la experiencia en el desenlace materno-fetal de mujeres con artritis reumatoide en un centro médico nacional de referencia.Métodos: se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los expedientes de mujeres embarazadas con artritis reumatoide que fueron atendidas en una clínica de embarazo y enfermedades reumáticas autoinmunes. Se estudió el desenlace materno-fetal considerado como: actividad de la enfermedad, preeclampsia/eclampsia, tasa de nacidos vivos, abortos, óbitos, parto pretérmino, semanas de gestación, peso al nacer, malformaciones congénitas y uso de fármacos antirreumáticos.Resultados: se incluyeron 73 embarazos en 72 pacientes. Se documentó actividad de la enfermedad en el 47.2 % de las pacientes durante el embarazo y/o posparto. El 87.7 % de las pacientes recibió algún fármaco antirreumático. Se desarrolló preeclampsia en el 8.2 % de los casos. La tasa de nacidos vivos fue de 98.6 %, con parto pretérmino en el 15.9 % y bajo peso a término en el 17.6 % de los casos. El 77.1 % de los productos nació vía cesárea. La actividad de la enfermedad no se asoció a un mayor porcentaje de complicaciones materno-fetales.Conclusiones: nuestro estudio mostró que la mayoría de las pacientes no experimenta actividad significativa de la AR durante el embarazo, el desenlace fetal es satisfactorio y la actividad de la enfermedad no influye de manera importante el desenlace obstétrico.

Comportamiento de los trastornos hipertensivos gestacionales, en el policlínico René Ávila Reyes, Holguín, Cuba, desde el año 2015 al 2016 / Gestational hypertension behavior from 2015 to 2016, at René Ávila Reyes Polyclinic, Holguín, Cuba

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial se encuentra entre las enfermedades más frecuentes del embarazo y el puerperio. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de los trastornos hipertensivos gestacionales, en el Policlínico René Ávila Reyes. Método: se realizó un estudio de los casos, de enero del 2015 a diciembre de 2016, en el Policlínico René Ávila Reyes, de Holguín, Cuba. El universo quedó conformado por 215 gestantes, que recibieron atención prenatal, y la muestra por 68 pacientes, con enfermedad hipertensiva gestacional. La información se obtuvo de la revisión del carné obstétrico de las gestantes, y del registro estadístico del área de salud. Resultados: 45 pacientes presentaron hipertensión arterial crónica, para un 66,17%; 15 mayores de 35 años, para el 22,06%, y el 47,06% con sobrepeso. Solo el 13,24% tenía pre- eclampsia, y el 69,12% exceso de peso corporal. Las nulíparas representaron un 58,82%, y 61 recién nacidos estuvieron por encima de 2500 g (89,71%). Conclusiones: predominó la hipertensión arterial crónica en las mujeres mayores de 35 años. No existieron pacientes con eclampsia ni hipertensión transitoria. El mayor porcentaje de casos estuvo constituido por pacientes sobrepeso. Las nulíparas, independientemente de su edad, aportaron el mayor número de casos. Los trastornos hipertensivos no tuvieron repercusión sobre el peso del recién nacido, con predominio del peso al nacer por encima de los 2500 g, en su mayoría asociados a la hipertensión arterial crónica.

Introduction: hypertension is one of the most frequent diseases during pregnancy and puerperium. Objective: to characterize gestational hypertension behavior in patients, from January 2015 to December 2016. Methods: from January 2015 to December 2016, a study was carried out on 215 pregnant women, which received prenatal care at René Ávila Reyes Polyclinic. A 68 gestational hypertension sample, was independently diagnosed. Information was obtained from the Maternal Program and the obstetric clinical records. Results: forty five patients (66.17%) showed chronic arterial hypertension. At the same group, 15 (22.06%) were over 35 years old, and 47.06% were overweight. Only 13.24% of patients suffered from preeclampsia and 69.12% were excess weight. Nulliparous women represented the 58.82% and 61 newborns birth weights were above 2500 g (89.71%). Conclusions: overweight and chronic hypertension prevailed, over 36 year's old women. There were no patients with eclampsia or transitional hypertension. Most cases were nulliparital women, no matter their age. Hypertensive disorders did not affect newborn's weight. Birth weight over 2500g was associated to chronic hypertension.

