Standardization of lower extremity quantitative lymphedema measurements and associated patient-reported outcomes in gynecologic cancers.

Practice changing standardization of lower extremity lymphedema quantitative measurements with integrated patient reported outcomes will likely refine and redefine the optimal risk-reduction strategies to diminish the devastating limb-related dysfunction and morbidity associated with treatment of gynecologic cancers. The National Cancer Institute (NCI), Division of Cancer Prevention brought together a diverse group of cancer treatment, therapy and patient reported outcomes experts to discuss the current state-of-the-science in lymphedema evaluation with the potential goal of incorporating new strategies for optimal evaluation of lymphedema in future developing gynecologic clinical trials.

Quantitative and Mathematical Analysis of Mental Foramen along with Its Correlation with Sex and Age Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to perform quantitative and mathematical analysis of mental foramen (MF) along with its correlation with study subject's sex and age using three-dimensional imaging like cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The CBCT scan images stored in the database were used in this study. Two-hundred sixty-seven scans were selected. They were divided into four different age-groups. These age-groups were 16-23 years, 24-38 years, 39-55 years, and more than 56 years. Each age-group was further divided into two subgroups. One subgroup was of males, while the other subgroup was of females. Following this, there was evaluation of all CBCT-scanned images considering certain parameters like position of MF, size of MF, distance X, distance Y, and distance Z. RESULTS: The MF was located generally apically to the premolar and molar. It was more commonly located between the first premolar and second premolar among females, while in males, it was mostly located along the long axis of the second premolar. In most of the age-groups, the MF was located between the long axis of the first premolar and second premolar. The average distance of MF from the apex of first premolar was 5.01 mm. Further, the average size of MF and its distance from the base of the mandible were greater in males as compared with females. When all these measurements were compared in different age-groups, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The average distance of MF from the apex of the first premolar was 5.01 mm. The average size of MF and its distance from the base of the mandible were greater in males as compared with females. When the measurements were compared in different age-groups, then the difference was not statistically significant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: MF is an important structure in the mandible because it acts as an important landmark in the anesthetic procedure; therefore, there was a need to carry out detailed quantitative and mathematical analysis for MF.

Measuring Enzymatic Activities with Nanopores.

Nanopores have become powerful and versatile tools for measuring single molecules since their emergence in the mid-1990s. They can be used to sense a wide variety of analytes including metal ions, small organic molecules, DNA/RNA, proteins, etc. to monitor chemical reactions, and to sequence DNA. Recently, enzymes have been studied by using nanopore technologies. In this Minireview, we highlight recent efforts in developing nanopore enzymology and categorize the related work into three groups: 1) measuring enzymatic activities with nanopore-enzyme hybrids; 2) measuring enzymatic activities through sensing their catalytic products with nanopores; 3) the use of enzymes for DNA sequencing and DNA/protein translocation. At the end, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in nanopore enzymology.

Analysis of multiple mycotoxins-contaminated wheat by a smart analysis platform.

This study describes a smart analysis platform capable of quantitative measurements using a multiplex lateral flow strip. Using the multi-mycotoxin strip, five fungal toxins were simultaneously and quantitatively detected in naturally contaminated wheat. First, a matrix-based standard curve was established for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), T-2, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN). Established on an open android system, the platform is able to read 6 lines on the strip simultaneously. The platform is equipped with a Quick Response code scanning model, which reads the established standard curves, and then rapidly quantify mycotoxins in naturally contaminated wheat. All the data and sample information are stored on a central server through the platform which is linked to the cloud. The limits of detection (LOD) for AFB1, FB1, T-2, DON, and ZEN in wheat were 4, 20, 10, 200, and 40 µg/kg and the visual cut off values was 20, 1000, 200, 4000, and 400 µg/kg, separately. To validate the platform and the multi-mycotoxin detection method, 10 wheat samples were analyzed and the results were in a good agreement with those obtained by LC-MS/MS. The platform will be a powerful tool for crop monitoring services.

Developing an objective evaluating system to quantify the degree of upper limb movement impairment in patients with severe Friedreich's ataxia.

