["Junior Doctor" in Plastic Surgery, a new status. Evaluation of the practices after one semester of application of the reform]. / Docteur Junior en chirurgie plastique, un nouveau statut. Évaluation des pratiques après un semestre d'application de la réforme.

INTRODUCTION: The reform of the third cycle of medical studies in 2017 led to the creation of the status of "Junior Doctor", corresponding to the consolidation phase and allowing increasing autonomy and supervision from the intern. In plastic surgery, this status appeared for the first time in November 2021 in French hospitals; it lasts two years and succeeds the first four years of internship. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We sent a self-questionnaire by email in May 2022 to the 21 French Junior Doctors. This was interested in their training ground, formation program, consultation activity, operating program, integration into the on-call list, the existence of half-days of availability, and their general opinion on this reform and its implementation. RESULTS: We collected 20 questionnaires with a sex ratio of twelve men for eight women. The majority of respondents worked in a university hospital (85 %). 45 % had their consultations, 60 % had their own operating sessions under general anesthesia, and 35 % under local anesthesia. Only 25 % of them considered this reform to be a step forward in terms of training. CONCLUSION: The introduction of the status of Junior Doctor is contrasted within the various hospitals. Despite the progressive and supervised autonomy provided by this reform, it is generally perceived neutrally or negatively by Junior Doctors. The establishment of own consultations and operating sessions stands out as a key positive element allowing better application of the reform.

"It Literally Can Save Lives": How Challenging Structural Inequities in Sexual Orientation and Gender Priorities Can Create Change in the Canadian Dietetic Profession.

Purpose: Our aim was to explore Canadian dietitians' knowledge, beliefs, and values relating to the nutritional care of Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and other queer groups (2SLGBTQ+).Methods: The research was qualitative and used a poststructural theoretical lens. Interviews were conducted with 16 Canadian dietitians. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Three themes were noted: (i) moving away from the binary; (ii) systemic discrimination and 2SLGBTQ+ experiences; and (iii) professional organizations and advocacy. The participants discussed structural, professional, and cultural barriers that affect the nutrition and health experiences of sexual and gender diverse groups.Conclusion: Dietetic institutions and regulatory bodies must provide sexual and gender diversity resources and engage in activities that acknowledge the lives and nutritional concerns of sexual and gender diverse people. Such advocacy is a means to provide more inclusive and equitable care. Key recommendations for structural changes within the profession include using an intersectional lens and a critical dietetic approach to nutritional care.

[New governance and transformation of the hospital organisation]. / Nouvelle gouvernance et transformation de l'organisation à l'hôpital.

The last decade has witnessed an increasing number of reforms of the French healthcare system. The main objectives are to control healthcare costs by reducing spending and pooling resources. This is not achieved without difficulties, the economic criteria sometimes overshadowing humanist and altruistic values. These changes influence the organisation of care, even in paediatrics.

[The French National College of Oncology Teachers (CNEC): Missions, organization, and projects]. / Le Collège national des enseignants de cancérologie (CNEC) : missions, organisation et projets.

The National College of Cancerology Teachers (CNEC) was created in September 1986. Its missions are to develop the teaching of oncology, to promote educational actions in the discipline, to participate in the development of teaching content and the definition of curricula and the control of knowledge for the training of medical students and specialists, to develop and validate educational documents relating to the above teaching, to ensure the representation of oncology teaching to of the National University Council (CNU) and administrative authorities, to ensure and coordinate relations with other university disciplines, scientific societies, national, European, and international professional groups, and to contribute to the development of research in the discipline. The current office was elected in September 2022 for three years.

[Professionalisation means building a structured and structured nursing structure]. / La professionnalisation, c'est bâtir un édifice infirmier structuré et structurant.

While the Ministry of Health has been communicating for several months about the launch of the reform of the nursing profession, work finally began in mid-2023 in the field of practice, to  efine the new perimeters to be covered for the profession of tomorrow. At the same time, the move towards university-based initial nursing training, which began in 2009, is continuing, with discussions starting at the end of 2023 on educational engineering, selection procedures, placements, student rights, the fundamentals of research teaching, etc. Between increasing skills and the associated responsibilities, and establishing a disciplinary field, the development of the profession is part of a gradual historical construction.

[Trends in the choice of internal medicine (and clinical immunology) at the end of the national ranking examination since 2010]. / Évolution du choix de la médecine interne (et immunologie clinique) à l'issue des épreuves classantes nationales depuis 2010.