Corrección de medianas de la fracción beta libre de gonadotrofina coriónica humana y proteína plasmática A del embarazo del primer trimestre para una muestra de población mexicana / Medians correction of free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A during the first trimester for a Mexican population sample

Resumen Objetivo: determinar si en una muestra de población mexicana la distribución de los marcadores séricos del primer trimestre difiere del modelo de riesgos de The Fetal Medicine Foundation y calcular los factores de corrección necesarios para un desempeño adecuado de la prueba. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal en el que se midieron las concentraciones de beta-hCG-libre y proteína plasmática A del embarazo en sueros maternos del primer trimestre, por ensayo de electroquimioluminiscencia aprobado por la Fetal Medicine Foundation. Se obtuvieron los múltiplos de mediana ajustados por el algoritmo de la Fetal Medicine Foundation (astraia). Para describir la distribución de cada marcador y probar su diferencia estadística con la media 0.000, se hizo su transformación a log10 ideal mediante la prueba de t para una muestra. Además, se describen las distribuciones de los múltiplos de mediana por características del embarazo y lote de reactivo. Resultados: en 1008 sueros, el log10 MoM global fue de -0.121 ± 0.2706 para beta-hCG-libre y -0.049 ± 0.2372 para proteína plasmática A del embarazo. Conclusiones: en esta muestra poblacional mexicana las distribuciones de beta-hCG-libre y proteína plasmática A del embarazo difieren de las esperadas para población similar a la hispana europea. Se recomienda aplicar los respectivos factores de corrección de 0.756 y de 0.893 para las medianas del algoritmo.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether first trimester serum markers distribution on a Mexican population sample differ from The Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) risks model, and to calculate the necessary correction factors for accurate test performance. Materials and Method: Transverse descriptive study, Free-beta-hCG and PAPP-A were measured on unselected first trimester maternal sera using FMF approved electrochemiluminescence assay, the adjusted MoM were obtained from FMF algorithm (astraia); they were log10 transformed to describe each marker distribution and to test their statistical difference with the 0.000 ideal mean by one sample t-test. MoM distributions for pregnancy characteristics and reagent lot are additionally described. Results: On 1008 sera, the overall adjusted log10MoM was -0.121 ± 0.2706 SD for Free-beta-hCG and -0.049 ± 0.2372 SD for PAPP-A; these distributions differed significantly from tåzhe expected by FMF risks model. Conclusions: Free-beta-hCG and PAPP-A distributions on this Mexican population sample differ from expected for population similar to Hispanic European, median correction factors of 0.756 MoM and of 0.893 MoM, respectively, are recommended for the algorithm.

Circadian pattern of blood pressure in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.

UNLABELLED: AIMS #ENTITYSTARTX00026; OBJECTIVE: To find out the circadian pattern of blood pressure in normotensive pregnant women and in women with preeclampsia. METHOD: A cross-sectional prospective observational case control study. Blood pressure was sampled in thirty-five normotensive pregnant women (control) and thirty five preeclamptic women (study group) by using non-invasive automatic ambulatory blood pressure monitoring machine for 72 h. RESULTS: Blood pressure (BP) was not constant over 24 h period and it oscillated from time to time in control group. BP was maximum during early part of afternoon. However, in preeclampsia besides quantitative increase in BP, circadian BP oscillations were less pronounced and in around 50% subjects BP was maximum during evening and night hours. CONCLUSION: Both systolic and diastolic BP showed definite reproducible circadian pattern in both preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. This pattern both quantitatively and qualitatively was different in preeclamptic women. Standardized 24 h BP monitoring allows quantitative and qualitative evaluation of hypertensive status and is important for timing and dosing of antihypertensive medications.