BACKGROUND: The use of standardized tools and objective measurements is essential to test the effectiveness of new drugs or rehabilitative protocols. Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) patients with severe disease are often unable to perform the quantitative measurement tests currently used. AIM: The purpose of our study was to develop an easy-to-use application, for touchscreen devices, able to quantify the degree of upper limb movement impairment in patients with severe Friedreich's ataxia. The APP, which we named "Twelve-Red-Squares App-Coo-Test" (12-RSACT), assesses the upper limb ataxia by measuring the test execution time. METHODS: All patients were clinically evaluated using the Composite Cerebellar Functional Severity (CCFS) and the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). We recruited 92 healthy subjects and 36 FRDA patients with a SARA mean value of 28.8.1 ± 8.2. All participants in our study underwent upper limb movement assessment using the new 12-RSACT, the Click Test, and a well-established system, i.e., the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT). RESULTS: We observed a strong linear correlation between the measurements obtained with the 12-RSACT and those obtained with 9HPT, Click Test, CCFS, and SARA. The 12-RSACT was characterized by excellent internal consistency and intra-rater and test-retest reliability. The minimal detectable change (MDC%) was excellent too. Additionally, the 12-RSACT turned out to be faster and easier to perform compared with the 9HPT. CONCLUSION: The 12-RSACT is an inexpensive test and is easy to use, which can be administered quickly. Therefore, 12-RSACT is a promising tool to assess the upper limb ataxia in FRDA patients and even those with severe diseases.

Evaluation of psychometric properties of instruments measuring nursing-sensitive outcomes: a systematic review.

AIM: To evaluate the psychometric properties of instruments measuring Nursing-sensitive Outcomes in acute care hospitals. INTRODUCTION: Nursing-sensitive outcomes have been shown to play an active role in the quality of care and cost-effectiveness of health systems. Tools for assessing nursing-sensitive outcomes are necessary to evaluate the nurses' contributions to the health of patients. METHODS: Psychometric systematic review. The SCOPUS, PubMed, CINAHL, PsychoINFO, EMBASE, Science Direct and Web of Science databases were used. Searches were performed between March and May 2018. A search with screened titles and abstracts, assessment of methodological quality using the COSMIN checklist and risk of bias assessment using QUADAS-2 were carried out. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies validated 26 different instruments. The methodological quality, measured with the COSMIN checklist, showed that the studies which assessed fewer psychometric properties had poorer quality. The majority of studies had high quality, and optimally assessed the risk of bias evaluated with QUADAS-2. DISCUSSION: Concerning the focus of the scales, some of them focused on the patients while others focused on the nursing staff. The scales found assessed aspects such as nursing-care quality, complexity and personalization. CONCLUSION: The majority of studies had a high methodological strength and a thorough validation process. The Nurse Caring Behaviours Scale, the MISSCARE Survey, the Patient Advocacy Engagement Scale and the INICIARE scale were the tools which best combined structure, methodological quality and risk of bias. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: The instruments with the best psychometric properties should be implemented in acute care settings to improve the quality of care, assess the effectiveness of nursing interventions, reduce health expenditure and reduce the occurrence of adverse events.

Reliability, validity, and clinical feasibility of a rapid and objective assessment of post-stroke deficits in hand proprioception.

