An examination of preactivity and postactivity stretching practices of crosscountry and track and field distance coaches.

This study sought to determine the effectiveness of coach certification courses in promoting proper preactivity and postactivity stretching practices in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, II, and III crosscountry programs. Distribution of questionnaires to 770 NCAA Division I, Division II, and Division III programs in the U.S.A. resulted in 111 coaches (88 [78.2%] men and 25 [21.8%] women) participating. Chi-square analyses revealed that noncertified coaches reported significantly greater (χ² = 21.582, p = 0.0174) usage of static stretching alone as their preactivity modality (18.9%, n = 9) vs. their certified counterparts (1.8%, n = 1). In addition, certified coaches reported a higher usage of dynamic flexibility only during the preactivity period (47.4%, n = 27) vs. their noncertified peers (32.4%, n = 16). Coaches were also asked if they allowed for static stretching between interval work and events in track and field, and a significantly higher percentage (χ² = 11.948, p = 0.0177) of noncertified coaches (45.5%, n = 23) reported allowing the athletes to perform static stretches between intervals at practice than certified peers (37.9%, n = 22). These significant differences help demonstrate that coaching certification courses are an effective tool for communicating current information about stretching practices. However, the results also revealed that there are still many certified coaches who are not implementing best practices in preactivity routines.

Influence of kinematic parameters on pole vault result in top junior athletes.

The aim of the research was to ascertain the level of correlation between some kinematic parameters and the result success in the pole vault, using the sample of the best European female junior athletes. A set of 11 kinematic parameters has been applied, according to the McGinnis model, representing a predictor assemblage of variables. The maximum height vaulted presented a criterion variable. The research was conducted at the European Junior Athletics Championships in 2009. The entities were represented by the vaults in the final part of the competition. A general hypothesis of achieving a positive correlation between the system of predictor variables and the criteria had been set, and later confirmed. The results of the pole vault regression analysis confirmed the multiple correlations between the two groups of variables. The greatest influences on the prediction of pole vault success, regarding all the analyzed kinematic parameters, were the following variables: maximum pole bend, last stride speed and time of pole bend. The results were as expected, and can be used in kinesiology practice, especially during the technique learning process in young pole vaulters, but also in development of motor abilities relevant for success in this track and field discipline.

Influence of kinematic parameters on pole vault results in top juniors.

The aim of this research was to analyse the kinematic parameters and to ascertain the influence of those parameters on the pole vault result. The entity sample of the research consisted of successful vaults of 30 athletes, whose attempts were recorded at the European Junior Athletics Championships. The examinees performed the vaults as part of the qualification competition for the finale and the finale of the competition itself The examinees were 17-19 years old, and the range of their top results was from 4.90 to 5.30 m. The results of the regression analysis showed a significant influence of the predictor variables on the effective pole vault height. The centre of body mass height was mostly influenced by the following variables: TS - takeoff velocity, LSS - last step velocity, PSS - penultimate step velocity, TAPR - trunk angle at the moment of the pole release. The following variables had lesser, but still a significant influence: CBMDM - centre of body mass distance at the pole release moment, and MCMVV - time of pole straightening. Generally, the information gained by this research indicates the significant influence of the kinematic parameters on the pole vault result. Therefore, the conclusion is that the result efficacy in the pole vault is primarily determined by the variables defined by the motor capabilities, but also by the indicators determining the vault activity realization technique. The variables that define the body position during the pole release (trunk angle and centre of mass distance) have heomost significant influence on the vault performance technique, while the motor capabilities influence the last two run up steps velocity, take off speed and the time of pole straightening.

Influence of kinematic parameters on result efficiency in javelin throw.

The aim of the research was to define the influence of the kinematic parameters in the javelin throw success in the top junior athletes at the European Junior Athletics Championships in Novi Sad. A set, consisting of 17 kinematic variables, was applied on a sample of 16 athletes, and the same variables were registered at the 2009 Novi Sad European Junior Championships. The criteria variable was the achieved throw length (javelin throw). The subjects were represented by 113 successful javelin throws. The results of the chosen kinematic variables correlation analysis showed the existence of multiple significant relations between the observed variables. Based on the observed kinematic variables correlation analysis, the next conclusion can be made: the javelin release speed has the most important role, followed by the fast front support leg placing. The results are expected and logical, and can be used in kinesiology practice, especially in the process of young throwers' technique learning and in development of motor abilities relevant for this athletic discipline.