El ácido úrico: de la gota y otros males / Uric acid: gout and other ills

El ácido úrico es un producto de desecho del catabolismo de las purinas en humanos y es excretado por la orina. Recientemente ha habido un renovado interés en la hiperuricemia y su asociación con un número de desórdenes clínicos además de la gota, incluyendo la preeclampsia, la enfermedad renal crónica, la hipertensión, y los eventos cardiovasculares. Adicionalmente los niveles sanguíneos elevados de ácido úrico se asocian al desarrollo del síndrome metabólico. La hiperuricemia parece tener un papel dual como factor de riesgo en estas enfermedades y como condición patológica.

Uric acid is a waste product of purine catabolism in humans, and is excreted in urine. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in hyperuricemia and its association with a number of clinical disorders other than gout, including preeclampsia, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and cardiovascular events. Also high levels of blood uric acid have been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. Hyperuricemia might play a double role as a risk factor for these diseases and as a pathological condition.

Glicanos de la vellosidad trofoblástica en la anemia ferropénica y la preeclampsia grave / Glycans in villus trophoblast in iron deficiency anemia and early-onset severe preeclampsia

Glycoproteins attached to cell membrane of syncytiotrophoblast are in close contact with maternal blood, thus these molecules could participate in cell-to-cell communication and biological functions involving ligand-receptors in the maternal-fetal interphase. The attached glycans are involved in the stability, folding and exportation of the protein towards the cell membrane. The objective of this study was to characterize the glycan profile of third trimester placental villi obtained from pregnant women with early-onset severe preeclampsia and gestational anemia compared with normal pregnant women. Protein extracts from placental villi were used in lectin blot assays. -2,3 N- and O-linked sialic acid was over-expressed in villous of severe preeclamptic placentas measured by MAA lectin staining. High mannose glycans and Gal-GlcNAc patterns were also increased in severe preeclampsia compared with the other groups. These findings can explain changes in the cell membrane expression of glycoproteins.

Introducción: Las glicoproteínas de la membrana del sincitiotrofoblasto (STB) se encuentran en contacto con la sangre materna, por lo que pueden participar en la comunicación en la interface materno-fetal. Objetivo: caracterizar patrones de glicanos de la vellosidad trofoblástica de mujeres sanas, anémicas por deficiencia de hierro y preeclámpticas graves de inicio temprano. Materiales y métodos: se obtuvieron extractos proteínicos de vellosidad placentaria de tercer trimestre y se determinó la expresión de patrones de glicanos, usando lectinas. Para la comparación de los grupos se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Se encontró una sobreexpresión en los patrones de glicosilación Gal-GlcNAc, manosa y ácido siálico α2-3 en el grupo con preeclampsia. Conclusiones: El aumento en los patrones Gal-GlcNAc, alta manosilación y ácido siálico α2-3, en proteínas de vellosidad placentaria en los pesos moleculares encontrados, pudiera explicar cambios en la expresión de proteínas de membrana del STB.

Factores vasculares implicados en la preeclampsia / Vascular factors involved in pre-eclampsia

La preeclampsia es una enfermedad que únicamente se presenta en la mujer embarazada y que se caracteriza por hipertensión y proteinuria con o sin edema después de la semana 20 de embarazo. Aunque se han propuesto múltiples teorías para explicar su patogenia, recientemente éstas han confluido en una circulación placentaria deficiente que ocasiona hipoxia en el producto y disfunción endotelial sistémica en la madre al reducir los factores que promueven un adecuado funcionamiento endotelial. El receptor semejante a FMS 1 (sFlt-1) y la endoglina (sEng) solubles se han asociado a la disminución del factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial (VEGF) y el factor de crecimiento transformante (TGF) en el plasma materno, respectivamente; lo que contribuye a una irrigación deficiente del producto y a alteraciones maternas que conducen a hipertensión y proteinuria. Algunas sustancias como los anticuerpos contra angiotensina II pueden provocar la liberación de tales factores antiangiogénicos. La determinación del sFlt-1 y sEng en el plasma de mujeres embarazadas podrían llegar a utilizarse para predecir qué mujeres padecerán preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a disease that only affects pregnant women and is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria with or without edema after 20 weeks' gestation. Although many hypotheses have been postulated to explain its pathogenicity, some of them have recently concurred that the cause may be an altered placental circulation which causes hypoxia to the fetus and systemic endothelium dysfunction to the mother by reducing the factors promoting adequate endothelial functioning. Soluble FMS-like receptor 1 (sFlt-1) and en-doglin (sEng) have been associated to a decrease of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Transforming growth factor (TGF) in mother's plasma, respectively; thus contributing to a deficient persufion of the fetus and to maternal disturbances, leading to hypertension and proteinuria. Some substances like antibodies against angiotensin II may trigger the release of such angiogenic factors. The assessment of sFlt-1 and sEng in pregnant women plasma might be used to to detect those women who will develop preeclampsia.

