RESUMO
The possibility of voyaging contact between prehistoric Polynesian and Native American populations has long intrigued researchers. Proponents have pointed to the existence of New World crops, such as the sweet potato and bottle gourd, in the Polynesian archaeological record, but nowhere else outside the pre-Columbian Americas1-6, while critics have argued that these botanical dispersals need not have been human mediated7. The Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl controversially suggested that prehistoric South American populations had an important role in the settlement of east Polynesia and particularly of Easter Island (Rapa Nui)2. Several limited molecular genetic studies have reached opposing conclusions, and the possibility continues to be as hotly contested today as it was when first suggested8-12. Here we analyse genome-wide variation in individuals from islands across Polynesia for signs of Native American admixture, analysing 807 individuals from 17 island populations and 15 Pacific coast Native American groups. We find conclusive evidence for prehistoric contact of Polynesian individuals with Native American individuals (around AD 1200) contemporaneous with the settlement of remote Oceania13-15. Our analyses suggest strongly that a single contact event occurred in eastern Polynesia, before the settlement of Rapa Nui, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.
Assuntos
Fluxo Gênico/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Migração Humana/história , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/genética , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Ilhas , Havaiano Nativo ou Outro Ilhéu do Pacífico/genética , América Central/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Genética Populacional , História Medieval , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Polinésia , América do Sul/etnologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
This study examined associations of mothers' and fathers' individualism, collectivism and conformity values with parenting (warmth, rules/limit-setting, knowledge solicitation and expectations regarding children's family obligations) and child internalising and externalising behaviours in Colombia. Mothers, fathers and children (N = 100) from Medellín, Colombia were interviewed when children were, on average, 10 years old. Higher maternal collectivism and conformity values were associated with higher maternal warmth and fewer child externalising problems, whereas higher paternal collectivism was associated with lower maternal warmth and more child externalising problems. Fathers' cultural values also were related to their expectations regarding children's family obligations. The findings suggest differences in how mothers' and fathers' cultural values are related to parenting and child adjustment in Colombia, as well as the need to examine cultural values beyond individualism, collectivism and conformity values.
Assuntos
Poder Familiar , Valores Sociais , Humanos , Colômbia/etnologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto , Ajustamento Social , Controle Interno-Externo , Comparação TransculturalRESUMO
This introduction provides an overview of the major constructs that are the focus of this Special Issue. Individualism and collectivism have been the cornerstones of theoretical work on cultural values in psychological science, and conformity is an important component of theories related to motivational values. Individualism, collectivism and conformity values are reviewed in relation to parenting (warmth, knowledge solicitation, rules/limit-setting, parents' expectations regarding children's family obligations) and children's adjustment (internalising and externalising behaviours). Background on the Parenting Across Cultures project, a study of children, mothers and fathers, in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand and the United States) is provided as a prelude to the country-specific papers from each of these countries that follow in the rest of the Special Issue before a final concluding paper that focuses on between-country versus within-country variation in cultural values, parenting and children's adjustment.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Poder Familiar , Valores Sociais , Humanos , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Valores Sociais/etnologia , Criança , Adaptação Psicológica , Ajustamento Social , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Jordânia/etnologiaRESUMO
The phenomenon of world aging is not foreign to indigenous communities. In the last few years, research about these communities around the world has increased, but aging in indigenous towns still has not been studied widely. The purpose of this research is to interpret the meaning of old age in two indigenous communities from the Colombian Andean-Amazon region (the Inga and Kamëntsa) to reinforce the relevance of the local sociocultural context within the configuration of the meaning of old age and to emphasize the importance of considering particular regional characteristics for the design of policies and interventions aiming to recognize and integrate indigenous populations. This is a qualitative study with an interactionism-symbolism approach. In total, six indigenous people older than 60 years from two ancestral communities from the Colombian Andean-Amazon region participated in the in-depth interviews. Data analysis was carried out in three moments: discovery, coding, and relativization of the information. The results show that old age means wisdom, "I am wise," which is supported in the cosmology and the trajectory of life, reinforces the identity and autonomy, and allows them to be agents in the dynamics of their communities from the "I do," in other words, their roles as builders of the family-society and as guards of ancestral knowledge. The loss of this knowledge and the elements that it is composed of uproot them and put them at risk of disappearing as individuals and as a collective. In conclusion, the meaning of old age in these communities is not centered on a determinate age; you are not old, you are wise, and as such, they play a central role in their communities. Moreover, wisdom is built in parallel with their cosmology and assigns them the task of safekeeping ancestral knowledge. In order to do this, they use oral tradition as a tool, words that are born in their territories, travel in a nonlinear timeline, and get strengthened by the community while also protecting it and building it. Knowing what aging means for Indigenous communities can facilitate to the development of policies and initiatives and to provide culturally appropriate and effective programs.