BACKGROUND: Proprioceptive function can be affected after neurological injuries such as stroke. Severe and persistent proprioceptive impairments may be associated with a poor functional recovery after stroke. To better understand their role in the recovery process, and to improve diagnostics, prognostics, and the design of therapeutic interventions, it is essential to quantify proprioceptive deficits accurately and sensitively. However, current clinical assessments lack sensitivity due to ordinal scales and suffer from poor reliability and ceiling effects. Robotic technology offers new possibilities to address some of these limitations. Nevertheless, it is important to investigate the psychometric and clinimetric properties of technology-assisted assessments. METHODS: We present an automated robot-assisted assessment of proprioception at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint, and evaluate its reliability, validity, and clinical feasibility in a study with 23 participants with stroke and an age-matched group of 29 neurologically intact controls. The assessment uses a two-alternative forced choice paradigm and an adaptive sampling procedure to identify objectively the difference threshold of angular joint position. RESULTS: Results revealed a good reliability (ICC(2,1) = 0.73) for assessing proprioception of the impaired hand of participants with stroke. Assessments showed similar task execution characteristics (e.g., number of trials and duration per trial) between participants with stroke and controls and a short administration time of approximately 12 min. A difference in proprioceptive function could be found between participants with a right hemisphere stroke and control subjects (p<0.001). Furthermore, we observed larger proprioceptive deficits in participants with a right hemisphere stroke compared to a left hemisphere stroke (p=0.028), despite the exclusion of participants with neglect. No meaningful correlation could be established with clinical scales for different modalities of somatosensation. We hypothesize that this is due to their low resolution and ceiling effects. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated the assessment's applicability in the impaired population and promising integration into clinical routine. In conclusion, the proposed assessment has the potential to become a powerful tool to investigate proprioceptive deficits in longitudinal studies as well as to inform and adjust sensorimotor rehabilitation to the patient's deficits.

Quantitative Low-Dose Computed Tomography of the Lung Parenchyma and Airways for the Differentiation between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma Patients.

BACKGROUND: It is difficult to differentiate between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in clinics; therefore, for diagnostic purposes, imaging-based measurements could be beneficial to differentiate between the two diseases. OBJECTIVES: We aim to analyze quantitative measurements of the lung and bronchial parameters that are provided by low-dose computed tomography (CT) to differentiate COPD and asthma from an imaging perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 69 COPD patients, 52 asthma patients, and 20 healthy subjects were recruited to participate in CT imaging and pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Comparative analysis was performed to identify differences between COPD and asthma in CT measurements. PFT measurements enabled validation of the differentiation between COPD and asthma patients. RESULTS: There were significant differences among the COPD, asthma, and healthy control groups. The differences were more significant among the following: inspiratory emphysema index (EI)-950 (%), expiratory lung volume, expiratory mean lung density (MLD), and expiratory EI-950 (%) and EI-850 (%). The COPD group had a significantly higher EI-950 (%) than the asthma group (p = 0.008). There were significant differences among the three groups in lumen area (LA), wall area (WA), total area, and Pi10WA. The asthma group had significantly higher WA%/WV% than both the COPD (p = 0.002) and the control group (p = 0.012). There was high sensitivity in EI-950 (%), EI-850 (%) and expiratory MLD in the parenchyma and high sensitivity in LA and Pi10WA in small airways in the differential diagnosis of COPD and asthma. CONCLUSION: To aid the diagnosis, CT can provide quantitative measurements to differentiate between COPD and asthma patients.

The quantitative measurement of nursing care quality: a systematic review of available instruments.

BACKGROUND: Measuring nursing care quality is essential for nursing practice. However, because of its complexity, such a quality is difficult to define and measure appropriately and a review of available instruments to measure this is important. AIM: This systematic review reports on contemporary quantitative instruments for evaluating nursing care quality and suggests some directions for further study. METHOD: A comprehensive search was conducted in 2015 to review five databases CINAHL, HINARI, ScienceDirect, Google and PubMed, and 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. The search covered the earliest literature found up until November 2015. RESULT: We found that instruments could be categorized from three different measuring perspectives (1) nurses, (2) patients and (3) both nurses and patients. LIMITATION: First, only English language literature was sought and only five databases were reviewed. Second, the instruments reviewed are of varying dimensions. Finally, some authors did not provide the psychometric properties of the instruments studied. CONCLUSION: Many reviews published in peer-reviewed journals have serious methodological flaws that focus on different perspectives in relation to instruments to measure nursing care quality. As the result of this systematic review instruments are focused on different perspectives of nursing care quality for nurse managers. In addition, the findings of this systematic review enhance better understanding of the perspectives in regard to both nurses and patients in the health-care facilities. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: The results of this systematic review contribute to the ability of nurse managers to improve and consider the measurement of nursing care quality in clinical practice. The first suggests the need to understand the different perceptions of both nurses and patients' instruments regarding NCQ. Also, a health-care quality-related policy should also be formulated to reduce adverse events. The recording system policy must be designed appropriately in order to monitor patient outcomes every year.

