What is the significance of end-stage renal disease risk estimation in living kidney donors?

Two end-stage renal disease (ESRD) risk calculators were recently developed by Grams et al., and Ibrahim et al. to calculate ESRD risk before donation among living kidney donors. However, those calculators have never been studied among potential donors for whom donation was refused due to medical contraindications and compared to a group of donors. We compared 15-year and lifetime ESRD risk of donors and nondonors due to medical cause as estimated by those two calculators. Nondonors due to medical cause (n = 27) had a significantly higher 15-year ESRD risk compared to donors (n = 288) with both calculators (0.25 vs. 0.14, P < 0.001 for that developed by Grams et al. and 2.21 vs. 1.43, P = 0.002 for that developed by Ibrahim et al.). On the contrary, lifetime ESRD risk was not significantly different between the two groups. At both times (15 years and lifetime), we observed a significant overlap of ESRD risk between the two groups. ESRD risk calculators could be complementary to standard screening strategy but cannot be used alone to accept or decline donation.

Comparison of microalbuminuria among treatment naïve HIV sero-positive and negative adult clients in Faith Alive Foundation Hospital, Jos.

BACKGROUND: This study is to determine microalbuminuria in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients before commencement of highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with the HIV infection seen in the HIV counselling and testing (HCT) unit of the Faith Alive Foundation Hospital, Jos, and a similar group of healthy uninfected patients were evaluated for renal disease: Urinary albumin and urinary creatinine were analysed. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients with HIV infection and 100 uninfected controls studied, increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was present in 39 (19.5%) of the subjects and 5.0 (5.0%) of controls. The difference between the mean values for the UAE for both subjects and controls [182.3 ± 54.3 and 163.9 ± 39.3 mg/l, respectively (P = 0.006)] was statistically significant. On the other hand the urinary creatinine for both the subjects and controls [11.7 ± 5.2 and 12.0 ± 4.8 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.6)] was not statistically significant. The difference between the mean urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) for both subjects and controls [1.8 ± 1.2 mg/mmol and 1.4 ± 0.4 mg/mmol respectively (P = 0.001)] was statistically significant. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION: Increase UAE is a common complication of HIV infection due to a number of factors other than HAART. Early screening for renal disease using microalbuminuria is very useful since the use of medications such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, which could help reverse progression to end-stage renal disease.

Evaluación de factores de riesgo y utilidad de un modelo pediátrico predictivo de progresión a enfermedad renal estadio terminal en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica estadios 2 al 4 atendidos en el Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel del 2007 al 2016 / Evaluation of risk factors and utility of a pediatric model predictive of progression to end stage renal disease in patients with chronic renal disease stages 2 to 4 attended at the Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renan Esquivel from 2007 to 2016

Introducción: El curso clínico de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en la población pediátrica es heterogéneo. La incidencia de enfermedad renal estadio 5 (ERC5) en la población pediátrica está en aumento. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar los factores de riesgo y la utilidad de un modelo pediátrico predictivo de progresión estadio 5 en pacientes mayores de 2 años con ERC estadio 2-4 atendidos en el Hospital del Niño Doctor José Renán Esquivel. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de un estudio analítico de cohorte retrospectivo. Se revisaron los expedientes de los pacientes con ERC y diagnósticos afines atendidos por el Servicio de Nefrología a partir de la fecha en que se estableció el diagnóstico de ERC y luego su seguimiento al año y los 5 años de su diagnóstico inicial. Resultados: 33 pacientes ingresaron al estudio. La mediana de edad de 6 años (DE +4). Hubo 18 femeninas; 13 procedentes de la provincia de Panamá. Se realizó el análisis univariado para los factores de riesgo, obteniendo riesgo de progresión para hiperfosfatemia al primer año de seguimiento (RR = 6.750, p = 0.031) y 5 años de seguimiento (RR = 3.857, p = 0.002); no hubo significancia estadística para las otras variables estudiadas. Hubo 13 pacientes que progresaron a estadio 5. Al aplicar el modelo pediátrico predictivo de progresión a estadio 5 de Oliveira, al momento del ingreso al estudio la distribución de los pacientes fue: bajo riesgo 11, mediano riesgo 14 y alto riesgo 8, obteniendo el porcentaje de supervivencia renal a los 5 años de seguimiento para los pacientes de bajo, mediano y alto riesgo de 16 (76.1%), 2 (40%) y 2 (28.5%), respectivamente. El análisis de supervivencia renal no tuvo significancia estadística. Conclusiones: La hiperfosfatemia en pacientes pediátricos con ERC se asocia a progresión a ERC5 al primer año y 5 años de seguimiento. Se necesitan de estudios longitudinales, prospectivos y multicéntricos para evaluar la utilidad del modelo pediátrico predictivo de progresión a estadio 5 de Oliveira.

Introduction: The clinical course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the pediatric population is heterogeneous. The incidence of chronic kindey diseae stage 5 (CKD5) in the pediatric population has increased over the past two decades. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk factors and utility of a pediatric predictive model of progression to CKD5 in pediatric patients older than 2 years with chronic renal disease stage 2-4 treated at the Children's Hospital Doctor Jose Renan Esquivel. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in which the records of patients with CKD and related diagnoses were reviewed of the Children's Hospital Doctor Jose Renan Esquivel Nephrology Service, from the date of CKD diagnosis was settle down and then follow-up one year and 5 years from initial diagnosis in the period from January 2007 to December 2016. Results: 33 patients entered the study. The median age was 6 years (SD +4). There were 18 female; 13 from the province of Panama. Univariate analysis was performed for risk factors, with a risk of progression to hyperphosphatemia at the first year of follow-up (RR = 6,750, p = 0.031) and 5 years of follow-up (RR = 3,857, p = 0.002); there was no statistical significance for the other variables studied. 13 progressed to CKD5. When applying the Oliveira pediatric predictive model of progression to CKD5, 11 were at low risk, 14 at medium risk and 8 at high risk at the admission to the study, obtaining a renal survival at 5 years of follow-up, 16 (76.1%), 2 (40%) and 2 (28.5%), respectively. The analysis of renal survival was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Hyperphosphataemia in pediatric patients with CKD is associated with progression to CKD at the first year and 5 years of follow-up. Longitudinal, prospective and multicenter studies are needed to evaluate the utility of the pediatric predictive model of progression to CKD5.