Variability and influence of eccentric kinematics on unilateral vertical, horizontal, and lateral countermovement jump performance.

The purposes of this study were to determine the (a) magnitude of variability associated with certain eccentric variables (eccentric peak velocity, displacement, and ground contact time) during unilateral countermovement jump performance (vertical [VCMJ], horizontal [HCMJ], and lateral [LCMJ]); (b) differences between limbs as well as between jumps; and (c) relationship between jump performance and the eccentric variables of interest. The jumping ability in 3 directions (VCMJ, HCMJ, and LCMJ) of 30 field sport athletes were assessed. The variability (coefficient of variation [CV]) of the eccentric variables was the lowest for the VCMJ (CV = 8.5-10.6%) and the highest for the HCMJ (CV = 11.7%-13.5%). No difference was found between limbs in the variables of interest. Significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) across the different jumps were found in the eccentric variables (9.1-29.4%). No significant correlations between the eccentric variables and jump performance were found for the VCMJ; however, significant correlations were found between jump length and eccentric displacement or eccentric peak velocity in both HCMJ (r = -0.60 and 0.57) and LCMJ (r = -0.54 and 0.37), respectively. It appears that in the absence of instruction and standardization of the countermovement, eccentric phase kinematics remains relatively stable over trials. In terms of the between jump analysis, it appears that the eccentric phase kinematics are relatively unique to each jump and directionally specific and therefore may need to be trained accordingly.

Cambios enzimáticos durante el entrenamiento anaeróbico láctico y su influencia en la capacidad aeróbica / Enzymatic changes during lactic anaerobic training and their influence on aerobic capacity

Introducción: El entrenamiento deportivo es un proceso que requiere una planificación orientada a la adaptación del cuerpo a las cargas internas versus cargas externas; de allí, surge la necesidad de conocer el comportamiento de algunas enzimas musculoesqueléticas a través del control bioquímico y fisiológico del entrenamiento en el atletismo de medio fondo. Objetivo: Analizar los cambios enzimáticos de la creatinfosfoquinasa y la lactodeshidrogenasa durante el entrenamiento anaeróbico láctico y su influencia en la capacidad aeróbica en atletas de medio fondo. Método: Se utilizó el método descriptivo comparativo con una muestra de 20 sujetos aleatorizados en dos grupos: experimental y control; el análisis se realizó bajo el modelo estadístico Anova descriptiva, pruebas T y diseño de medidas repetidas con un intervalo del 95 por ciento de confianza (p<0,05). Resultados: En las variables creatinfosfoquinasa y lactodeshidrogenasa inicial y final no hubo variaciones significativas intergrupos; se observaron diferencias en la creatinfosfoquinasa en varianza (p=0,022) del orden del 97,8 por ciento; que en promedio (p=0,088) representó los niveles alcanzados del 91,2 por ciento. En las medidas repetidas no se presentaron cambios estadísticamente significativos intergrupos. Para la variable del VO2máx se aplicó la prueba T para comparar los estados inicial y final en cada grupo y hubo diferencias en ambos grupos (control p=0,002; experimental p=0,000). Conclusiones: No hubo cambios enzimáticos importantes durante los entrenamientos anaeróbico láctico y aeróbico, a su vez, el entrenamiento anaeróbico láctico si tuvo influencia en la capacidad aeróbica(AU)

Introduction: Sports training is a process that requires a planning oriented to the adaptation of the body to internal loads versus external loads; from there, arises the need to know the behavior of some musculoskeletal enzymes through the biochemical and physiological control of training in middle-distance athletics. Objective: To analyze the enzymatic changes of creatine phosphokinase and lactodehydrogenase during lactic anaerobic training and their influence on aerobic capacity in middle-distance athletes. Methods: The descriptive comparative method was used with a sample of 20 subjects randomized in two groups: experimental and control; the analysis was performed under the descriptive Anova statistical model, T-tests and repeated measures design with a 95 percent confidence interval (p<0.05). Results: In the initial and final creatine phosphokinase and lactodehydrogenase variables, there were no significant intergroup variations; differences were observed in creatine phosphokinase regarding variance or standard deviation (p=0.022) in the order of 97.8 percent; which in average (p=0.088) represented the levels reached of 91.2 percent. In the repeated measures, there were no statistically significant intergroup changes. For the VO2max variable, the T-test was applied to compare the initial and final states in each group and there were differences in both groups (control p=0.002; experimental p=0.000). Conclusions: There were no important enzymatic changes during lactic anaerobic and aerobic training, and lactic anaerobic training had an influence on aerobic capacity(AU)