Pesando riscos e benefícios: lições aprendidas com as intervenções terapêuticas de um caso com pré-eclâmpsia grave / Balancing the benefits and risks: lessons learned from the therapeutic interventions of a case with severe preeclampsia / Balance entre beneficios y riesgos: lecciones aprendidas con las intervenciones terapéuticas de un caso con preclampsia grave

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A pré-eclâmpsia é uma síndrome da disfunção de múltiplos órgãos (SDMO) devido a suas manifestações típicas e atípicas que incluem hipertensão, proteinúria, síndrome HELLP, encefalopatia hipertensiva e coagulopatia. O manejo ideal desses pacientes requer uma avaliação do balanço entre os benefícios e riscos das estratégias terapêuticas, anestésicas e obstétricas. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente grávida de 35 anos, com uma gravidez anterior sem complicações, deu entrada em nosso instituto médico em caráter de emergência às 29 semanas de gravidez. A paciente apresentava-se com tontura, angústia no peito, palpitação, visão embaçada e sangramento vaginal. Após exame físico e laboratorial, a paciente foi diagnosticada com pré-eclâmpsia grave, síndrome HELLP, descolamento prematuro da placenta e SDMO. A paciente também apresentava deformidade da coluna vertebral e pélvica, fixação da articulação mandibular e deslocamento traqueal por causa de um acidente de trânsito ocorrido havia 11 anos. Portanto, uma cesariana de urgência foi feita sob anestesia geral com intubação nasotraqueal usando fio-guia. A paciente recebeu alta diretamente da unidade de terapia intensiva obstétrica no sétimo dia pós-operatório, com pressão arterial normal e recuperação completa das funções orgânicas. CONCLUSÕES: Este caso merece uma discussão mais detalhada sobre as considerações anestésicas no momento de se tomar uma decisão clínica para o tratamento de tal paciente. O bloqueio do neuroeixo é a primeira escolha para pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia submetidas à cesariana quando existe uma trombocitopenia moderada, mas não progressiva. Quando se opta pela anestesia geral, sedação e analgesia adequadas são necessárias para o bom controle da resposta do estresse à intubação, especialmente em pacientes com sinais neurológicos, e para evitar complicações cerebrais sérias.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) for its typical and atypical manifestations including hypertension, proteinuria, HELLP syndrome, hypertensive encephalopathy and coagulopathy. Optimal management for such patients is determined from an assessment of the balance between benefits and risks of anesthetic and obstetric therapeutic strategies. CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old pregnant woman, with one past uncomplicated pregnancy presented at 29 weeks to our medical institute as an emergency with dizziness, chest distress, palpitation, blurred vision and vaginal bleeding. After physical examination and laboratory tests, the patient was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, placental abruption, and MODS. The patient also presented spinal and pelvic deformity, fixation of articulus mandibularis, and tracheal displacement because of a traffic accident 11 years ago. Therefore, urgent cesarean section was performed under general anesthesia with nasal tracheal intubation using a guide wire. The patient was discharged directly home from the obstetric intensive care unit on the 7th postoperative day with normal blood pressure and full recovery of organic function. CONCLUSIONS: This case merits further discussion on the anesthesia considerations concerning how to make a clinical decision when treating such a patient. Neuraxial block is the first choice for preeclampsia patients undergoing cesarean section when a moderate but not progressive thrombocytopenia exists. When general anesthesia is decided, adequate sedation and analgesia is needed to better control the stress response to intubation especially in patients with neurological signs, and to prevent major cerebral complications.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La preclampsia es un síndrome de la disfunción de múltiples órganos (SDMO) debido a sus manifestaciones típicas y atípicas que incluyen hipertensión, proteinuria, síndrome HELLP, encefalopatía hipertensiva y coagulopatía. El manejo ideal de esos pacientes necesita una evaluación del balance entre los beneficios y riesgos de las estrategias terapéuticas, anestésicas y obstétricas. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente embarazada de 35 años, con un embarazo anterior sin complicaciones, llegó a nuestro instituto médico en carácter de urgencia a las 29 semanas de embarazo. La paciente estaba con mareos, molestias en el pecho, cardiopalmia, visión nublada y sangramiento vaginal. Posteriormente al examen físico y laboratorial, la paciente fue diagnosticada con preclampsia grave, síndrome HELLP, desplazamiento prematuro de la placenta y SDMO. La paciente también presentaba una deformidad de la columna vertebral y pélvica, fijación de la articulación mandibular y desplazamiento traqueal debido a un accidente de tránsito ocurrido hacía 11 años. Por tanto, se realizó una cesárea de urgencia con anestesia general con intubación nasotraqueal usando un cable guía. La paciente recibió alta directamente de la unidad de cuidados intensivos obstétrica (UCI-OB) al séptimo día del postoperatorio, con una presión arterial normal y la recuperación completa de las funciones orgánicas. CONCLUSIONES: Este caso merece una discusión más detallada sobre las consideraciones anestésicas al momento de tomar una decisión clínica para el tratamiento de tal paciente. El bloqueo del neuro eje es la primera elección para pacientes con preclampsia sometidas a la cesárea cuando existe una trombocitopenia moderada, pero no progresiva. Cuando se opta por la anestesia general, una sedación y una analgesia adecuadas se hacen necesarias para el buen control de la respuesta del estrés a la intubación, especialmente en los pacientes con signos neurológicos, y para evitar las complicaciones cerebrales serias.

