Assessing Variations in Positional Performance across Age Groups and during Matches in Youth Association Football Competitions.

This study aimed to explore how positional performance varies across different youth age groups and during matches in football competitions. The study encompassed 160 male outfield youth football players (n = 80, under-13, U13; n = 80, under-15, U15) who belonged to the starting line-up and played the entire first half of each match. The players' positional data were gathered through the global positional system for each of the eight matches performed by each age group. The frequency of near-in-phase synchronization based on speed displacements, spatial exploration index, and the distance to the nearest teammate and opponent were used as variables. Additionally, each match half was segmented into three equal parts to assess changes over time and used as a period factor along with age group. The results indicated that U13 players showed a significant decrease (from small to large ES) in synchronization speed and spatial exploration index throughout the first half of the match, along with a decrease in the distance to the nearest opponent. In contrast, U15 players exhibited most changes during the third segment of the half, with a decrease in speed synchronization and spatial exploration, but an increase in the distance and regularity to the nearest opponent. Comparing both age groups revealed significant differences in speed synchronization across the entire half of the match and within each segmented period (from small to large ES), with U13 consistently showing higher values. The study highlights that long durations in 11 vs. 11 matches might not provide an appropriate learning environment in the U13 age group. Conversely, the U15 group displayed better capacity for tactical adjustments over time, suggesting a higher level of tactical maturity. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of adapting youth football training and competition structures to the developmental needs and capabilities of different age groups to optimize learning and performance outcomes.

COMBAT-C: COntrol of Major Bleeding by Application of Tourniquets over Clothing.

INTRODUCTION: External bleeding is the leading cause of preventable trauma-related death. In certain circumstances, tourniquet application over clothing may be necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of tourniquets over different clothing setups. METHODS: Three windlass tourniquets (CAT, SAMXT, SOFTT-W) were applied over nine different clothing setups and without clothing on the Hapmed™ Tourniquet Trainer. We compared each tourniquet in each clothing setup to the tourniquet trainer that was not dressed, and we compared the three tourniquets within each clothing setup concerning blood loss, applied pressure and application time. Regression analysis of the effect of thickness, mean weight, mean deformation, application time, and applied pressure on blood loss was performed. RESULTS: Although blood loss was significantly greater in the CAT and SAMXT tourniquets when they were applied over leather motorcycle trousers, the overall findings showed that the clothing setups significantly reduced or did not affect blood loss. The mean blood loss was the lowest with CAT and the highest with SOFTT-W. The measured mean pressures were lower than 180 mmHg in four out of nine clothing setups with SOFTT-W, but CAT and SAMXT always exceeded this threshold. CAT had the fastest application time. Blood loss was significantly influenced by applied pressure and application time but was influenced to a far lesser degree by clothing parameters. CONCLUSION: The effects of the clothing setups were of little clinical relevance, except for leather motorcycle trousers. The effects of rugged protective equipment, e.g., hazard suits, are conceivable and need to be tested for specific garments with the tourniquet intended for use. No clothing parameter for predicting tourniquet effectiveness could be identified.

Cost-benefit analysis of ecosystem modeling to support fisheries management.

Mathematical and statistical models underlie many of the world's most important fisheries management decisions. Since the 19th century, difficulty calibrating and fitting such models has been used to justify the selection of simple, stationary, single-species models to aid tactical fisheries management decisions. Whereas these justifications are reasonable, it is imperative that we quantify the value of different levels of model complexity for supporting fisheries management, especially given a changing climate, where old methodologies may no longer perform as well as in the past. Here we argue that cost-benefit analysis is an ideal lens to assess the value of model complexity in fisheries management. While some studies have reported the benefits of model complexity in fisheries, modeling costs are rarely considered. In the absence of cost data in the literature, we report, as a starting point, relative costs of single-species stock assessment and marine ecosystem models from two Australian organizations. We found that costs varied by two orders of magnitude, and that ecosystem model costs increased with model complexity. Using these costs, we walk through a hypothetical example of cost-benefit analysis. The demonstration is intended to catalyze the reporting of modeling costs and benefits.

Employing a Youth Internship Model to Identify Goals to Reduce Barriers to Active Living.