INTRODUCTION: The 2017 reform of the third cycle of medical studies (R3C) was accompanied by modifications in the formats and number of specialty diplomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of the choice of the internal medicine and clinical immunology specialty before and after 2017. METHODS: We used the median ranking and its evolution, as well as incoming and outgoing remorse rights, as markers of attractiveness. Data on the number of position offered, rankings and affectation were collected from decrees published in the French "Journal Officiel" each year. A survey conducted by the "Amicale des Jeunes Internistes" investigated the reasons for the outgoing or incoming rights to remorse. RESULTS: Before 2017, internal medicine was accessible to 52% of students on average, with a median rank of 1118 [339-2640]. From 2017 onwards, the internal medicine specialty was accessible to an average of 76.6% of students, with a median rank of 2772 [1039-5155]. The balance of incoming and outgoing remorse rights was -4.7% before 2017 and varied between -4.1 and -12.4% from 2017. CONCLUSION: Since 2017, the median and cut-off ranks of students choosing internal medicine specialty have increased, and balance of incoming and outgoing remorse rights was increasingly negative. A reflection on the attractiveness of the internal medicine specialty is undertaken by the National College of Internal Medicine Teachers in order to make the richness of the specialty and its different modes of practice known to future residents.

[Students' views on current training]. / Le point de vue des étudiants sur la formation actuelle.

Nursing training is governed by the 2009 reference framework. But is it still appropriate? If not, what do students need to learn their future profession in three years? These are the questions that the National Federation of Nursing Students wanted to answer by launching, in April 2022, its "Grandes consultations". Traveling to the thirteen regions of France, its representatives met with teaching teams, local stakeholders and, above all, students, who were thus able to make their voices heard.

[Nursing students, the poor relation of the health care system]. / Les étudiants en soins infirmiers, parent pauvre du système de santé.

Even if nursing students have obtained social progress following different periods of mobilization and negotiations, we must admit that their situation remains worrying. Many of them live in precariousness and undergo very difficult training conditions. Instrumentalized, even mistreated, by caregivers who are at the end of their rope because they work in institutions that are in a critical situation, the students no longer learn and perform the tasks of the missing staff. The Covid-19 crisis is a striking example of this.

[« IPAs can enable a better matching of resources to the needs of the territories ¼]. / « Les IPA peuvent permettre une meilleure adéquation des ressources aux besoins des territoires ¼.

The current state of the healthcare system does not allow all French people to access the care they need. Advanced practice nurses could be an answer to this problem. For this to be possible, it is necessary to work on their deployment, which is currently difficult due to the existence of certain obstacles. This is what Frédéric Valletoux, Member of Parliament for Seine-et-Marne, and Patrick Chamboredon, President of the National Council of the National Order of Nurses, explain in a joint interview.

Making Sense of "Insanity": Law, Psychiatry, and the Royal Commission on the Law of Insanity as a Defence in Criminal Cases.

In 1954, the Canadian government established the Royal Commission on the Law of Insanity as a Defence in Criminal Cases. While its final report had little impact at the time, the creation of the commission points to the emergence of insanity as a newly complex problem within the context of postwar Canada. Spurred on by the growing psychiatric profession and the destabilization of capital punishment as a viable sentence, the commission quickly realized that the building blocks of its solution - legal and psychiatric expertise - were largely incompatible. This article explores the commission's problematization of insanity, which, far from providing solutions, highlighted the difficulties surrounding the integration of both psychiatric and legal knowledges of the day. The commission played an important role in upholding the status quo, and it provides an early example of the stasis that would characterize this area of the law until the early 1990s.

Résumé. En 1954, le gouvernement du Canada mettait sur pied la Commission royale chargée d'étudier la défense d'aliénation mentale en matière criminelle. Même si son rapport eut peu de répercussions à l'époque, la création de la Commission suggère que le problème de l'aliénation mentale avait acquis une complexité nouvelle dans le contexte de l'après-guerre au Canada. La Commission, aiguillonnée par la profession psychiatrique en expansion et la remise en cause de la peine capitale comme sentence acceptable, a vite réalisé que les éléments de base de la solution à ce problème ­ les expertises juridique et psychiatrique ­ étaient en grande partie incompatibles. Cet article s'intéresse à la manière dont la Commission problématise l'aliénation mentale : loin de fournir des solutions, elle fait plutôt ressortir la difficuté d'arrimer les savoirs psychiatriques et juridiques de l'époque. La Commission a joué un rôle important dans le maintien du statut quo, et constitue un exemple précoce de l'immobilisme qui allait caractériser ce domaine du droit jusqu'au début des années 1990.

Health and health insurance in Tunisia: the challenges of the 2004 reform.

