Lysine clonixinate in minor dental surgery: double-blind randomized parallel study versus paracetamol.

Lysine clonixinate (LC), an effective and well tolerated non-morphinic analgesic whose mechanism of action is basically due to the inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase, was assessed with a double-blind randomized dummy design versus paracetamol (P) on 200 patients suffering from pain after minor dental surgery. Patients received according to their needs 1 or 2 tablets of 125 mg lysine clonixinate or 500 mg paracetamol every 8 h during 48 h or until pain relief. Both groups, each composed of 100 patients, were comparable in terms of demographic conditions (t test), initial symptoms (chi-square test), characteristics of the extracted dental pieces, surgical complications and wound treatment (chi-square test). Pain intensity scores and daily average intake of tablets (3.4/day) documented in the patients' diary revealed no statistically significant differences between the two treatments (chi-square test). It was found that spontaneous pain measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) decreased significantly in both treatment groups at the 24-h control examination. The following values were observed in the LC group: baseline 4.38 +/- 1.7; 24-h * 1.20 +/- 1.4; 48-h * 0.36 +/- 1.2. In the P group the values were: baseline 4.28 +/- 1.6; 24-h * 1.11 +/- 1.4; 48-h * 0.30 +/- 0.7 (*p < 0.05). Other variables like facial swelling and night pain, evaluated on a score from 0 to 4 and symptom presence or absence respectively, showed a similar response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A comparison of ketorolac with flunixin, butorphanol, and oxymorphone in controlling postoperative pain in dogs.

Ketorolac tromethamine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic, was compared with flunixin and butorphanol for its analgesic efficacy and potential side effects after laparotomy or shoulder arthrotomy in dogs. Sixty-four dogs were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg body weight (BW) (n = 21), flunixin 1.0 mg/kg BW (n = 21), or ketorolac 0.5 mg/kg BW (n = 22), in a double blind fashion. The analgesic efficacy was rated from 1 to 4 (1 = inadequate, 4 = excellent) for each dog. The average scores after laparotomy were ketorolac, 3.4; flunixin, 2.7; and butorphanol, 1.6. After shoulder arthrotomy, the average scores were ketorolac, 3.5; flunixin, 3.0; and butorphanol, 1.4 (5/11 dogs). As butorphanol was unable to control pain after shoulder arthrotomy, oxymorphone, 0.05 mg/kg BW, replaced butorphanol in a subsequent group of dogs and had a score of 2.0 (6/11 dogs). Serum alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were significantly elevated above baseline at 24 hours postoperatively in dogs receiving flunixin. One dog in each group developed melena or hematochezia. One dog receiving ketorolac had histological evidence of gastric ulceration. We concluded that ketorolac is a good analgesic for postoperative pain in dogs.

In-house reference materials: 5-hydroxyflunixin and meloxicam in cow milk-preparation and evaluation.

Reference materials are helpful to evaluate the performance of laboratories as well as being useful for the quality control of analytical procedures. Certified reference materials and other reference materials containing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in milk are however, not available. Therefore, production and evaluation of in-house reference materials with incurred residues of 5-hydroxyflunixin (5OHFLU) and meloxicam (MEL) in cow milk has been performed. The milk was collected 12h after dosing from cows which received meloxicam (0.5 mgkg(-1) b.w., i.v., single dose) or flunixin meglumine (2.2 mgkg(-1) b.w., i.v. during three days). The concentrations of analytes were checked in the milk samples. The milk was diluted with milk free from NSAIDs residues, homogenised, put into sterile 20 mL vials, frozen and lyophilised. The vials were weighed before and after lyophilisation, in order to calculate the amount of water necessary for reconstitution, and were stored at a temperature of -20+/-2 degrees C. For the homogeneity study, 10 random samples were analysed in duplicate and the results were interpreted using Cochran's test, Horwitz standard deviation and the test for a sufficient homogeneity. The assigned values, calculated from the results of the homogeneity test were 54.3 microgkg(-1) for 5OHFLU and 46.4 microgkg(-1) for MEL. The samples were tested for their stability every 14 days for 2 months and after 9 months. It has been confirmed that an appropriate homogeneity and stability of the produced in-house reference material has been obtained.