Active lifestyles are vital for promoting health. In this practice note, we describe the implementation of an active living intervention designed to engage youth in identifying barriers to being physically active and developing recommendations to address these barriers. Youth interns were compensated for their time. Through this project, the community obtained street striping for the first time, secured a community center when the police substation building was turned over to the community, and had sidewalk funding prioritized for one of their busiest streets. Lessons learned while developing and implementing this youth internship program focused on making the internship program work well given youth schedules and focusing on supporting the voice of youth to advocate for changes to the built environment in an intentionally excluded community.

The concept of cognitive readiness: potential solution and opportunity for the Malaysian army.

This paper focuses on exploring the potential solution and opportunity in the development of the Malaysian Army Transformation Plan by using the concept of Cognitive Readiness (CR). Here, the concept of CR equipped the military personnel to be cognitively ready to perform their role in military operations. The main aim of the paper is to highlight the fundamental discourse of 'what is cognitive readiness' in discovering the potential solution and opportunity in the development of the Malaysian Army Transformation Plan. The paper suggests that the strategy for transformation may start at the tactical level by focusing on enhancing the military personnel's CR. The study proposed that the Malaysian Army Organization prepare the military personnel with Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSA). KSA are important to boost the military personnel to have a distinctive character such as thinking critically, problem-solving and decision-making to perform effectively during military operations. In this preliminary study, the paper proposed a Framework for Tactical Cognitive Readiness (TCR) as a potential solution and opportunity for the Malaysian Army.

Exploring the Relationship of Declarative Tactical Knowledge With Participation, Football Competence, and Potentiality in a Professional Club (Real Sociedad).

We compared the declarative tactical knowledge (DTK) of 196 male and female players (16.9 ± 2.4 years) belonging to the academy of a Spanish professional football club with their participation (minutes played), football competence (coaching staff assessment), and future potential (technical direction prediction). The DTK had no correlation with the minutes played (%) by the participants during the 2021-22 season (r = -.162, p = .045). Student's t test for independent samples compared the football competence of the participants with high DTK (n = 74) and low DTK (n = 76), proving a small impact (p = .021, d = 0.39) in favor of the first group. Although the high-DTK group showed a better average of potentiality, the technical direction identified more potential players for the first team in the low-DTK group. In conclusion, no solid evidence was found to justify that participants with higher DTK in each team were those who played more minutes and showed greater football competence and potentiality.

Case Report: Cold-Induced Vasodilation, Rewarming, and Dexterity Impairment Following Second-Degree Frostbite.

Frostbite, a severe cold injury resulting from exposure to subfreezing temperatures, damages the skin and underlying tissues of the affected area and ranges in severity from first to fourth degree. This case report investigates the impact of second-degree frostbite suffered by a marine during winter training on cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD). Comparisons of CIVD before and after the injury revealed significant alterations in CIVD responses. CIVD, a physiological mechanism characterized by blood vessel dilation in response to cold exposure, plays a crucial role in operating in cold-weather environments and enhancing dexterity. The marine exhibited prolonged CIVD onset time, lower finger temperatures, increased pain sensations, and diminished dexterity after the frostbite injury during follow-up CIVD testing. The findings suggest that the frostbite-induced damage possibly compromised the microvascular function, contributing to the observed changes in CIVD. The marine reported persistent cold sensitivity and difficulty in maintaining hand warmth when assessed postinjury. This case underscores the potential long-term consequences of frostbite on CIVD and manual dexterity, emphasizing the importance of understanding these physiological changes for individuals engaged in cold-weather activities, particularly for military and occupational personnel.

The impact of inter-limb leg lean tissue mass asymmetry on stair climb performance in career firefighters.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of inter-limb leg lean tissue mass (LTM) asymmetry on stair climb (SC) performance in firefighters. Forty-one career firefighters (age = 32.3 ± 8.2 years, body mass = 92.1 ± 18.6 kg, stature = 178.3 ± 7.9 cm) visited the laboratory on one occasion and completed a whole body and leg composition assessment followed by a timed and weighted SC task. Percent body fat (%BF) and leg LTM were determined during a DEXA scan and regional thigh analysis. Asymmetry was assessed by the percent difference between limbs (dominant limb LTM - non-dominant limb LTM)/dominant limb LTM × 100) and a ± 3% cut-off for asymmetry classification. Participants ascended and descended 26 stairs four times as quickly as possible while wearing a weighted (22 kg) vest. Point biserial correlations were used to assess the relationship of inter-limb leg LTM asymmetry and SC performance before and after controlling for age and %BF. Results indicated that inter-limb leg LTM asymmetry was associated with longer SC task time (poorer performance) both before (r = 0.432, P = 0.005) and after (r = 0.502, P = 0.001) controlling for age and %BF. Our findings indicated that inter-limb leg LTM asymmetry negatively impacts firefighter SC performance, which may be improved with appropriate exercise interventions.