Statistical analysis of molecule colocalization in bioimaging.

The quantitative analysis of molecule interactions in bioimaging is key for understanding the molecular orchestration of cellular processes and is generally achieved through the study of the spatial colocalization between the different populations of molecules. Colocalization methods are traditionally divided into pixel-based methods that measure global correlation coefficients from the overlap between pixel intensities in different color channels, and object-based methods that first segment molecule spots and then analyze their spatial distributions with second-order statistics. Here, we present a review of such colocalization methods and give a quantitative comparison of their relative merits in different types of biological applications and contexts. We show on synthetic and biological images that object-based methods are more robust statistically than pixel-based methods, and allow moreover to quantify accurately the number of colocalized molecules.

Image analysis and empirical modeling of gene and protein expression.

Protein gradients and gene expression patterns are major determinants in the differentiation and fate map of the developing embryo. Here we discuss computational methods to quantitatively measure the positions of gene expression domains and the gradients of protein expression along the dorsal-ventral axis in the Drosophila embryo. Our methodology involves three layers of data. The first layer, or the primary data, consists of z-stack confocal images of embryos processed by in situ hybridization and/or antibody stainings. The secondary data are relationships between location, usually an x-axis coordinate, and fluorescent intensity of gene or protein detection. Tertiary data comprise the optimal parameters that arise from fits of the secondary data to empirical models. The tertiary data are useful to distill large datasets of imaged embryos down to a tractable number of conceptually useful parameters. This analysis allows us to detect subtle phenotypes and is adaptable to any set of genes or proteins with a canonical pattern. For example, we show how insights into the Dorsal transcription factor protein gradient and its target gene ventral-neuroblasts defective (vnd) were obtained using such quantitative approaches.

Quantitative ultrasound biomicroscopy of iridocorneal angle.

Background: Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is a high-resolution ultrasound technique, which allows noninvasive, in vivo imaging of the ocular anterior segment structures. Purpose: This video gives a description of the identification of the iridocorneal angle structures in the cross-sectional view in a radial scan through a typical ciliary process and a guide toward measuring the angle parameters. Synopsis: UBM provides two-dimensional, grayscale images of the iridocorneal angle. The real-time image is displayed on a video monitor and can be recorded for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The angle parameters can be measured by in-built calipers in the machine software and manipulated by the examiner. Highlights: This video demonstrates UBM caliper positions as displayed on the monitor and marked by the examiner for the measurement of various anterior segment parameters of the eye. Video link: https://youtu.be/WTXMupYoyww.

Technical Aspects of Intra-Operative Ultrasound for Spinal Cord Injury and Myelopathy: A Practical Review.

OBJECTIVES: To compile intra-operative techniques, established imaging parameters, available equipment and software, and clinical applications of intraoperative ultrasound imaging (IOUSI) for spinal cord injury (SCI) and myelopathy. METHODS: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. The articles were reviewed and selected by 2 independent researchers. After article selection, data were extracted and summarized into research domains. PRISMA systematic review process was followed. RESULTS: Of the 2477 articles screened, 16 articles met the inclusion criteria. In patients with SCI and myelopathy, common quantitative measurements obtained using IOUSI were noted: 1) ultrasound elastography, 2) midsagittal anteroposterior diameter, 3) transverse, 4) transverse diameter, 5) maximum spinal cord compression, and 6) compression ratioTo ensure adequate decompression and to look for residual compression, the lateral and the craniocaudal margins of the laminectomy site were inspected in both axial and sagittal planes. In instances where quantitative assessment was not possible, cord decompression and degree of residual compression were gauged by inspecting the interface between the ventral border of the spinal cord and any potentially compressive elements, and by searching for symmetric and rhythmic cerebrospinal fluid pulsations. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasoundand molecular imaging are additional advances in objective assessments for SCI and myelopathy. CONCLUSIONS: This review outlines the potential of IOUSI in patients presenting with SCI and myelopathy. Moreover, by identifying potential for inter-operator variability in certain subjective measurements, we illustrate the need for further research to quantify and standardize those assessments.