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Povos Indígenas , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Humanos , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Masculino , Envelhecimento/etnologia , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Entrevistas como Assunto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Latinos in the United States (U.S.) represent a heterogeneous minority population disproportionally impacted by obesity. Colombians in the U.S. are routinely combined with other South Americans in most obesity studies. Moreover, most studies among Latino immigrants in the U.S. solely focus on factors in the destination context, which largely ignores the prevalence of obesity and contextual factors in their country of origin, and warrant transnational investigations. METHODS: Using 2013-17 data from the New York City Community Health Survey (NYC CHS, U.S.) and the National Survey of the Nutritional Situation (ENSIN, Colombia), Colombians that immigrated to the U.S. and are living in NYC (n = 503) were compared to nonimmigrant Colombians living in their home country (n = 98,829). Prevalence ratios (PR) for obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) by place of residence were estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was 49% greater for immigrant Colombians living in NYC when compared to nonimmigrant Colombians living in in their home country (PR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.08, 2.07). Colombian immigrant men in NYC were 72% more likely to have obesity compared to nonimmigrant men living in their home country (PR = 1.72; 95% CI 1.03, 2.87). No significant differences were found in the adjusted models among women. CONCLUSIONS: Colombian immigrants in NYC exhibit a higher prevalence of obesity compared to their nonimmigrant counterparts back home and sex strengthens this relationship. More obesity research is needed to understand the immigration experience of Colombians in the U.S. and the underlying mechanisms for sex difference. Public health action focused on women in Colombia and both Colombian men and women immigrants in the U.S. is warranted to avert the long-term consequences of obesity.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Obesidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etnologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The Y chromosome has highly informative markers, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that are useful for making historical inferences about the settlement of the Americas. However, the scarcity of these markers has limited their use. This study aims to identify new SNPs and increase the phylogenetic resolution of haplogroup Q for the Americas, mainly focusing on the lineages of the Amazon region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Next-generation sequencing was performed on two Y chromosomes belonging to haplogroup Q-M3 using samples with divergent short tandem repeat haplotypes from the Colombian Amazon, and 14 of the new variants identified were selected for characterization in 207 samples of indigenous Colombians belonging to haplogroup Q-M3. RESULTS: This methodology allowed us to establish nine new lineages within Q-M3, including its paragroups. The most basal lineages were predominant in communities of Andean origin, such as the Embera-Katio, the Nasas, and the Pastos. In contrast, the most distal lineages were restricted to inhabitants of the Amazon region of Vaupés. DISCUSSION: The SNPs reported here advance the development of subhaplogroups of Q-M3 with a higher level of phylogenetic resolution than has been previously reported, which allowed the differentiation between populations that inhabit two regions of Vaupes area: the Pirá-Paraná region and the upper and middle sections of the Vaupés River, and the region encompassing the Papurí River and the lower Vaupés. They are very useful for the microevolutionary analysis of the Amerindian populations of Colombia and of the Americas.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/classificação , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Antropologia Física , Colômbia/etnologia , Evolução Molecular , Genética Populacional , Haplótipos/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
This study investigated the association between perceived material deprivation, children's behavior problems, and parents' disciplinary practices. The sample included 1,418 8- to 12-year-old children and their parents in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Multilevel mixed- and fixed-effects regression models found that, even when income remained stable, perceived material deprivation was associated with children's externalizing behavior problems and parents' psychological aggression. Parents' disciplinary practices mediated a small share of the association between perceived material deprivation and children's behavior problems. There were no differences in these associations between mothers and fathers or between high- and low- and middle-income countries. These results suggest that material deprivation likely influences children's outcomes at any income level.