Background: In 2004, Tunisia has implemented health insurance reform in order to remedy several problems related to alarming inequity, insufficient health coverage, and exponential growth in health costs and out of pocket spending. Aims: This paper aimed at sharing a critical vision and qualitative assessment of health insurance reform implemented during 2004 in Tunisia. Methods: Using several sources of information such as the national health insurance fund and the national institute of statistics, we identified the major problems of the health insurance system, the objectives outlined by the reform in relation to these problems, the implementation of measures taken and the level of achievement of these objectives. Results: 17% of the population remains without health coverage. In 2015, the out-of-pocket health expenditures was 39.8%, which does not avoid the risk of catastrophic expenditure. Almost all (91%) of out-of-pocket health expenditures are spent for private sector related healthcare services. Coverage for chronic disease control remains insufficient. The health expenditure contribution of supplementary schemes is estimated at 3.3%. The fragmentation of the health coverage accentuates the inequalities in access to healthcare. Conclusion: In general, the measures taken by the health insurance reform were not found to be sufficiently efficient to achieve its objectives. Out-of-pocket health expenditures remain high. For better social health protection, policy makers have to restructure health coverage, promote the public health sector and guarantee access to medicines, particularly for chronic diseases.

[Setting up Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in ophthalmology]. / Mise en place des examens cliniques objectifs structurés (ECOS) facultaires en ophtalmologie.

Obective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) are a reproducible and objective way to evaluate medical students and have been used for many years in English-speaking countries, Canada and Switzerland. They evaluate candidates more on the basis of their practical skills, know-how and interpersonal skills than on their theoretical knowledge. From a nationally validated, limited list of typical clinical situations, stations are set up by the teaching team with standardized patients played by actors, designed to test a variety of problem solving, technical, diagnostic, therapeutic, communication, examination, and history taking skills, possibly with simulation tools. Setting up a station, as well as creating an OSCE cycle with several stations through which the candidates rotate, requires significant preparation prior to the examination: creating the station scenario with precise instruction sheets for the candidates, simulated patients and evaluators, multiple stages of proofreading, verifying the required equipment and adapting rating scales. OSCEs seek to evaluate students "objectively," as they are the only variable in this type of examination, in which the scripts, materials and rating scales have been standardized to limit subjectivity. This examination method is a flagship measure of the reform of the second cycle of French medical studies. OSCEs are now part of the testing modalities for the 2021-2022 academic year and will be integrated into the National Dematerialized Examination (NDE) starting in May 2023. They may also be useful in validating the achievements of students and residents in various stages of training, as well as in continuing medical education (CME). We present herein the key elements of these new evaluation tools and their practical applications in the evaluation of students in ophthalmology.

[Feedback on the first three years of application of the reform of the third cycle in oncology]. / La phase socle en oncologie : retour d'expérience sur les trois premières années d'application de la réforme du troisième cycle.

Since the establishment of the reform of medical studies' third cycle in 2017, the first two residency semesters define the "phase socle" whose objective is to provide the basic knowledge of the specialty. We have carried out a declarative survey, submitted in 2020 to all French residents in Oncology whose "phase socle" had taken place during the first 3 years of the reform. The main objectives of this survey were to evaluate the theoretical teaching of oncology as well as the practical hospital training provided during this phase. The response rate was 44% (among 355 residents, 155 answered). In terms of theoretical training, the level of satisfaction with the national teaching courses of the Collège National des Enseignants en Cancérologie and the distant learning courses on the SIDES-NG platform was considered satisfactory (average visual analog scale of 6.7/10 and 5.7/10, respectively). There was greater heterogeneity in the organization of local courses, of which only 50% of base phase residents benefited. In terms of practical training, the training value of the medical oncology and radiation oncology residencies was good (visual analogue scale 7.9/10 and 6.7/10, respectively), with educational objectives adapted to the base phase, but with a greater workload for medical oncology. This study provides feedback that shows the success of this reform in oncology. It also offers suggestions, which could be the basis to improve the formation of oncology residents.

[Manual for "Junior Doctors" in medical oncology]. / Guide sur le rôle du « Docteur Junior ¼ en oncologie médicale.

The reform of medical residency introduced in 2017 established the position of Junior Doctor, for its last phase, called the consolidation phase. Its goal is the increasing and supervised autonomy of the resident, in order to better support the transition toward senior practitioner. It appears necessary to define proper guidelines on the status and the specific role of Junior Doctor in medical oncology, in order to help the implementation of the reform of the 3rd cycle. This document is the result of a collaboration between AERIO and CNEC, that respectively represent medical oncology residents and university teachers. It aims to advise and guide local practices, without being compulsory, before the arrival of the first Junior Doctors in November 2021. It explains the Junior Doctors' principal jobs: consultation, multidisciplinary meeting, day clinic, hospitalization, clinical research, quality policy and teaching.