Inter- and intra-variability in tooth wear progression at surface-, tooth- and patient-level over a period of three years: A cohort study: Inter- and intra-variation in tooth wear progression.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the variability of tooth wear progression at the surface-, tooth- and patient-level over a period of three years three years using in vivo 3D-measurements of full dentitions amongst patients with moderate to severe tooth wear and without demand for restorative rehabilitation. METHODS: Fifty-five eligible patients with moderate to severe tooth wear had intra-oral scans taken using either the 3 M True Definition Intraoral Scanner or the 3 M Lava Chairside Oral Scanner. The maximum height loss (µm) per cusp/incisal/palatal surface at unrestored surfaces was measured using the 3D Wear Analysis (3DWA)-protocol with Geomagic Qualify, resulting in sixty-four measurements per dentition. Data was visualized using box plots. Correlation was calculated between tooth wear progression rates of different tooth types and surfaces. RESULTS: Thirty patients with scans at intake and after three years were included (38 ± 8 years, 77% M, 23% F). Mean observation time was 3.1 ± 0.2 years. Surface measurements (N = 1,615) showed a high deviation and a high number of outliers at all surfaces, indicating large variability amongst the surfaces, tooth types and patients with tooth wear progression rates. Correlations between regions were very low: anterior-molar region -0.219, anterior-premolar region 0.116 and premolar-molar region 0.113. Correlations between the surfaces of molars were also low (between 0.190 and 0.565). CONCLUSIONS: In a group of patients with moderate to severe tooth wear, large differences in wear progression were found within and amongst patients. Tooth wear progression is therefore highly individualized and can be very localized. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study confirms the necessity of individual management of patients with moderate to severe tooth wear. Effective monitoring of tooth wear is important when deciding the timing and need for restorative intervention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04790110.

Assessment of indigenous Shaka cattle structural indices reared in Shaka zone, south west Ethiopia.

The study encompassed quantitative traits of the Shaka cattle reared in Shaka zone, Anderacha and Masha weredas of south western, Ethiopia. The study covered quantitative parameters which were taken from 240 cows and 120 bulls from randomly slected120 households. The means for the quantitative traits were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range test, the values were considered significant at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01. The results of morphometrical measurements of bulls reared at Masha wereda had wider (P < 0.05) values for their pelvic width and the Chest Depth for the bulls aged ≥7 years was higher (P < 0.01). While the canon bone circumference was also wider when compared to the bulls reared at Anderacha wereda. Contrary the bulls aged ≤5 years and reared at Anderacha wereda had higher (P < 0.05) for Body Weight, Height at Withers and Chest Depth. Morphometrical measurement for cows ≤5 year age group and reared at Masha wereda have longer (P < 0.05) Neck Length and for cows ≥7 years have wider (P < 0.05) Hock Bone Circumference and Pelvic Width. Contrary the cows aged ≤5 years raised at Anderacha wereda has wider (P < 0.05) for Cannon Bone Circumference, and (P < 0.01) for Chest Girth, higher Body Weight, Rump Length, Ear Length, Neck Circumference and Chest Depth. Among the cows aged ≥7 years have longer (P < 0.01) face length and deeper (P < 0.05) Chest. There is a significant difference in the length index (LI2) and body ratio (BR) (P < 0.05) throughout the research locations, with Anderacha wereda having the higher result, and Masha wereda having the higher depth index (DI) and transverse pelvic index (TPI) (P < 0.05).The results of body indices of both sex indicate that, the cattle is suited for grazing in the forest areas and are of dual type.

Novel Findings of Retinal and Choroidal Features Utilizing Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Analysis in Patients With Autoimmune Posterior Uveitis.