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Status Econômico , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Comportamento Problema , Criança , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Masculino , Filipinas/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
We investigated whether bidirectional associations between parental warmth and behavioral control and child aggression and rule-breaking behavior emerged in 12 cultural groups. Study participants included 1,298 children (M = 8.29 years, standard deviation [SD] = 0.66, 51% girls) from Shanghai, China (n = 121); Medellín, Colombia (n = 108); Naples (n = 100) and Rome (n = 103), Italy; Zarqa, Jordan (n = 114); Kisumu, Kenya (n = 100); Manila, Philippines (n = 120); Trollhättan/Vänersborg, Sweden (n = 101); Chiang Mai, Thailand (n = 120); and Durham, NC, United States (n = 111 White, n = 103 Black, n = 97 Latino) followed over 5 years (i.e., ages 8-13). Warmth and control were measured using the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire, child aggression and rule-breaking were measured using the Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was conducted. Associations between parent warmth and subsequent rule-breaking behavior were found to be more common across ontogeny and demonstrate greater variability across different cultures than associations between warmth and subsequent aggressive behavior. In contrast, the evocative effects of child aggressive behavior on subsequent parent warmth and behavioral control were more common, especially before age 10, than those of rule-breaking behavior. Considering the type of externalizing behavior, developmental time point, and cultural context is essential to understanding how parenting and child behavior reciprocally affect one another.
Assuntos
Agressão , Comparação Transcultural , Relações Pais-Filho/etnologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Pais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Masculino , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Filipinas/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
The simulation scenarios are increasingly being used to assess professional competences in health sciences at university level. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of differences in the stress psychophysiological response of Psychology degree students from Spain and Colombia undergoing to clinical practice. Multiple psychophysiological measures were obtained in a sample of 25 Colombian and Spanish Psychology students undergoing to simulation scenario. Differences in the initial level of stress and habituation process as reported by self-reported and psychophysiological measurements as discussed. Differences in stress-related psychological traits are also analyzed and further discussed.
Assuntos
Comparação Transcultural , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Adulto , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Espanha/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Estudantes , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Migratory processes may affect mental health. Data on the health status of migrants are necessary for an adequate public health approach. AIM: To describe the prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms in Colombian migrants living in Chile and to compare it with the Chilean population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Beck and BDI scales for depression and BAI anxiety scale were applied to 1,932 participants living in Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago. Of these, 976 participants (51% women) aged 35 ± 10 years were first generation Colombian migrants and 956 participants aged 34 ± 14 years were Chilean. RESULTS: The scores for depressive and anxious symptoms were higher in Chileans than in Colombians. Women reported worse mental health in both groups. Chilean and Colombian respondents residing in Arica and Antofagasta had a higher degree of anxiety and depression than their counterparts residing in Santiago. CONCLUSIONS: Chileans have worse mental health indicators than Colombian migrants. There are differences by sex and city of residence.