Quality of Diabetes Care in Blended Fee-for-Service and Blended Capitation Payment Systems.

OBJECTIVES: In the middle to late 2000s, many family physicians switched from a Family Health Group (FHG; a blended fee-for-service model) to a Family Health Organization (FHO; a blended capitation model) in Ontario, Canada. The evidence on the link between physician remuneration schemes and quality of diabetes care is mixed in the literature. We examined whether physicians who switched from the FHG to FHO model provided better care for individuals living with diabetes relative to those who remained in the FHG model. METHODS: Using longitudinal health administrative data from 2006 to 2016, we investigated the impact of physicians switching from FHG to FHO on 8 quality indicators related to diabetes care. Because FHO physicians are likely to be systematically different from FHGs, we employed propensity-score-based inverse probability-weighted fixed-effects regression models. All analyses were conducted at the physician level. RESULTS: We found that FHO physicians were more likely to provide glycated hemoglobin testing by 2.75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89% to 3.60%), lipid assessment by 2.76% (CI, 1.95% to 3.57%), nephropathy screening by 1.08% (95% CI, 0.51% to 1.66%) and statin prescription by 1.08% (95% CI, 0.51% to 1.66%). Patients under FHOs had a lower estimated risk of mortality by 0.0124% (95% CI, 0.0123% to 0.0126%) per physician per year. However, FHG and FHO physicians were similar for annual eye examination, prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (or angiotensin II receptor blockers) and patients' risk of avoidable diabetes-related hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with blended fee-for-service, blended capitation payment is associated with a small, but statistically significant, improvement in some aspects of diabetes care.

Psicanálise e saúde mental infanto-juvenil: uma reflexão sobre o lugar da subjetividade nos CAPSi / Psicoanálisis y salud mental infantil y juvenil: una reflexión sobre el lugar de la subjetividad en los CAPSi / Psychoanalysis and child and adolescent mental health: a reflection on the place of subjectivity in CAPSi / Psychanalyse et santé mentale infanto-juvénile: une réflexion sur la place de la subjectivité au sein des CAPSi

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o trabalho das equipes de saúde mental nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-juvenil (CAPSi), de forma a considerar a subjetividade como fator para inclusão. Como metodologia de trabalho utilizou-se os fundamentos da psicanálise aplicada. Retomou-se as contribuições de Franco Basaglia para compreender sua influência na Reforma Psiquiátrica no Brasil e elucidar a prática atual dos CAPSi. Discute-se os impasses atuais no âmbito da subjetividade na Reforma Psiquiátrica e propõe-se localizar superfícies transversais que articulam a presença de uma abordagem psicanalítica da subjetividade na atenção psicossocial. Conclui-se sobre a importância da discussão de uma política de subjetivação de abordagem psicanalítica nos serviços públicos de saúde mental considerando que o tratamento nestes não seja polarizado entre o reducionismo biológico e a atenção psicossocial

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el trabajo de los equipos de salud mental en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial Infantil y juvenil (CAPSi), de manera a considerar la subjetividad como factor para la inclusión. Como metodología de esta pesquisa, se utilizó los fundamentos del psicoanálisis aplicada. Se retomó las contribuciones de Franco Basaglia para comprender su influencia en la Reforma Psiquiátrica en Brasil y elucidar la práctica actual de los CAPSi. Se discute los bloqueos actuales en el ámbito de la subjetividad en la Reforma Psiquiátrica y se propone localizar superficies transversales que articulan la presencia de un abordaje psicoanalítico de la subjetividad en la atención psicosocial. Se concluye sobre la importancia de la discusión de una política de subjetivación de abordaje psicoanalítico en los servicios públicos de salud mental considerando que el tratamiento en estos no sea polarizado entre o reduccionismo biológico y la atención psicossocial

The aim of this article is to discuss the work of the mental health teams in the Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPSi), in order to consider subjectivity as a factor of inclusion. The methodology used was based on applied psychoanalysis. Franco Basaglia's contributions were revisited in order to understand his influence on the Psychiatric Reform in Brazil and to elucidate the current practice of CAPSi. The current impasses in the field of subjectivity in the Psychiatric Reform are discussed and it is proposed to locate transversal surfaces that articulate the presence of a psychoanalytic approach to subjectivity in psychosocial care. The conclusion is that it is important to discuss a psychoanalytic approach to subjectivation in public mental health services, so that treatment in these services is not polarized between biological reductionism and psychosocial care