Docência em educação física na interface como atletismo: percursos (auto)biográficos / Teaching in physical education at the inetrface with the athletics: (auto)biographical courses / Enseñanza em educación física en interfaz con atletismo: cursos (auto) biográficos

Este artigo tem por objetivo dialogar com a constituição docente em Educação Física na relação com o atletismo. A metodologia pauta-se na narrativa (auto)biográfica. Apresenta experiências construídas na e com a Educação Básica, bem como apropria-se de documentos pessoais como fontes. Resultou em três eixos de discussão: a) o atletismo e a docência em Educação Física; b) o atletismo nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; e c) percursos de/na "volta" ao Ensino Médio. Denota-se que, na relação com o conteúdo tematizado, revela-se uma professora curiosa, que aprende para ensinar e ao ensinar. A constituição docente é marcada, portanto, pela incessante busca por saberes, pela resiliência e pela potência das relações interpessoais estabelecidas nos diversos espaços e tempos (AU).

This article aims to dialogue with the constitution of Physical Education teachers in relation to athletics. The methodology is based on the (auto)biographical narrative. It presents experiences built in and with Basic Education, as well as appropriating personal documents as sources. It resulted in three axes of discussion: a) athletics and teaching in Physical Education; b) athletics in the early grades of elementary school; and c) routes to/from "back" to High School. It is noted that, in relation to the thematized content, she reveals herself as a curious teacher, who learns to teach and while teaching. The teaching constitution is marked, therefore, by the incessant search for knowledge, for resilience and for the power of interpersonal relationships established in different spaces (AU).

Este artículo tiene como objetivo dialogar con la constitución de los profesores de Educación Física en relación al atletismo. La metodología se basa en la narrativa (auto) biográfica. Presenta experiencias integradas en y con la Educación Básica, además de apropiarse de documentos personales como fuentes. El resultado fue tres ejes de discusión: a) atletismo y docencia en Educación Física; b) atletismo en los primeros grados de la escuela primaria; y c) rutas de ida y vuelta a la escuela secundaria. Se nota que, en relación al contenido tematizado, se revela como una maestra curiosa, que aprende a enseñar y mientras enseña. La constitución docente está marcada, por tanto, por la búsqueda incesante del conocimiento, de la resiliencia y del poder de las relaciones interpersonales (AU).

Dupla carreira: dilemas entre esporte e escola / Dual career: dilemmas between sport and school

RESUMO Este artigo analisa os modelos de conciliação das rotinas na dupla carreira, esportiva e escolar, no Programa Bolsa Atleta do Governo Federal, com estudantes-atletas contemplados pelos resultados obtidos no ano de 2011. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa quantitativa realizada por meio de uma entrevista estruturada aplicada a 131 atletas das modalidades de atletismo, judô e natação, sendo 64 do sexo feminino e 67 do masculino. Os resultados evidenciam que: 1) as diferentes modalidades esportivas exigem dos seus atletas tempo e dedicação distintos; 2) processo de iniciação nas três modalidades exigem diferentes formas de investimentos; 3) menor escolaridade dos pais e atletas do atletismo, assim como, classe social mais baixa. Diante dos obstáculos da dupla carreira, atletas, clube, escola e famílias passam adotar táticas de conciliação e mesmo burla dos programas de suporte à formação esportiva.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the models for the reconciliation of career, sports and school routines in the Federal Government Athletic Scholarship Program, with students-contemplators and results obtained in 2011. Characterization as a quantitative research carried out by means of a structured interview invested in 131 athletes of the modalities of athletics, judo and swimming, being 64 female and 67 male. They show the following results: 1) as different sports modalities; 2) initiation process in the temporary variables of the forms of investment; 3) lower schooling of parents and athletes in athletics, as well as lower social class. In the face of the obstacles of the dual career, athletes, clubs, schools and families are adopting tactics of conciliation and even mockery of programs to support sports training.

