Safety and immunogenicity of homologous prime-boost CoronaVac vaccine in people living with HIV in China: A multicenter prospective cohort study.

People living with HIV (PLWH) are particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. This multicentre prospective cohort study evaluated the long-term immunogenicity and safety of a third homologous dose of Sinovac CoronaVac in PLWH in China. A total of 228 PLWH and 127 HIV-negative controls were finally included and followed up for 6 months. Fewer participants reported mild or moderate adverse reactions, and no serious adverse events were observed. The median levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and immunoglobulin G against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein (S-IgG) in PLWH (655.92 IU/mL, IQR: 175.76-1663.55; 206.83 IU/mL, IQR: 85.20-397.82) were comparable to those in control group (1067.16 IU/mL, IQR: 239.85-1670.83; 261.70 IU/mL, IQR: 77.13-400.75), and reached their peak at 4 weeks, exhibiting a delayed peak pattern compared to the 2-week peak in control group. After then, the immune titres gradually decreased over time, but most participants still maintained positive seroconversion at the 6-month mark. Multivariable generalized estimating equation analysis indicated that CD4+T cell count, HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) were independent factors strongly associated with immune response (each p < 0.05). We suggested that PLWH should maintain well-controlled HIV status through ART and receive timely administration of the second booster dose for optimal protection.

Hypersensitivity reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: a case of Eosinophilic pneumonia following Sinovac/CoronaVac vaccination.

Summary: Hypersensitivity reactions has been reported with COVID-19 vaccines. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia has not been reported yet after Sinovac/CoronaVac vaccine. A 73-year-old woman presented with maculopapular rash, cough and dyspnea following Sinovac/CoronaVac injection. The complete blood count (CBC) indicated eosinophilia and further evaluation of the eosinophilia with CT and bronchoscopy confirmed a diagnosis of acute eosinophilic pneumonia. After methylprednisolone therapy, her rash resolved with marked improvement of the dyspnea. She is still on treatment and on the follow up period, we plan to continue steroid treatment at least 3 months.

The effect of COVID-19 vaccinations on menstrual cycle and serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels in reproductive age women.

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations on menstrual cycle and ovarian reserve in reproductive aged-women. Health care providers (n = 258) vaccinated with inactivated (CoronaVac) and mRNA based (Pfizer-BioNTech®) COVID-19 vaccines were included. All subjects completed a gynaecological and menstrual history questionnaire and Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels were measured in serum samples collected before first vaccination and at 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th months. The prevalence of new-onset menstrual dysregulation following vaccination was 20.6% and it was statistically significant compared to baseline (p = 0.001). Menstrual pattern turned back to normal in 59.6% of vaccinated women. Serum AMH levels gradually decreased until 6th month of follow-up compared to baseline (p < 0.001). A significant increase in serum AMH level was observed at 9th month of follow-up compared to 6th month follow-up levels (p < 0.001). The decrease in serum AMH level was statistically significant regardless of serum anti SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, subgroups of age, occupation, menstrual dysregulation following vaccination and presence of gynaecological diseases. In conclusion, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 causes a transient decrease on serum AMH levels and moderate irregularities in menstrual pattern increasing with age and is mostly reversible.

Effects of Sinovac-Coronavac and Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccines on choroidal and retinal vascular system.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of Sinovac-Coronavac and Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccines on choroidal and retinal vascular system using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, 63 healthy participants (29 with Pfizer-BioNTech, 34 with Sinovac-CoronaVac) were evaluated after the first dose of vaccination. Vessel density (VD) of the superficial (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) and choriocapillaris (CC) were measured with OCTA. Choroidal thickness (CT) were measured with EDI-OCT. Measurements were performed at the 2nd week and the 4th week after vaccinations and compared to pre-vaccination values. RESULTS: Regarding Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination, CT in the subfoveal and nasal region significantly increased between the pre-vaccination and post-vaccination 2nd week and then significantly decreased to pre-vaccine values at 4th week. The SCP-VD (whole image, fovea, parafovea, perifovea temporal) variables showed a significant decrease at 2nd week. The DCP-VD inferior hemi, parafovea inferior hemi, parafovea inferior variables demonstrated a significant decrease at 2nd week. The perifovea DCP-VD variables also showed a significant decrease at 2nd week, and these variables returned to pre-vaccination values after 4 weeks. The CC-VD variables showed a significant decrease between pre-vaccine and 2nd week post-vaccination. Regarding the Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccination, there was no statistically significant difference in CT and VD values before and after vaccination (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study showed significant alterations in retinal vascular density and CT for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine at the 2nd week, and these parameters became compatible with pre-vaccination values at the 4th week. In contrast, no differences were observed after the Sinovac-Coronovac vaccination.

The safety and immunogenicity of a two-dose schedule of CoronaVac, and the immune persistence of vaccination for six months, in people living with HIV: A multicenter prospective cohort study.