Cet article a pour objectif de discuter du travail des équipes de santé mentale au sein des Centres de Soins Psychosociaux Infanto-juvéniles (CAPSi), en accordant une attention particulière à la subjectivité en tant que facteur d'inclusion. Nous avons utilisé les principes de la psychanalyse appliquée comme méthodologie de travail. Nous avons également examiné les contributions de Franco Basaglia pour comprendre son influence sur la Réforme Psychiatrique Brésilienne et éclairer la pratique courante des CAPSi. Nous discutons des impasses actuelles dans le domaine de la subjectivité dans la Réforme Psychiatrique et nous proposons de localiser des surfaces transversales qui articulent la présence d'une approche psychanalytique de la subjectivité dans les soins psychosociaux. En conclusion, nous soulignons l'importance de discuter d'une politique de subjectivation avec une approche psychanalytique au sein des services de santé mentale publics, en considérant que le traitement dans ces services ne doit pasêtre polarisé entre le réductionnisme biologique et le soin psychosocial

O tear psicanalítico: uma pesquisa sobre as práticas da psicanálise na saúde mental / The psychoanalytic loom: investigating the psychoanalysis practices of a mental health care team / Le métier à tisser psychanalytique: enquête sur les pratiques de psychanalyse d'une équipe de santé mentale / El telar psicoanalítico: una investigación sobre las prácticas del psicoanálisis en un equipo de salud mental

Resumo Este artigo discute as práticas da psicanálise em equipes de saúde mental pública, investigando o modo como psicanalistas atuam fora do modelo ambulatorial individualizado. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica, por meio do acompanhamento da rotina de trabalho de dois psicanalistas em uma equipe de saúde mental. O registro detalhado das rotinas em diário de campo foi utilizado como material de análise. Em decorrência disso, propõe-se o modelo do tear psicanalítico para ilustrar o modo como a psicanálise opera em interlocução com os demais saberes que compõem a saúde mental pública.

Abstract This article discusses the psychoanalysis practices employed by public mental health care teams, investigating how psychoanalysts act outside the individualized ambulatory model. An ethnographic research was carried out by monitoring the work routines of two psychoanalysts from a mental health care team. Detailed recordings of the routines in the field diary were used as material for analysis. Hence, this essay proposes the psychoanalytic loom approach to illustrate how psychoanalysis operates in dialogue with other knowledge that make up public mental health.

Résumé Cet article traite des pratiques de psychanalyse utilisées par les équipes publiques de santé mentale, en examinant comment les psychanalystes agissent en dehors du modèle ambulatoire individualisé. Une recherche ethnographique a été menée en suivant les routines de travail de deux psychanalystes d'une équipe de santé mentale. Les enregistrements détaillant des routines dans le journal de bord ont été utilisé comme matériel d'analyse. Cet essai propose donc l'approche du métier à tisser psychanalytique pour illustrer comment la psychanalyse opère en interaction avec les autres savoirs qui composent la santé mentale publique.

Resumen Este artículo discute las prácticas del psicoanálisis en equipos de salud mental pública, investigando el modo de actuar de los psicoanalistas fuera del modelo ambulatorio individualizado. La investigación se realizó a partir de la perspectiva etnográfica por medio del seguimiento de la rutina de trabajo de dos psicoanalistas en un equipo de salud mental. El registro detallado de las rutinas en diario de campo se utilizó como material de análisis. Con eso, se propone el modelo del telar psicoanalítico como ilustración del modo como se opera el psicoanálisis en interlocución con los demás saberes que componen la salud mental pública.

Income Inequities in Health Care Utilization among Adults Aged 50 and Older.

Equitable access to and utilization of health services is a primary goal for many health care systems, particularly in countries with universal publicly funded systems. Despite concerns regarding potentially adverse implications of the 1990s' health care policy and other reforms, whether and how income inequalities in service utilization changed remains unclear. This study addressed the impact of income on physician and hospital utilization from 1992-2002 among adults aged 50 and older in British Columbia. Those with lower incomes were found less likely to access general practitioner and specialist services but more likely to access hospital services. Income-related disparities in physician care increased over time; hospital care declined. Volume of GP and hospital care was inversely associated with income; these differences increased regarding GP services only. Findings of declines in hospital-care access, accompanied by increasing income-related disparities in physician-services access, show that inequities are increasing within Canada's health care system.