Os exergames como recurso didático no ensino do atletismo na educação física escolar / The exergames as didactic resource to the teaching of the athletics content in school physical education

RESUMO Os exergames são jogos que permitem novas formas de vivenciar uma modalidade esportiva. Fazem parte da cultura digital e podem ser incorporados às aulas como recurso didático ao ensino dos conteúdos da educação física escolar. Diante disso, foi realizado um estudo de intervenção composto por treze aulas direcionadas ao ensino do atletismo a educandos do quarto e quinto ano do ensino fundamental, com o objetivo de intercalar o desenvolvimento de atividades reais e virtuais, com o uso do console Xbox 360 com Kinect nas aulas, a fim de analisar e discutir as potencialidades destes games como recurso didático no aprendizado do atletismo, quanto ao ensino das regras, das questões técnicas e táticas, além das características de algumas modalidades, valorizando o conteúdo nas dimensões conceitual, procedimental e atitudinal. Verificamos em nosso estudo que os exergames podem contribuir para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem, desde que haja uma mediação pedagógica, estabelecendo-se como uma interessante ferramenta a ser empregada na educação física escolar.

ABSTRACT Exergames are games that allow new ways of experiencing a sport discipline. They are part of the current digital culture, and for this reason can be incorporated into the classroom as a didactic resource to teaching the contents of physical education at school. Therefore, a study was carried out with an intervention composed of eight classes directed to the teaching of athletics to the students of the fourth and fifth grade of elementary school, with the objective of applying the Xbox 360 with Kinect in class, creating learning environment to reconcile the exergames with activities done on the court and to understand the games as a possible facilitator to the learning of athletics. We verified in our study that exergames can contribute to the teaching and learning process, provided that there is pedagogical mediation, establishing itself as an interesting tool to be used in school physical education.

Jogos escolares da rede pública do estado da bahia: análise das edições 2009 a 2017 / Bahia state public schools championship: analysis of editions from 2009 to 2017

RESUMO A partir da análise documental de 210 relatórios dos Jogos Escolares da Rede Pública da Bahia (JERP), este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a evolução histórica do JERP de 2009 a 2017, considerando as modalidades comuns e inovadoras ofertadas, número de escolares, número de escolas, número de professores e recursos financeiros descentralizados. Verificamos que as modalidades inovadoras foram numericamente superiores às modalidades comuns e apresentaram maior diversificação das práticas esportivas; o número de escolares, escolas e professores na primeira etapa dos jogos (dentro das escolas) foi superior a terceira etapa (regional), além de aumentar ao longo dos anos em ambas as etapas; e que o valor financeiro descentralizado tendeu a crescer no período histórico analisado. Concluímos que o JERP se apresenta como uma oportunidade dos alunos vivenciarem diferentes modalidades esportivas, entretanto esta oportunidade é ressaltada apenas na primeira etapa. Em relação aos recursos financeiros descentralizados para o JERP, parece não haver planejamento prévio com relação a proporção destes recursos e a proporção de escolares participantes deste programa. Sugerimos maior concentração de recursos em competições locais do que estaduais, uma vez que atendem mais crianças e jovens e favorecem a valorização da diversificação de modalidades e respeito à cultura esportiva local.

ABSTRACT Based on the documentary analysis of 210 reports of the Scholars Games of the Bahia State Public System (JERP), this study aimed to describe the historical evolution of the JERP from 2009 to 2017 considering the common and innovative modalities offered, number of school children, number of schools , number of teachers and decentralized financial resources. It was verified that the innovative modalities were numerically superior to the common modalities and presented a greater diversification of the sports practices; the number of students, schools, and teachers in the games' first stage (inside of the schools) was superior to the third stage (regional), besides increase over the years in both stages; and that the decentralized financial value tended to grow in the historical period analyzed. It is concluded that the JERP presents itself as an opportunity for students to experience different sports modalities, however this opportunity is highlighted only in the first stage. Regarding the decentralized financial resources for the JERP, there seems to be no prior planning regarding the proportion of these resources and the proportion of students participating in this program. We suggest a higher concentration of resources in local rather than state competitions, since the local competitions serve more children and young people and support the modalities diversification and respect to the local sports culture.