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. However, evidence on the immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in this population is insufficient. The objective of this study is to assess the immunogenicity and safety of the two-dose schedule of Sinovac CoronaVac for 6 months postvaccination in PLWH. Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study among PLWH and HIV-negative adults in China. Participants who received two doses of CoronaVac prior to the recruitment were allocated into two groups and followed up for 6 months. The neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), immunoglobulin G against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein (S-IgG), and gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) were measured to assess the associations among CoronaVac immunogenicity and related factors. Adverse reactions were collected to evaluate the safety profile of vaccination. Results: A total of 203 PLWH and 100 HIV-negative individuals were enrolled. A small portion of participants reported mild or moderate adverse reactions without serious adverse events. Median nAbs level in PLWH (31.96 IU/mL, IQR: 12.34-76.40) was lower than that in the control group (46.52 IU/mL, IQR: 29.08-77.30) at the 2-4 weeks postvaccination (P=0.002), and the same trend was presented for median S-IgG titer (37.09 vs. 60.02 IU/ml) (both P <0.05). The nAbs seroconversion rate in the PLWH group was also lower than in the control group (75.86% vs. 89.00%). After then, the immune responses reduced over time in term of only 23.04% of PLWH and 36.00% of HIV-negative individuals had a positive seroconversion for nAbs at 6-month. The multivariable generalized estimating equation analysis showed that PLWH with CD4+T count≥350 cells/µL presented higher immune response than PLWH with CD4+T count <350 cells/µL in terms of antibody seroconversion and titers. The immunogenicity did not differ in participants with low or high HIV viral load. The S-antigen specific IFN-γ immunity was generally stable and had a slow attenuation in both two groups for 6 months postvaccination. Conclusion: The Sinovac CoronaVac was generally safe and immunogenic in PLWH, but the immunity response was inferior and the antibodies vanished faster compared to HIV-negative individuals. This study suggested a shorter than 6-month interval of prime-boost vaccination for PLWH to ensure a better protection.

Effect of an exercise bout before the booster dose of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on immunogenicity in immunocompromised patients.

This randomized controlled study aimed to investigate whether a single bout of exercise before the homologous booster dose of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine could enhance immunogenicity in patients with spondyloarthritis. We selected 60 consecutive patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). Patients assigned to the intervention group performed an exercise bout comprising three exercises. Then, they remained at rest for 1 h before vaccination. The control group remained at rest before vaccination. Immunogenicity was assessed before (Pre) and 1 mo after (Post) the booster using seropositivity rates of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG, geometric mean titers of anti-S1/S2 IgG (GMT), frequency of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) positivity, and NAb activity. At Pre, 16 patients from the exercise group and 16 patients from the control group exhibited seropositivity for IgG (59% vs. 57.1%), and 1 mo after the booster dose, seropositivity occurred in 96% versus 100% of the cases. Only 10 patients from the exercise group and 12 patients from the control group showed positive NAb serology at Pre (37% vs. 42.8%). One month following the booster, NAb positivity was 96% versus 93%. GMT was comparable between groups at Pre. At Post, GMT increased similarly in both groups. Likewise, NAb activity was similar between groups at Pre and increased similarly in both of them as a result of the booster (47.5% vs. 39.9%). In conclusion, a single bout of exercise did not enhance immunogenicity to a homologous booster dose of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine among patients with spondyloarthritis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We tested the role of exercise as an adjuvant to a booster of a COVID-19 vaccine. Immunocompromised patients were immunized after an acute bout of exercise or not. Patients exhibited an excellent immunogenicity in response to the booster dose. Exercise did not add to the vaccine effects on IgG or neutralizing antibodies.

Immunization and SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence in a Country with High Vaccination Coverage: Lessons from Chile.

Chile is among the most successful nations worldwide in terms of its COVID-19 vaccine rollout. By 31 December 2021, 84.1% of the population was fully vaccinated, and 56.1% received booster doses using different COVID-19 vaccines. In this context, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies following the infection and vaccination campaign. Using a three-stage stratified sampling, we performed a population-based cross-sectional serosurvey based on a representative sample of three Chilean cities. Selected participants were blood-sampled on-site and answered a short COVID-19 and vaccination history questionnaire using Wantai SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA to determine seroprevalence. We recruited 2198 individuals aged 7-93 between 5 October and 25 November 2021; 2132 individuals received COVID-19 vaccinations (97%), 67 (3.1%) received one dose, 2065 (93.9%) received two doses, and 936 received the booster jab (42.6%). Antibody seroprevalence reached 97.3%, ranging from 40.9% among those not vaccinated to 99.8% in those with booster doses (OR = 674.6, 154.8-2938.5). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were associated with vaccination, previous COVID-19 diagnosis, age group, and city of residence. In contrast, we found no significant differences in the type of vaccine used, education, nationality, or type of health insurance. We found a seroprevalence close to 100%, primarily due to the successful vaccination program, which strongly emphasizes universal access.