Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and identity content valences among Japanese adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Theorists and a few empirical studies have suggested that traumatic experiences, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and complex PTSD (CPTSD) may affect identity development. However, existing studies have overlooked how adolescents' traumas are associated with the alignment of their identity with socio-cultural expectations, which is a crucial component of identity development. To address this gap, this study examined the associations of various types of potentially traumatic experiences and PTSD and CPTSD symptoms with the positive and negative valences of identity affected by desirable and undesirable images within socio-cultural contexts. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 341 adolescents (44.0% girls; Mage = 14.8, SD = 1.8) was conducted in Japan. RESULTS: Exposure to certain types of potentially traumatic events (e.g., family violence and physical attack) were related to high levels of negative identity elements, whereas none of the types were related to positive identity elements. The results also indicated that CPTSD-specific symptoms of disturbances in self-organization (DSO) were related to high levels of negative identity elements rather than PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: The findings expand upon related research by suggesting that adolescents' exposure to some types of traumatic events (e.g., family violence and physical attack) and posttraumatic DSO symptoms have the potential to disturb the alignment of their identities with socio-cultural expectations.

Positive and negative valences of identities: Longitudinal associations of identity content valences with adaptive and maladaptive functioning among Japanese young adults.

Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory assumes that valence of one's identity (i.e., identity content valence) defined by positive and negative identity elements is important for understanding patterns of (mal)adaptation. However, previous empirical research on identity and (mal)adaptation has focused on how individuals deal with identity issues (e.g., exploration and commitment), while neglecting identity content valences. In contrast, this study assessed identity content valences in terms of positive and negative identity elements. Theoretically, identity content valences affect (mal)adaptation, whereas individuals' (mal)adaptation influences their identities. Consequently, this study examined reciprocal relationships between identity content valences and adaptation (i.e., prosocial behaviors) and maladaptation (e.g., externalizing symptoms) in a sample of Japanese young adults, including socioculturally relevant indicators of maladaptation (i.e., hikikomori symptoms and suicidal ideation). This study includes 2,313 Japanese young adults who participated in a three-wave longitudinal study. The cross-lagged panel model and random intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed reciprocal relationships between identity content valences and (mal)adaptation at the between-person level. Negative identity elements positively predicted suicidal ideation. Meanwhile, prosocial behaviors positively predicted positive identity elements, whereas hikikomori symptoms and suicidal ideation positively predicted negative identity elements. These relationships were significant only for socioculturally relevant indicators, suggesting the importance of considering sociocultural contexts.

Social intuition: behavioral and neurobiological considerations.

Social intuition is instrumental in bringing about successful human interactions, yet its behavioral and neural underpinnings are still poorly understood. We focus in this article on the automatic, involuntary, nature of social intuition, rather than on higher-level cognitive and explicit Theory-of-Mind processes (which contribute to rendering social intuition meaningful in real-life situations). We argue that social-affective implicit learning plays a crucial role in establishing automatic social intuition. These implicit learning processes involve associations between the perception of other's bodily articulations, concurrent events, and the consequences or outcomes in terms of subsequent actions, affective valences and visceral states. The traditional non-social implicit learning paradigms do not allow one to draw conclusions about the role of implicit learning processes in social intuition, as they lack these vital characteristics typically associated with human actions. We introduce a new implicit learning paradigm, which aims to fill these gaps. It targets agile, rapid, social-affective learning processes, involving cue contingencies with a relatively simple structure, unlike the very complex structures that underpin the traditional tasks. The paradigm features matching social and non-social versions, allowing direct comparison. Preliminary data suggest equal performance of TD (typically-developed) and ASC (autism spectrum conditions) groups on the non-social version, but impaired implicit learning in ASC on the social version. We hypothesize that this reflects an anomalous use of implicitly learned affective information in ASC when judging other people. We further argue that the mirror neuron mechanism (MNM), which is part of the Action Observation Network, forms an integral part of the neural substrate for social intuition. In particular as there are indications that the MNM supports action anticipation, and that implicitly learned information can trigger MNM activation, which both seem vital to a social intuition ability. The insights that can be derived from comparing the performances of TD and ASC individuals on (non)social implicit learning tasks, and the implications for the role of MNM activation, are discussed.

Finely Tuning Metal Ion Valences of [Fe3-xMx(µ3-OH)(Carboxyl)6(pyridyl)2] Cluster-Based ant-MOFs for Highly Improved CO2 Capture Performances.