Reliability of variables in the kinematic analysis of spring hurdles.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of kinematic variables in spring hurdles and to find out how many trials are needed to achieve reliable data. Seven British National level athletes in sprint hurdles were videotaped and all eight trials of each athlete were digitized from two camera views to produce three dimensional coordinates. The reliability of 28 kinematic variables across eight trials ranged from 0.54 to 1.00 for females and from 0.00 to 0.99 for males. The number of trials needed to reach a certain reliability level was evaluated using Spearman-Brown prophecy formula, and in the worst case (horizontal velocity lost for males) 78 trials would be needed to reach 0.90 reliability. The results showed reasonably high reliability, and the values for the female trials were generally higher than the male trials. The relative height of the hurdles enforces a more demanding clearance for males that can lead to increased variation within the subjects and thus lowered reliability. Subsequently, the results indicate that often more than one trial is needed to provide accurate quantitative results of the technique.

Monitoring strength training: neuromuscular and hormonal profile.

PURPOSE: This study investigated changes induced by a single heavy resistance training session on neuromuscular and endocrine systems in trained athletes, using the same exercises for training and testing. METHODS: Five different groups volunteered: track and field male sprinters (MS, N = 6), track and field female sprinters (FS, N = 6), body builders (BB, N = 6), and weight lifters performing low-repetition exercise (WLL, N = 4) and high-repetition exercise (WLH, N = 4). In training, the work performed during half and full squat exercise was monitored for mechanical power output as well as EMG analysis on leg extensor muscles of the subjects belonging to the MS, FS, and BB groups. Just before and immediately after the training session, venous blood samples were obtained for RIA determination of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), lutropin (LH), human prolactin (PRL), and follitropin (FSH) in FS and MS. In the other three groups (BB, WLH, and WLL), the hormonal profile was limited to T and human growth hormone (hGH) only. RESULTS: After training the power developed in full squat demonstrated a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.01) in MS and no changes in FS. The EMG activity remained constant during the training session. Consequently, the EMG/Power ratio increased in both MS and FS, although only in MS a statistical significance was noted (P < 0.05). In MS immediately after the session the levels of C, T, and LH were significantly lower (P < 0.05). No changes were found in FS. In both groups and in BB significant negative correlation was found between changes in T level and EMG/Power ratio in half squat performance. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that adequate T level may compensate the effect of fatigue in FT fibers by ensuring a better neuromuscular efficiency.

The development of skill and knowledge during a sport education season of track and field athletics.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of 2 forms of physical education instruction on students' skill and technical performance, as well as content knowledge in 3 track and field events. METHOD: Students from 6 classes in 3 Portuguese schools completed 900-min units conducted under the auspices of sport education or a more traditional teacher-directed format. Classes were randomly assigned to these conditions within each school. RESULTS: Although both groups improved significantly from pretest to posttest, the sport education classes outperformed the traditional classes in both technique and skill execution. Only the sport education group made significant improvements in content knowledge. When the students in the traditional group were tested at the point in time where they would usually complete a unit of physical education (450 min), there were no significant improvements in any of the study's variables. CONCLUSION: The explanation given for the superior performance outcomes of the sport education classes lies in the nature of formal competition and team affiliation, which are cornerstones of this pedagogical model. That is, students take their learning experiences more seriously than in traditional and often inauthentic classes. In terms of content knowledge, the fact that sport education has a level of content-embedded accountability that holds students accountable for their officiating duties is postulated as a significant contributor to their increased understanding of rules and protocols of athletic events.

Estudio técnico y biomédico para detectar talentos en atletismo / Technical and biomedical study to detect talents athletics

Introducción: La detección de talentos deportivos para el atletismo correspondiente a un rango etario promedio entre los 10 y 11 años (ambos sexos) se basa en el rendimiento físico obtenido mediante pruebas de valoración del rendimiento deportivo establecidas en la literatura. Delimitar indicadores físicos y médico-biológicos permite gestionar eficientemente el proceso de dirección del entrenamiento deportivo. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento físico y biomédico de los estudiantes de perspectivas deportivas, con el propósito de identificar talentos deportivos para la práctica del atletismo. Métodos: Bajo un muestreo intencional se seleccionó a 26 alumnos de perspectivas deportivas entre 11-12 años (12 sujetos del sexo femenino y 14 sujetos del masculino) entrenados en la Escuela Obdulio Morales Torres, aplicándole ocho pruebas físicas y biomédicas para determinar sus potencialidades reales para la selección deportiva del atletismo cubano. Resultados: Se establecieron medias colectivas que para el sexo femenino se ubicaron en 37,08 puntos (Rendimiento Bien), y el masculino en 33,29 (Rendimiento Regular). Al menos 12 sujetos (talentos deportivos) de ambos sexos presentaron indicadores altos a tener en cuenta para la selección deportiva en diversas modalidades del atletismo, 9 se calificaron como reserva deportiva y 5 sin condiciones. Conclusiones: Las pruebas de mayor relevancia para las niñas de 10 años fueron la rapidez y la resistencia, y en los niños de 11 años la rapidez y el salto de longitud con carrera de impulso. Los resultados obtenidos permiten ubicar a los alumnos con perspectivas de acuerdo con los eventos de velocidad, saltos, lanzamientos y eventos múltiples según sus resultados(AU)