This study examined the influence of leg inter-limb lean tissue mass (LTM) asymmetry on SC performance in career firefighters. We found that inter-limb leg LTM asymmetry was associated with reduced SC performance, prior to and after controlling for age and percent body fat. Interventions that mitigate these asymmetries may improve occupational performance.

The influence of match status on the conditional characteristics of tactical sprint actions in professional soccer players.

This study aimed to analyse the influence of the match status on the conditional characteristics of tactical sprint actions among Spanish professional soccer players, considering playing positions. Thirty-two Spanish male professional soccer players from a LaLiga Spanish Second Division (LaLiga SmarthBank) team participated in this study. Actions above 85% of the players' maximum velocity were analysed based on their tactical purpose. These findings provide valuable information regarding the tactical aspects of sprinting in soccer, emphasizing the influence of playing positions and match status on the distribution of tactical sprint actions. No effects of match status were observed for any game phase. However, when tactical actions were individually studied, it was observed that the maximum velocity in Chase actions was higher when the team was winning, while in Press actions, the maximum velocity was higher when the team was losing and in in Run in behind/Penetrate, the maximum velocity was higher in drawing situations compared to losing situations. No effects of match status on the distance covered during sprinting were observed, and regarding duration, significant differences were only observed in Recovery run actions. In addition, the influence of match status is higher when playing positions are considered, although the within playing positions analysis revealed significant differences only in CM players. These findings provide valuable information for the design of specific training drills considering playing positions, suggesting the need to analyse the previous match in order to structure the training load of the microcycle in a comprehensive manner.

A Multi-omic Integrative Scheme Characterizes Tissues of Action at Loci Associated with Type 2 Diabetes.

Resolving the molecular processes that mediate genetic risk remains a challenge because most disease-associated variants are non-coding and functional characterization of these signals requires knowledge of the specific tissues and cell-types in which they operate. To address this challenge, we developed a framework for integrating tissue-specific gene expression and epigenomic maps to obtain "tissue-of-action" (TOA) scores for each association signal by systematically partitioning posterior probabilities from Bayesian fine-mapping. We applied this scheme to credible set variants for 380 association signals from a recent GWAS meta-analysis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Europeans. The resulting tissue profiles underscored a predominant role for pancreatic islets and, to a lesser extent, adipose and liver, particularly among signals with greater fine-mapping resolution. We incorporated resulting TOA scores into a rule-based classifier and validated the tissue assignments through comparison with data from cis-eQTL enrichment, functional fine-mapping, RNA co-expression, and patterns of physiological association. In addition to implicating signals with a single TOA, we found evidence for signals with shared effects in multiple tissues as well as distinct tissue profiles between independent signals within heterogeneous loci. Lastly, we demonstrated that TOA scores can be directly coupled with eQTL colocalization to further resolve effector transcripts at T2D signals. This framework guides mechanistic inference by directing functional validation studies to the most relevant tissues and can gain power as fine-mapping resolution and cell-specific annotations become richer. This method is generalizable to all complex traits with relevant annotation data and is made available as an R package.

Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic predictors of greater carotid intima-media thickness in tactical athletes: The CHIEF atherosclerosis study.