Solvothermal reactions of different trinuclear precursors and 5-(pyridin-4-yl)isophthalic acid (H2L) successfully led to four anionic ant topological MOFs as Fe3-xMx(µ3-OH)(CH3COO)2(L)2·(DMA+)·DMF [M = Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), x = 0, 1, 2 and 3], namely, NJTU-Bai79 [NJTU-Bai = Nanjing Tech University Bai's group, Mn3(µ3-OH)], NJTU-Bai80 [Fe2Mn(µ3-OH)], NJTU-Bai81 [Fe3(µ3-OH)], and NJTU-Bai82 [Fe2Co(µ3-OH)], which possess the narrow pores (2.5-6.0 Å). NJTU-Bai80-82 is able to be tuned to the neutral derivatives [NJTU-Bai80-82(-ox), ox = oxidized] with M2+ ions oxidized to M3+ ones in the air and the OH- ions coordinated on M3+ ions. Very interestingly, selective CO2/N2 adsorptions of NJTU-Bai80-82(-ox) are significantly enhanced with the CO2 adsorption uptakes more than about 6 times that of NJTU-Bai79. GCMC simulations further revealed that neutral NJTU-Bai80-82(-ox) supplies more open frameworks around the -CH3 groups at separate spaces to the CO2 gas molecules with relatively more pores available to them after the removal of counterions. For the first time, finely tuning metal ion valences of metal clusters of ionic MOFs and making them from electrostatic to neutral were adopted for greatly improving their CO2 capture properties, and it would provide another promising strategy for the exploration of high-performance CO2 capture materials.

Bivalent Cobalt as Efficient Catalyst Intercalation Layer Improves Polysulfide Conversion in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Herein, we investigated in detail the effect of metal valences in different cobalt-based organic framework compounds on the kinetics of sulfur reaction in lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). On this basis, two organic framework compounds of zeolite-imidazole-based cobalt organic framework compound (Co-ZIF) and tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrinato-CoIII chloride [Co-TBP(III)] with different valences were constructed as the functional intercalation separators of LSBs, and explored the effects of different valences on improving the reaction kinetics of polysulfides and inhibiting the shuttle effect. Experiments and theoretical calculations prove that CoII exhibits the best catalytic activity. This is mainly due to the fact that +2 valence shows a strong adsorption energy for polysulfides and a higher Fermi level compared with +3 valence, thus improving the efficiency of the rapid catalytic conversion of sulfur species. As expected, the discharge specific capacity of Co-ZIF as the catalytic layer of the LSBs reached 772.7 mAh g-1 at a high current density of 5 C. More importantly, the initial specific capacity is 839.6 mAh g-1 at high current 3 C, and after 720 cycles, the attenuation rate of per cycle is only 0.092 %, and the coulombic efficiency remains above 92 %.

Multiple chemical valences induced interface regulation in perovskite nickelate/carbon nitride for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Recent developments in transition metal-based photocatalysts have heightened the need for superior solar utilization. Evidence suggests that properly adjusting the chemical valence of the transition metal elements could simultaneously achieve broad-spectrum absorption and efficient charge separation for the photocatalysts. However, the understanding and application of this strategy remain a significant challenge. Herein, a series of La0.9Ni0.8Co0.2O3-α/g-C3N4 (LNCO/CN) composites were synthesized employing a mild reduction procedure in the H2/Ar atmosphere. Experimental studies reveal that the composites regulated by interfacial coordination unsaturation Ni2+ and metal Ni0 possess accelerated Z-scheme charge transfer through the interfacial bond between Ni2+ and N. Besides, the localized-surface-plasmon-resonance-induced "hot electrons" injection process of in situ grown Ni0 nanoparticle is confirmed, which can efficiently quench the photoinduced holes and create hole vacancies around the interface. Due to the synergistic effect between Ni2+ and Ni0, the lifetime of the photo-excited electrons is prolonged with inhibited recombination behavior. After modulation, optimal LNCO/CN Z-scheme hybrid exhibits 9-fold promotion of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate compared to pristine LNCO/CN. This study gives valuable insight into the purposeful utilization of the chemical valence modulating strategy, which alters the chemical valence of transition metal elements to enhance the performance of perovskite-based photocatalysts dramatically.

Vanadium Oxide Nanozymes with Multiple Enzyme-Mimic Activities for Tumor Catalytic Therapy.

Using tumors containing high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to design nanozymes is a new and effective strategy, and vanadium-based nanomaterials receive increasing attention. In this paper, four kinds of vanadium oxide nanozymes with different valences of vanadium are synthesized by a simple method to verify the effect of valence on enzyme activity. Vanadium oxide nanozyme-III (Vnps-III) with a low valence of vanadium (V4+) exhibits good peroxidase (POD) and oxidase (OXD) activities, which can effectively produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment for tumor treatment. In addition, Vnps-III can also consume glutathione (GSH) to reduce ROS consumption. Vanadium oxide nanozyme-I (Vnps-I) containing a high valence of vanadium (V5+) has catalase (CAT) activity, which can catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen (O2), which is beneficial to alleviate the hypoxic environment of solid tumors. Finally, a vanadium oxide nanozyme with both trienzyme simulation activity and GSH consumption ability was screened out by adjusting the ratio of V4+ to V5+ in vanadium oxide nanozymes. In cell and animal experiments, we successfully demonstrate that vanadium oxide nanozymes have excellent antitumor ability and high safety, which may bring great potential for clinical cancer treatment.

In Situ Synthesized Homochiral Spiroborate Ester Metal-Organic Framework with Mono-, Di-, and Trivalent Cations.