Concentraciones de interleucina-2 en pacientes con preeclampsia a término y pretérmino / Interleukin 2 concentrations in preterm and term preeclamptic patients

Antecedentes: Existen resultados contradictorios sobre las concentraciones de interleucina-2 (IL-2) en pre-eclámpticas y se desconoce si existen diferencias en las concentraciones al momento del diagnóstico. Objetivo: Comparar las concentraciones de IL-2 en pacientes preecláticas de término y de pretérmino. Método: Se seleccionaron 50 pacientes: 20 preeclámpticas de pretérmino (grupo A) y 30 de término (grupo B). Las muestras de sangre para la determinación de IL-2 se recolectaron antes del parto e inmediatamente después del diagnóstico de preeclampsia. Resultados: No hubo diferencias signifcativas con relación a edad materna, índice de masa corporal, valores promedio de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica al momento de la toma de la muestra. Las concentraciones de IL-2 fueron similares en el grupo de preeclámpticas pretérmino (67,5 +/- 31,8 pg/ml) y el grupo de preeclámpticas de término (69,6 +/- 28,5 pg/ml). No hubo correlación signifcativa entre las concentraciones de IL-2 con los valores promedio de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica. Conclusiones: Las pacientes preeclámpticas con embarazos pretérmino presentaron concentraciones similares de interleucina-2 al compararlo con preeclampticas a término al momento del diagnóstico. Los hallazgos de la investigación sugerirían una falta de activación de los linfocitos T en preeclámpticas.