OBJECTIVE: Both electrocardiographic and echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have been reported with an association with greater carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with hypertension, while the associations are unclear in physically fit young adults. METHODS: A total of 1822 Taiwanese military personnel, aged 18-40 years, received an annual health examination including electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography in 2018-2020. Left carotid bulb cIMT was measured by high-resolution ultrasonography. Multiple logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, mean blood pressure, and physical fitness was used to determine the associations between echocardiographic and ECG parameters and the highest quintile of cIMT (≥0.8 mm). RESULTS: Cornell-based LVH, Myers et al.-based RVH and heart rate ≥75/min were associated with cIMT ≥0.8 mm [odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals: 1.54 (1.01, 2.35), 1.66 (1.18, 2.33), and 1.39 (1.06, 1.83), respectively], while echocardiographic LVH defined as ≥46.0 g/m2.7 for men and ≥38.0 g/m2.7 for women was inversely associated with cIMT ≥0.8 mm [OR: 0.45 (0.24, 0.86)]. CONCLUSION: In tactical athletes of military, the associations of ECG and echocardiographic LVH with cIMT were in opposite directions. Higher physical fitness may cause cardiac muscle hypertrophy and reduce the atherosclerosis severity, possibly leading to the paradoxical echocardiographic finding. This study suggests that ECG-based LVH remains a good marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in our military population.

Evaluation of the factors influencing the choice of laparoscopic echinococcectomy in liver echinococcosis (LE) and its impact on postoperative outcomes.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the factors influencing the choice of laparoscopic echinococcectomy (LapEE) in liver echinococcosis (LE) and its impact on postoperative outcomes. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the effectiveness of LapEE depending on gender, age, cyst location, size and stage of echinococcal cysts (EC) development, also taking into account the performance of drainage or abdominal interventions in relation to the residual cavity (RC). The study included patients with the primary form of LE - 46 patients who underwent LapEE at the State Institution "Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery, named after the academician V. Vakhidov", between 2019 and 2020. Taking into account the stage of cyst development, various difficulties with aspiration or removal of the cyst contents occurred in only 14 (30.4%) cases, more often with type II-IV cystic echinococcosis (CE). Another problem was the difficulty with adequate revision and treatment of RC (in 6 (13.0%) patients) with predominantly intraparenchymal localization. Difficulties with performing percytectomy with sufficient excision of the fibrous capsule were noted in 9 (19.6%) cases. In the period up to a week after the operation, the drainage was removed for cysts up to 8 cm in 11 (36.7%) cases, with more than 8 cm - in 5 (31.3%). By 3 weeks of observation, the drains were removed in all cases with cysts up to 8 cm, while with large sizes in 12.5% (2 patients) cases, the drainage was removed on days 21-28 and in 1 (6.3%) patient at a later period. In general, in the group, complications from the RC on days 9-27 after LapEE were noted in 10 (21.7%) of 46 patients, fluid accumulation in 8 (17.4%) and suppuration in 2 (4.3%). Most complications were resolved conservatively - 13.0% (in 6 patients), a minimal invasive drainage of the RC was performed in 6.5% (3 patients), 1 (2.2%) patient was operated on with a RC abscess. Among the main factors that technically complicate LapEE, in addition to localization, difficulties with aspiration or removal of cyst contents in CE II, III, and IV are highlighted due to the presence of many daughter cysts that completely fill the maternal membrane (CE II, III) or thick viscous discharge (CE IV), as well as difficulties in performing a pericystectomy for adequate elimination of the RC when the hydatid is located 3/4 or more in the liver parenchyma.

Twelve tips for using tactical decision games to teach non-technical skills.

Tactical decision games (TDGs) have been used in healthcare and other safety-critical industries to develop non-technical skills training (NTS). TDGs have been shown to be a realistic, feasible, and useful way of teaching NTS such as decision making, task prioritisation, situational awareness, and team working. Our 12-tips for using TDG to teach NTS are based on our experience of integrating them into an undergraduate medical and nursing programme. We cover how to design successful TDGs, how to facilitate and debrief them and how to integrate TDGs into curricula. We have found TDGs to be a cost-effective, low fidelity, and useful method of delivering NTS teaching, ideally as an adjunct to immersive simulation. Learners find them a useful way to be introduced to NTS in a safe and relaxed environment, with particular emphasis on critical decision making and prioritisation.

Understanding passing network characteristics and their link to match outcome in elite Netball.