We report here a one-step method for synthesizing multi-component and in-situ-formed homochiral spiroborate-ester-based metal-organic framework CPM-B1. This unique material successfully integrates COF fragment spiroborate ester within the MOF and simultaneously incorporate homochirality and helicity. In addition, CPM-B1 is a rare example of framework materials that results from the cooperative assembly of three charge-complementary cations: +1 (lithium), +2 (cobalt), and +3 (boron). The sophistication of the co-assembly is further highlighted by the three structural roles of lithium ions. This unique structure contributes to its multi-functional properties such as ionic conductivity and catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (by CPM-B1 carbonized material) and provides a new path to develop MOF materials with complex secondary building units and multi-functional applications.

Temporal Unfolding of Micro-valences in Facial Expression Evoked by Visual, Auditory, and Olfactory Stimuli.

Appraisal theories suggest that valence appraisal should be differentiated into micro-valences, such as intrinsic pleasantness and goal-/need-related appraisals. In contrast to a macro-valence approach, this dissociation explains, among other things, the emergence of mixed or blended emotions. Here, we extend earlier research that showed that these valence types can be empirically dissociated. We examine the timing and the response patterns of these two micro-valences via measuring facial muscle activity changes (electromyography, EMG) over the brow and the cheek regions. In addition, we explore the effects of the sensory stimulus modality (vision, audition, and olfaction) on these patterns. The two micro-valences were manipulated in a social judgment task: first, intrinsic un/pleasantness (IP) was manipulated by exposing participants to appropriate stimuli presented in different sensory domains followed by a goal conduciveness/obstruction (GC) manipulation consisting of feedback on participants' judgments that were congruent or incongruent with their task-related goal. The results show significantly different EMG responses and timing patterns for both types of micro-valence, confirming the prediction that they are independent, consecutive parts of the appraisal process. Moreover, the lack of interaction effects with the sensory stimulus modality suggests high generalizability of the underlying appraisal mechanisms across different perception channels.

V2O5 Nanospheres with Mixed Vanadium Valences as High Electrochemically Active Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery Cathode.

A V4+-V2O5 cathode with mixed vanadium valences was prepared via a novel synthetic method using VOOH as the precursor, and its zinc-ion storage performance was evaluated. The products are hollow spheres consisting of nanoflakes. The V4+-V2O5 cathode exhibits a prominent cycling performance, with a specific capacity of 140 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 10 A g-1, and an excellent rate capability. The good electrochemical performance is attributed to the presence of V4+, which leads to higher electrochemical activity, lower polarization, faster ion diffusion, and higher electrical conductivity than V2O5 without V4+. This engineering strategy of valence state manipulation may pave the way for designing high-performance cathodes for elucidating advanced battery chemistry.

Two Parallel Pathways Assign Opposing Odor Valences during Drosophila Memory Formation.

During olfactory associative learning in Drosophila, odors activate specific subsets of intrinsic mushroom body (MB) neurons. Coincident exposure to either rewards or punishments is thought to activate extrinsic dopaminergic neurons, which modulate synaptic connections between odor-encoding MB neurons and MB output neurons to alter behaviors. However, here we identify two classes of intrinsic MB γ neurons based on cAMP response element (CRE)-dependent expression, γCRE-p and γCRE-n, which encode aversive and appetitive valences. γCRE-p and γCRE-n neurons act antagonistically to maintain neutral valences for neutral odors. Activation or inhibition of either cell type upsets this balance, toggling odor preferences to either positive or negative values. The mushroom body output neurons, MBON-γ5ß'2a/ß'2mp and MBON-γ2α'1, mediate the actions of γCRE-p and γCRE-n neurons. Our data indicate that MB neurons encode valence information, as well as odor information, and this information is integrated through a process involving MBONs to regulate learning and memory.

Living the metrics: Self-tracking and situated objectivity.

This paper evaluates self-tracking practices in connection with ideas of objectivity via exploration of confrontations with personal data, particularly with reference to physiological stress and recovery measurements. The discussion departs from the notion of 'mechanical objectivity', seeking to obtain evidence that is 'uncontaminated by interpretation'. The framework of mechanical objectivity tends, however, to fall short when people translate physiological measurements to fit their expectations and everyday experiences. We develop the concept of 'situated objectivity' with the goal of highlighting the everyday as a domain of interpretation, reflection and ambiguity, proposing that the concept offers an analytical entry point to a more profound understanding of how people engage with their personal data. Everyday data encounters are not methodical and systematic, but combine knowledge in an eclectic manner. Framed in this way, self-tracking practices are less occupied with 'facts of life' than translating and transforming life based on earlier experiences, cultural understandings and shared expectations. Paradoxically, new measurement devices and software, which are supposed to be based on sound, universal and generalisable principles, hard facts and accurate descriptions, become raw material for daily decisions, as people seek bespoke answers and craft personalised theories of health and life. From this perspective, self-tracking measurements can be used to experiment and learn, gaining value in relation to the communicative processes that they promote and contributing to possibilities for rethinking health knowledge and health promotion.