Introduction: The sport talents detection for athletics corresponding to an average age range between 10 and 11 years old (both sexes) is based on physical performance obtained through sports performance assessment tests established in the literature. Delimiting physical and medical-biological indicators allows the management process of sports training to be efficiently managed. Objective: To determine the physical and biomedical behavior of sports perspectives students, with the purpose of identifying sport talents for the athletics practice. Methods: Under an intentional sampling, 26 students of sports perspectives were selected between 11-12 years old (12 female subjects and 14 male subjects) trained in the Obdulio Morales Torres School, applying eight physical and biomedical tests to determine their Real potentials for the Cuban athletics sports selection. Results: Collective arithmetic means were established, for the female sex they were located in 37.08 points (Good Performance), and masculine in 33.29 (Regular Performance). At least 12 subjects (sports talents) of both sexes presented high indicators to be taken into account for sport selection in various athletics modalities, 9 were qualified as sports reserve and 5 without conditions. Conclusions: The most relevant tests for 10-year-old girls were speed and resistance. In 11 years old boys the speed and long jump with momentum were the best passed tests of athletics. The obtained results allow to locate the students with perspectives according to events of speed, jumps, throws and multiple events according to their results(AU)

O atletismo como conteúdo vai à escola: olhares discentes sobre a experiência de ensino / Athletics becomes school content: students'perceptions on teaching experience / El atletismo como contenido va a la escuela: percepciones de los estudiantes sobre la práctica de enseñanza

O estudo trata das percepções dos alunos acerca do conteúdo Atletismo e sua relação com competências pessoais e sociais na Escola. Participaram do estudo 20 alunos de uma turma do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública. Foram ministradas 24 sessões nas aulas de Educa- ção Física, utilizando à técnica de grupo focal. Os alunos desconheciam o atletismo e apresen- tavam interpretações confusas sobre o tema. A prática do atletismo foi importante para seus aspectos pessoais contribuindo para ampliação das relações interpessoais. Concluiu-se que o conteúdo ensinado pode ser desenvolvido no ambiente escolar, desmistificando o olhar indi- vidual sobre a modalidade, causando entusiasmo quando oportunizado ludicamente e respei- tando as possibilidades de formação de cada indivíduo.

The study deals with the perceptions of students about the Athletics content and its relation to personal and social skills in school. The study included 20 students of an elementary educa- tion class in a public school. 24 sessions in Physical Education classes were held, using the focus group technique. Students were unaware of athletics and had confused interpretations of the theme. The practice of athletics was important for personal aspects contributing to the expansion of interpersonal relationships. It was concluded that the content taught can be de- veloped in the school environment, demystifying the individual look on the modality, causing enthusiasm when developed playfully and respecting each individual's educational possibili- ties.

El estudio se ocupa de las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre el contenido curricular del atletismo y su relación con las habilidades personales y sociales en la escuela. El estudio in- cluyó 20 estudiantes de una clase de educación primaria, de una escuela pública. Fueron da- das 24 clases de Educación Física, utilizando la técnica de grupo focal. Los estudiantes des- conocían el atletismo y tenían interpretaciones confusas sobre el tema. La práctica del atletis- mo fue importante para los estudiantes, pues contribuyó para que algunos aspectos personales contribuyan con la expansión de las relaciones interpersonales. Se concluyó que el contenido que se enseñó puede ser desarrollado en el entorno escolar, desmitificando las percepciones individuales sobre la modalidad y, causando entusiasmo cuando se ofrece de forma lúdica y respetando las oportunidades de formación de cada individuo.