Player interactions in Netball are critical during attacking phases of play to ensure possession is maintained and scoring opportunities are created. This study aims to analyse the characteristics of the passing networks of elite Netball teams and their association with performance outcomes (i.e., win/loss and final margin). Five network metrics used to represent the characteristics of teamwork were calculated for all team performances (n = 112) from one season of professional Netball in Australia. A two-way ANOVA and multiple linear modelling were used to compare characteristics between teams and match outcomes and to predict score margin, respectively. Pass density (F = 65.09, df = 102, p < .001) and pass centrality (F = 7.61, df = 102, p < .01) differed (were higher) in wins/losses. They were also statistically significant contributors (p ≤ .005) to the linear model that predicted a score margin (R2 = .731). Key player centrality and mutual connectedness were different between teams but did not differ by match outcome. The results suggest that, ideally, Netball teams should maximise the number of connections between player pairings, while also relying on a subset of players to be heavily involved in passing sequences. Team cohesion (via passing) therefore appears to be an important measure of team success in elite Netball.

How Good Is a Tactical-Grade GNSS + INS (MEMS and FOG) in a 20-m Bathymetric Survey?

This paper examines how tactical-grade Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), aided by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) modules, vary from a survey-grade system in the bathymetric mapping in depths less than 20 m. The motivation stems from the advancements in sensor developments, measurement processing algorithms, and the proliferation of autonomous and uncrewed surface vehicles often seeking to use tactical-grade systems for high-quality bathymetric products. While the performance of survey-grade GNSS + INS is well-known to the hydrographic and marine science community, the performance and limitations of the tactical-grade micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and tactical-grade fiber-optic-gyro (FOG) INS aided with GNSS require some study to answer the following questions: (1) How close or far is the tactical-grade GNSS + INS performance from the survey-grade systems? (2) For what survey order (IHO S-44 6th ed.) can a user deploy them? (3) Can we use them for navigation chart production? We attempt to answer these questions by deploying two tactical-grade GNSS + INS units (MEMS and FOG) and a survey-grade GNSS + INS on a survey boat. All systems collected data while operating a multibeam system with the lever-arm offsets accurately determined using a total station. The tactical-grade GNSS + INSs shared one pair of antennas for heading, while the survey-grade system used an independent antenna pair. We analyze the GNSS + INS results in sequence, examine the patch-test results, and the sensor-specific SBET-integrated bathymetric surfaces as metrics for determining the tactical-grade GNSS + INSs' reliability. In addition, we evaluate the multibeam's sounding uncertainties at different beam angles. The bathymetric surfaces using the tactical-grade navigation solutions are within 15 cm of the surface generated with the survey-grade solutions.

Between Solidarity and Conflict: Tactical Biosociality of Turkish Egg Donors.

Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews conducted with Turkish egg donors at a Northern Cypriot clinic, this article investigates tactical biosociality of cross-border egg donors that allows them to manage social relations and orient themselves in transnational egg donation (including the processes from recruitment to self-management in and beyond the clinic) under legally restrictive and socially stigmatizing conditions. Addressing the social and collective dimensions of tactics and recognizing the fragmented and conflictual forms of biosociality, it aims to shed light on the complex and ambivalent aspects of tactical biosociality in relation to selective disclosure and stigma within the context of transnational egg donation. Tactical biosociality involves possibilities for solidarity and alliances, and also for conflict and competition among egg donors. It is because for young Turkish women, egg donation retains both gendered moral and financial values that must be tactically negotiated while navigating the wider context of heteropatriarchal cultural norms and expectations, precarious economic and social conditions, biomedical profit and biopolitical control.

External Hemorrhage Control Techniques for Human Space Exploration: Lessons from the Battlefield.

The past few decades of military experience have brought major advances in the prehospital care of patients with trauma. A focus on early hemorrhage control with aggressive use of tourniquets and hemostatic gauze is now generally accepted. This narrative literature review aims to discuss external hemorrhage control and the applicability of military concepts in space exploration. In space, environmental hazards, spacesuit removal, and limited crew training could cause significant time delays in providing initial trauma care. Cardiovascular and hematological adaptations to the microgravity environment are likely to reduce the ability to compensate, and resources for advanced resuscitation are limited. Any unscheduled emergency evacuation requires a patient to don a spacesuit, involves exposure to high G-forces upon re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, and costs a significant amount of time until a definitive care facility is reached. As a result, early hemorrhage control in space is critical. Safe implementation of hemostatic dressings and tourniquets seems feasible, but adequate training will be essential, and tourniquets are preferably converted to other methods of hemostasis in case of a prolonged medical evacuation. Other emerging approaches such as early tranexamic acid administration and more advanced techniques have shown promising results as well. For future exploration missions to the Moon and Mars, when evacuation is not possible, we look into what training or assistance tools would be helpful in managing the bleed at the point of injury.