Background: There are contradictory results about interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations in preeclamptic patients and is unknown if there are differences in concentrations at the time of diagnosis. Objective: To compare concentrations of IL-2 in term and preterm preeclamptic patients. Method: Fifty patients were selected. Twenty preterm preeclamptic patients (group A) and thirty term preeclamptic patients (group B) were selected. Blood samples for IL-2 were collected in all patients before labor and immediately after diagnosis of preeclampsia. Results: There were not signifcant differences related to a maternal age, body mass index and mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the moment of collecting samples. There were signifcant differences between groups in gestational age. There also was not signifcant difference in IL-2 concentrations in the study group (67.5 +/- 31.8 pg/ml) and patients in control group (69.6 +/- 28.5 pg/ml). There was not signifcant correlation between interlukin-2 and mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Preeclamptic patients with preterm pregnancies presented similar interleukin-2 concentrations when compared to term preeclamptic patients at the time of diagnosis. The fnding of this research suggests a lack of activation of T-lymphocytes in preeclamptic patients.

Hidropesía fetal no inmune: Informe de un caso / Nonimmune hydrops fetalis: case report

Introducción: La hidropesía fetal es una condición clínica que se caracteriza por la acumulación anormal de líquidos en los tejidos blandos y en alguna de las cavidades serosas del feto. Es importante establecer con antelación esta condición, ya que debe conocerse la causa más probable, para ayudar en la mejor reanimación al nacimiento, la cual en el caso de un neonato con hidropesía fetal es un reto para el neonatólogo. Presentación del caso: Se presenta el caso de una embarazada de grupo sanguíneo O Rh negativo, no isoinmunizada, que cursó con anemia y hipoalbuminemia graves, con eclampsia, de la cual mediante cesárea se obtiene un producto del sexo femenino, de 32 semanas de gestación, con hidropesía fetal no inmune. Conclusiones: Se hace una revisión del tema con una discusión del abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico actual.

Background: Hydrops fetalis is a clinical condition characterized by an abnormal fluid accumulation in soft tissues and in some serous cavities of the fetus. It is important to know beforehand if this condition is present in order to establish the most probable origin and to be prepared to administer optimal reanimation management of the neonate at birth. The care given to a newborn with hydrops fetalis is always a challenge for the neonatologist. Case report. We present the case of a pregnant, non-isoimmunized patient with RhO negative blood type. The following conditions were associated with her pregnancy: severe anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and preeclampsia/eclampsia. Delivery was accomplished with Cesarean section where a female neonate of 32 weeks gestation was delivered. Non-immune hydrops fetalis was present. Conclusions. We present recommendations for optimal diagnosis and therapy.

Genética de la preeclampsia / Genetics of preclampsia

La preeclampsia es un trastorno hipertensivo específico del embarazo y es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad materna y neonatal en todo el mundo, afectando 5 a 7% de todos los embarazos. En Colombia es la primera causa de morbilidad y mortalidad materna, siendo un problema de salud pública. Muchas investigaciones coinciden en que su origen se relaciona con la interacción entre factores genéticos y ambientales. Múltiples estudios han explorado factores genéticos tratando de identificar regiones cromosómicas y genes candidatos cuyas variantes se relacionen con una mayor susceptibilidad a la enfermedad. La presente revisión ofrece una visión general de los factores genéticos asociados a la preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that occurs only during pregnancy and is one of the main causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, affecting 5-7% of pregnancies. In Colombia it is the primary cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, and an important public health issue. Many investigations agree that its origin is related to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Numerous studies have explored genetic factors in attempt to identify chromosomal regions and candidate genes, variants of which are related with increased susceptibility to the disease. This review offers a general vision of the genetic factors associated with preeclampsia.