O itinerário de um atleta olímpico não medalhista: Willy Seewald (*1900 + 1929) / The itinerary of a non-medal olympic athlete: Willy Seewald (*1900 + 1929) / El itinerario de un atleta olímpico no medallista: Willy Seewald (*1900 + 1929)

A presente pesquisa busca investigar o percurso esportivo olímpico do atleta brasileiro Willy Seewald, desde o período em que começou a praticar esportes, transcorrendo pela sua participação nos Jogos Olímpicos de 1924, até o encerramento de sua carreira esportiva no final da década de 1920. Para a realização deste estudo, foram utilizadas entrevistas, jornais, revistas e documentos de acervo pessoal da família Seewald. As informações extraídas, e interpretadas por análise documental, revelam que Willy Seewald, além de praticar um leque diversificado de esportes, obteve elevado desempenho na modalidade olímpica lançamento de dardo, bem como demonstrou, que os valores olímpicos estavam incorporados na sua conduta esportiva.

This research investigates the Willy Seewald Olympic sports journey, since the time he started playing sports, through their participation in the Olympic Games in 1924, until the end of his sporting career in the late 1920s. The sources used in this study were interviews, newspapers, magazines, official documents and Seewald family personnel collection. The information extracted and interpreted by document analysis, revealed that Willy Seewald, in addition to practicing a wide range of sports, achieved high performance in Olympic sport Javelin Throw and has shown by his conduct that the Olympic values were incorporated in his sport behavior.

Este estudio investiga la ruta deporte olímpico Willy Seewald, desde el momento en que empezó a jugar el deporte, a través de su participación en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1924 hasta el final de su carrera deportiva a finales de 1920 para la realización este estudio, se utilizaron entrevistas y diarios, revistas, documentos y personal de la colección de la familia Seewald oficiales. La información extraída e interpretado por el análisis de documentos, reveló que Willy Seewald, además de practicar una amplia gama de deportes, logra un alto rendimiento en el deporte olímpico de Jabalina, y se ha demostrado con su conducta, que los valores olímpicos se incorporaron en su conducta deportiva.

O jogo de videogame relacionado ao atletismo e suas possibilidades pedagógicas / Videogame related to athletics and educational possibilities / Juego de videojuego en materia de atletismo y posibilidades educativas

Não há dúvidas de que as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) fazem, cada vez mais, parte do cotidiano, requerendo que diferentes áreas do conhecimento, a exemplo da Educação Física, pensem em como utilizá-las. Diante disso, o objetivo deste artigo foi o de analisar o jogo de videogame Kinect Sports (Xbox 360), relacionado ao atletismo, verificando as proximidades e distanciamentos em relação à modalidade esportiva oficial e suas possibilidades pedagógicas. Foram duas as etapas desta pesquisa: coleta de dados (método visual e observação participante) e análise temática dos dados. Para fins didáticos, os resultados foram apresentados por prova do atletismo analisada, sendo que cada qual foi analisada de acordo com as categorias: descrição, comparações e possibilidades pedagógicas. O videogame pode ser um importante aliado do professor de Educação Física, já que, além de consistir em uma estratégia diferente, poderá contribuir para a exploração do universo do atletismo.

There are no doubts that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) influence our daily life, requiring that different areas of knowledge, like Physical Education for example, thinks about how to use it. Because of that, the aim of this article was to analyze the game "Kinect Sports" of Xbox 360, about some athletics events, compare it with the official events and identify the pedagogical possibilities. Two steps were organized to do this research: data collection (visual methods and participant observation) and thematic analysis. For a better way of presentation, the results were first organized by the athletics events. Each of those events was analyze with 3 themes: description, comparisons and pedagogical possibilities. The videogame can be an important resource for the Physical Education teacher, because it is a different strategy that can contribute for the exploration of the athletics universe.

No hay duda de que las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) son cada vez más parte de la vida cotidiana, lo que implica para diferentes áreas de conocimiento, como la educación física, pensar en cómo utilizarlas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el videojuego Kinect Sports (Xbox 360), relacionado con el atletismo, comprobando las proximidades y las diferencias en relación con el deporte oficial y sus posibilidades educativas. Se desarrollaron dos etapas en esta investigación: recolección de datos (método visual y observación participante) y el análisis temática de los datos. Para los propósitos didácticos, los resultados se presentan en las pruebas analizada, cada una de las cuales se analizó de acuerdo a: descripción, comparaciones y posibilidades pedagógicas. El juego puede ser un aliado importante del maestro de educación física, ya que además de consistir en una estrategia diferente que puede permitir el exploración del universo de atletismo.