Assessing between-officer variability in responses to a live-acted deadly force encounter as a window to the effectiveness of training and experience.

We aimed to infer the effectiveness of officers' training and experience by assessing consistency of behavioural responses between them. If officers facing the same scenario respond in similar ways, this implies their use of shared cognition, through acquired in-common tactical knowledge. Officers (n = 42) responded to a live-acted scenario in which an assailant ultimately discharged his weapon. Triangulated camera positions assessed their movement patterns, final positions, and weapon responses relative to when the assailant fired his weapon. We also assessed the officers' visual search and gathered information regarding their experience and rest. Our second aim was to examine sources of variability in the officers' responses. We found extensive variability in all aspects of the response. Experience did not impact spatial or temporal behavioural responses. However, longer hours awake and lower reported rest negatively impacted officers' responses. We conclude that officers had insufficient training and experience to demonstrate in-common knowledge.Practitioner summary: Police officers showed high spatial and temporal variability in response to the same scenario. This implies inadequate tactical training, and is supported by our finding that training and experience did not impact performance. Instead, the officers' variability was constrained by their visual search, and the hours awake before being tested.

The effects of equipment carriage on functional movement quality among law enforcement officers.

Law enforcement officers (LEOs) use protective equipment to ensure safety. However, equipment carriage has been shown to impair movement quality and may increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of equipment load carriage on functional movement as measured by the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). It was hypothesised that FMS scores would be negatively impacted by equipment carriage. A counterbalanced cross-over study was utilised and a convenience sample of 31 males and one female active-duty LEOs were included. Participants completed the FMS under two conditions: with and without equipment. Significant median decreases in the equipment condition were observed for hurdle step, shoulder mobility, and rotary stability (p < .01), and deep squat and dominant limb active straight leg raise (ASLR) (p < .05). The non-dominant limb ASLR and trunk stability push-up were similar between conditions (p > .05). Load carriage appears to impair functional movement among LEOs.Practitioner summary: Equipment carriage interferes with functional movement and neither of the two load carriage systems tested were superior to the other. When choosing between duty belt verses duty belt and outer carrier vest carriage, LEO preference, body type, and acclimation to a given carriage type should be considered.

Tier-specific contextualised high-intensity running profiles in the English Premier League: more on-ball movement at the top.

The present study aimed to determine the physical-tactical profiles of elite football teams and individual players according to final league rankings. A total of 50 English Premier League matches (n = 100 match and 583 player observations) were analysed by coding the player's physical-tactical actions through synchronising tracking data and video. Final league rankings were categorised into Tiers: (A) 1st-5th ranking (n = 25), (B) 6th-10th ranking (n = 26), (C) 11th-15th ranking (n = 26), and (D) 16th-20th ranking (n = 23). One-way analyses of variance were used to compare match performances between different Tiers, and effect size (ES) was determined for the meaningfulness of the difference. Tier A teams covered 39-51% more high-intensity distance for 'Move to Receive/Exploit Space' (ES: 1.3-1.6, P < 0.01) and 'Run with Ball' (ES: 0.9-1.0, P < 0.05) than Tier C and D, and 23-94% more distance for 'Over/Underlap' (ES: 1.0, P < 0.01), 'Run in Behind/Penetrate' (ES: 0.7, P < 0.05), and 'Break into Box' (ES: 0.9, P < 0.05) compared to Tier C. Central and Wide Defensive Players in Tier A covered 65-551% more high-intensity 'Move to Receive/Exploit Space' distance compared to other Tiers (ES: 0.6-1.0, P < 0.01). Moreover, the additional options within the physical-tactical actions and zonal differences unveiled more meaningful insights into 'HOW' the top Tier teams physically and tactically perform. Thus, the amalgamated physical-tactical data help improve our understanding of a team's playing style relative to their competitive standard.