Endogenous Electric Field-Coupled PD@BP Biomimetic Periosteum Promotes Bone Regeneration through Sensory Nerve via Fanconi Anemia Signaling Pathway.

To treat bone defects, repairing the nerve-rich periosteum is critical for repairing the local electric field. In this study, an endogenous electric field is coupled with 2D black phosphorus electroactive periosteum to explore its role in promoting bone regeneration through nerves. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the electrically active biomimetic periosteum. Here, the in vitro effects exerted by the electrically active periosteum on the transformation of Schwann cells into the repair phenotype, axon initial segment (AIS) and dense core vesicle (DCV) of sensory neurons, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are assessed using SEM, immunofluorescence, RNA-sequencing, and calcium ion probes. The electrically active periosteum stimulates Schwann cells into a neuroprotective phenotype via the Fanconi anemia pathway, enhances the AIS effect of sensory neurons, regulates DCV transport, and releases neurotransmitters, promoting the osteogenic transformation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Microcomputed tomography and other in vivo techniques are used to study the effects of the electrically active periosteum on bone regeneration. The results show that the electrically active periosteum promotes nerve-induced osteogenic repair, providing a potential clinical strategy for bone regeneration.

Aptamer engineering exosomes loaded on biomimetic periosteum to promote angiogenesis and bone regeneration by targeting injured nerves via JNK3 MAPK pathway.

Repairing critical bone defects is a complex problem in the clinic. The periosteum rich in nerve plays a vital role in initiating and regulating bone regeneration. However, current studies have paid little attention to repairing nerves in the periosteum to promote bone regeneration. Thus, it is essential to construct bionic periosteum with the targeted injured nerves in the periosteum. We coupled phosphatidylserine (PS) targeted aptamers with repair Schwann cell exosomes to construct exosome@aptamer (EA). Then through PEI, EA was successfully built on the surface of the electrospun fiber, which was PCL@PEI@exosome@aptamer (PPEA). Through SEM, TEM, and other technologies, PPEA was characterized. Experiments prove in vivo and in vitro that it has an excellent repair effect on damaged nerves and regeneration of vascular and bones. In vivo, we confirmed that biomimetic periosteum has an apparent ability to promote nerve and bone regeneration by using Microcomputer tomography, hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, and Immunofluorescence. In vitro, we used Immunofluorescence, Real-Time Quantitative PCR, Alkaline phosphatase staining, and other tests to confirm that it has central nerve, blood vessel, and bone regeneration ability. The PPEA biomimetic periosteum has apparent neurogenic, angiogenic, and osteogenic effects. The PPEA biomimetic periosteum will provide a promising method for treating bone defects.