Utilizando o moodle na Educação Física: sobre um material didático virtual para o ensino do atletismo / Using Moodle in Ehisical Education classes: a virtual didactic material for teaching athletics / Uso del Moodle en la Educación Física: sobre un material didáctico virtual de enseñanza para el atletismo

Observando o impacto das tecnologias em nossa sociedade, percebemos a necessidade de criar um material didático condizente com as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação capaz de subsidiar o trabalho do professor de Educação Física no ensino do atletismo, em especial, dos 100 metros rasos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi organizar um material didático virtual, localizando jogos virtuais, vídeos, sites, blogs e redes sociais relacionados à prova dos 100 metros rasos, compondo um banco de dados contendo atividades que visam à utilização desse material no ensino dessa prova em aulas de Educação Física.

Noting the impact of technology in our society, we realize the necessity to create a didactic material based on the Information and Communication Technologies to support the work of the physical education teacher in the teaching of athletics, in particular, the 100 meters dash. For no other reason, the aim of this study was to organize a virtual didactic material, searching virtual games, videos, websites, blogs and social networks related to the 100 meters dash, organizing a database and suggesting activities aiming to the use of this didactic material for the teaching of this event in physical education classes.

Teniendo en cuenta el impacto de la tecnología en nuestra sociedad, nos damos cuenta de la necesidad de crear material didáctico consistente con las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación para apoyar el trabajo del maestro de Educación Física en la enseñanza de los deportes, en particular, los 100 metros . Por ninguna otra razón, el objetivo de este trabajo fue la organización de un material de enseñanza virtual, la localización de los juegos virtuales, vídeos, websites, blogs y redes sociales relacionadas con la carrera de 100 metros, componiendo una base de datos y sugerir actividades que tengan como objetivo utilizar este material para la enseñanza de esta prueba en las clases de Educación Física.

Heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, and baroreflex sensitivity in overtrained athletes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of abruptly intensified physical training on cardiovascular control. DESIGN: Retrospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Ten healthy athletes (5 men and 5 women) from track and field as well as triathlon. INTERVENTIONS: A 2-week training camp, including daily stepwise increasing cycling tests, running of 40 minutes, and additional cycling of 60 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Time and frequency domain parameters of resting heart rate and blood pressure variability (HRV and BPV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), before, during, and after the training camp. RESULTS: We found significantly reduced HRV during the training camp (mean beat-to-beat interval: 1042 [937 to 1194] ms vs. 933 [832 to 1103] ms vs. 1055 [947 to 1183] ms, P < 0.01; root-mean-square of beat-to-beat interval differences: 68 [52 to 95] ms vs. 52 [38 to 71] ms vs. 61 [48 to 78] ms, P < 0.05). Further, BRS was significantly reduced: 25.2 (20.4 to 40.4) ms/mmHg vs. 17.0 (12.9 to 25.7) ms/mmHg vs. 25.7 (18.8 to 29.1) ms/mmHg, P < 0.05. These effects disappeared at a large degree after 3 to 4 days of recovery. CONCLUSION: Abruptly intensified physical training results in an altered autonomic cardiovascular activity towards parasympathetic inhibition and sympathetic activation that can be monitored by means of HRV and BRS analyses and might provide useful markers to avoid the overtraining syndrome.

The responses of an able bodied person to wheelchair training: a case study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the responses of a previously untrained, able bodied male to a 10 month training programme in a wheelchair. METHODS: Physiological indices and performance times were measured over the 10 month period during periods of general conditioning, specific conditioning, and competition. RESULTS: Although both peak oxygen uptake and maximum heart rate increased it was found that the main contribution to improvements in performance was from increased pushing economy. The value of peak oxygen uptake for the subject was within the normal range for paraplegics; however, maximum ventilation exceeded the levels normally achieved by paraplegics. At the conclusion of the study the subject successfully completed a wheelchair marathon in a time of 2 h 9 min at an average speed of 5.17 m s1. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible for an able bodied person with no previous experience in a wheelchair to successfully compete in a wheelchair marathon with only 10 months training. The main contribution to the improvement in performance was from increased pushing economy.