Intervenciones de enfermería en la paciente con preeclampsia /eclampsia / Nursing interventions in the patient with Preeclampsia / Eclampsia

En México la preeclampsia constituye un grave problema de salud pública, representa el 34% del total de muertes maternas asociadas a complicaciones del embarazo. La mayoría de los daños obstétricos y riesgos para la salud de la madre y del recién nacido pueden ser prevenidos, detectados y tratados con éxito mediante la aplicación de procedimientos para la atención entre los que destacan la identificación del factores de riesgo, signos de alarma, diagnostico precoz, tratamiento apropiado y referencia oportuna.Métodos: Planteamiento de preguntas a responder y conversión a preguntas clínicas estructuradas, búsqueda, revisión sistemática de literatura: recuperación de guías internacionales, meta-análisis, estudios descriptivos analíticos, revisiones narrativas, consenso y libros. Se estableció un algoritmo de búsqueda reproducible en bases de datos electrónicas, encontrando 60 fuentes de utilidad. Se realizó validación de la guía y protocolo de búsqueda por pares clínicos del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.Resultado: Se plantearon 5 preguntas estructuradas y del análisis de la literatura se obtuvieron 33 evidencias, 89 recomendaciones y 2 puntos de buena práctica lo que contribuirá a la detección temprana, diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, limitación de complicaciones, referencia adecuada y reducción de la mortalidad materna. Conclusiones: La identificación adecuada y oportuna de los signos y síntomas de alarma de la preeclampsia/eclampsia, referencia adecuada y oportuna a hospitales de segundo y tercer nivel de atención disminuirá las complicaciones y favorecerá la mejora en la efectividad, seguridad y calidad de la atención perinatal.

Introduction: In Mexico, Preeclampsia is a serious public health problem, accounting for 34% of all maternal deaths associated with pregnancy complications. Most of the obstetric damages and the risks for the health of the mother and the newborn can be prevented, detected and treated successfully by applying procedures for caring, among of the which, the identification of risk factors, early diagnosis, appropriate treatment and timely referral.Methods: Asking questions to answer and conversion to structured clinical questions, searching, and systematic literature review: recovery of international guidelines, meta-analysis, analytical descriptive studies, narrative reviews, consensus and books. A replicable searching algorithm was established in electronic databases, finding 60 sources of income. The validation of the guide and searching protocol by clinical pairs, was made by the Mexican Social Security Institute.Result: Five structured questions were established and from the literature analysis, 33 evidences were raised, 89 recommendations and 2 points of good practice were obtained which will contribute to early detection, diagnosis and treatment, limitation of complications, appropriate reference and reducing mortality maternal. Conclusions: Adequate and timely identification of signs and warning symptoms of preeclampsia / eclampsia, appropriate and timely to secondary hospitals and tertiary care, will decrease complications and promote improvement in the effectiveness, safety and quality of care perinatal

Introdução: No México pré-eclâmpsia é um sério problema de saúde pública, sendo responsável por 34% de todas as mortes maternas associadas a complicações na gravidez. Danos a maioria dos obstetras e os riscos para a saúde da mãe e do recém-nascido pode ser prevenida, detectada e tratada com sucesso através da aplicação de procedimentos para o cuidado entre as quais a identificação de fatores de risco, sinais de aviso, diagnóstico precoce, tratamento adequado e encaminhamento atempado. Métodos: Fazer perguntas para responder e conversão perguntas estruturadas clínicos, pesquisa, revisão sistemática da literatura: recuperação de orientações internacionais, meta-análises, estudos descritivos analíticos, narrativos comentários, consenso e livros. algoritmo de busca foi estabelecida reprodutível em bases de dados electrónicas, encontrando 60 fontes de renda. Validação da guia e protocolo de busca de pares clínicos Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social foi feita. Resultados: 5 estruturada e análise das questões de literatura foram levantadas 33 provas, 89 recomendações e 2 pontos de boas práticas foram obtidos que irá contribuir para a detecção precoce, diagnóstico e tratamento, a limitação das complicações, referência adequada e reduzir a mortalidade materna. Conclusões: A identificação adequada e atempada de sinais e sintomas de alerta de pré-eclampsia / eclampsia, adequadas e oportunas para os hospitais secundários e terciários de referência complicações diminuem e promover a melhoria da eficácia, segurança e qualidade dos cuidados perinatal.