Purpose: To analyze the quantitative parameters acquired by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with autoimmune posterior uveitis. Methods: OCTA images of 65 eyes affected with uveitis and 65 normal control (NC) eyes were obtained. The central macular thickness (CMT), retinal thicknesses, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, foveal density 300 µm (FD300), and vascular density (VD) were compared among acute uveitic eyes, chronic uveitic eyes, and NC eyes. VDs were evaluated in the choriocapillaris, outer retina, optic disk, whole and parafovea superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and whole and parafovea deep capillary plexus (DCP). Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and quantitative parameters from OCTA. Results: Compared with NC eyes, the CMT and retinal thicknesses were increased significantly in eyes with uveitis (p < 0.05, respectively). No significant difference was observed in the FAZ area. FD300, VDs in the optic disk, SCP, and DCP both in whole image and parafovea, choriocapillaris were significantly decreased in uveitis eyes (p < 0.05, respectively) compared with NC eyes, only the acute group had decreased VD of the outer retina and choriocapillaris compared with the NC group (p < 0.05). Moreover, quantitative parameters of OCTA showed a significant correlation with LogMAR BCVA in the patients with uveitis. Whole VD DCP was the best predictive factor for BCVA in the patients with uveitis. Conclusion: Quantitative measurement by OCTA is a promising strategy for objective assessment of autoimmune posterior uveitis.

Transport of intensity equation method and its applications.

A phase retrieval technique based on a transport of intensity equation (TIE) is one of the defocus series reconstruction techniques in microscopy. Since it does not require any dedicated devices like a biprism, and only three defocus images are enough to retrieve phase information, it has been applied to observe magnetic fields, magnetic domains, electrostatic potentials and strains. It is also used to improve image resolution by correcting spherical aberration. This technique is simple and easy to use, but some artifacts often appear in the retrieved phase map. One should pay careful attention to the experimental conditions and the algorithms and boundary conditions used to solve the TIE. This paper reviews the principle of the TIE method, the algorithms used to solve it and application results in materials science.

Investigations on the Key Odorants Contributing to the Aroma of Children Soy Sauce by Molecular Sensory Science Approaches.

To investigate the key odor-active compounds in children's soy sauce (CSS), volatile components were extracted by means of solvent extraction coupled with solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SE-SAFE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Using gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified a total of 55 odor-active compounds in six CSSs by comparing the odor characteristics, MS data, and retention indices with those of authentic compounds. Applying aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), we measured flavor dilution (FD) factors in SE-SAFE isolates, ranging from 1 to 4096, and in SPME isolates, ranging from 1 to 800. Twenty-eight odorants with higher FD factors and GC-MS responses were quantitated using the internal standard curve method. According to their quantitated results and thresholds in water, their odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated. On the basis of the OAV results, 27 odorants with OAVs ≥ 1 were determined as key odorants in six CSSs. These had previously been reported as key odorants in general soy sauce (GSS), so it was concluded that the key odorants in CSS are the same as those in GSS.

Quantitative measurement of solid fraction in a silo using SPRITE.

The purpose of this study is to develop MRI methods to measure the solid fraction in granular flows quantitatively. It is increasingly recognised that solid fraction plays a key role in granular rheology, but experimental characterisation of it during flow is challenging. Here centric sectoral-SPRITE imaging is applied to image mustard seeds discharging from a 3D-printed hopper. Quantitative images are obtained after considering and correcting artefacts that may arise from flow and relaxation. The image intensity is then further corrected for spatial variations in the B1 field. Various maps of nominally homogeneous samples were tested to correct for variations in the B1 field. The B1 field was found to be sensitive to the geometry of the sample and the material in the sample. Hence, here static images of the seeds in the hopper were used to correct for B1 field variations. Moreover, small signal variations were observed from measurements performed on different days owing to subtle differences in the spectrometer operation. Here an internal standard was used to scale the signal intensity and correct for these variations. Following these corrections, a linear correlation (R2 = 0.999) was observed between the scaled image intensities and the known solid fractions of packed samples with solid fractions between 0.55 and 0.64. This correlation was used as a calibration of the 3D image of the hopper to extract quantitative time-averaged spatial maps of solid fraction during steady flow. The measurements were confirmed to be quantitative by also measuring the velocity of the particles. Together these measurements were used to calculate a mass flow rate in the hopper, which was consistent with the mass flow measured gravimetrically.