Assuntos
Depressão , Migrantes , Adulto , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Migrantes/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study tested culture-general and culture-specific aspects of adolescent developmental processes by focusing on opportunities and peer support for aggressive and delinquent behavior, which could help account for cultural similarities and differences in problem behavior during adolescence. Adolescents from 12 cultural groups in 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States) provided data at ages 12, 14, and 15. Variance in opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency, as well as aggressive and delinquent behavior, was greater within than between cultures. Across cultural groups, opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency increased from early to mid-adolescence. Consistently across diverse cultural groups, opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency predicted subsequent aggressive and delinquent behavior, even after controlling for prior aggressive and delinquent behavior. The findings illustrate ways that international collaborative research can contribute to developmental science by embedding the study of development within cultural contexts.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Agressão , Delinquência Juvenil/etnologia , Grupo Associado , Apoio Social , Adolescente , Criança , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Filipinas/etnologia , Suécia/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
While the cooking-culture relationship is a biocultural phenomenon that gives meaning to gastronomic practices through signs and symbols shared within a community, in the 20th century, its transmission has been influenced by important processes of change, such as urban expansion and environmental pollution, which put the continuity of immaterial cultural patrimony at risk. These changes have altered the supply, conservation, and preparation of food and utensils, which are elements that demarcate the society-nature relationship and gender roles, among other things. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the role of the cultural transmission of food habits in identity formation and social cohesion, based upon an ethnographic case study in the Ancestral Community La Playa Renaciente, in Cali (Colombia). This study presents the cultural transmission of food habits, culinary practices, and their relationship with the inhabited environment. Likewise, this article presents a temporal-spatial contextualization of the locality and some oral testimonies that reveal how dietary practices constitute an important element in socialization, social cohesion, and the transmission of knowledge from generation to generation.
Assuntos
Evolução Cultural , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/psicologia , Ajustamento Social , Identificação Social , Colômbia/etnologia , Culinária , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , População RuralRESUMO
Access to mental health services for older Hispanic adults is limited and often older Hispanic adults must rely on their own resources in dealing with mental health issues. The aim of this study was to understand how older Hispanic immigrants cope mental health issues (e.g. stress, anxiety, and/or depression). A qualitative, descriptive approach was used to interview 17 older Hispanic immigrants from Guatemala, Dominican Republic and Colombia. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and translated verbatim by bilingual research assistants. Data were analyzed using content analysis with a combination of immersion/crystallization, editing and template organizing styles. Ways of coping included spiritual beliefs and religious practices, social support, distraction, medications and professional help. Primary care providers may be more effective if they build upon the cultural constructs that undergird older Hispanic immigrants' ways of coping in addressing emotional distress and mental health issues in this population.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colômbia/etnologia , Depressão/psicologia , República Dominicana/etnologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Feminino , Guatemala/etnologia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Apoio Social , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Depression is the principal cause of disability in the world. High prevalence rates of depression in general populations and college students have been found worldwide and in various cultural groups. Low-intensity cognitive behavioural internet-delivered treatment has demonstrated efficacy in high-income-countries (HICs). However little is known of their potential for adaptation and efficacy in low and middle-income countries. METHODS: Study (1) involves the cultural adaptation of the Space from Depression cognitive-behaviour internet-delivered programme with an asynchronous support for depressive symptoms. This includes initial researcher/clinician adaptation and the integration of cultural assessment feedback of the programme by a panel of experts and users through the theoretically-based Cultural Relevance Questionnaire (CRQ). Study (2) describes the implementation of the culturally adapted intervention using a randomised controlled trial methodology. The efficacy trial will include an active treatment group and a waiting-list control group of participants meeting eligibility criteria (mild to moderate depression symptoms). The active condition will consist of 7 weekly modules of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) Space from Depression, with post-session feedback support. The primary outcome will be the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The study also involves collection of client reported significant events and client satisfaction with the internet-delivered treatment. Data will be collected at baseline and at post-treatment (week 7), and at follow-up (week 20/3 months). Analysis will be conducted on the intention-to-treat basis. DISCUSSION: The study seeks to establish a theoretically robust methodology for culturally adapting internet-delivered interventions for mental health disorders and to evaluate the efficacy of a culturally adapted internet-delivered treatment for depression in Colombia, with support. The study will be a first contribution to a method for culturally adapting internet-delivered interventions and also a first to examine the efficacy of such an adapted intervention in Latin America. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials NCT03062215. Retrospectively registered 14th February 2017.
Assuntos
Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Características Culturais , Depressão/etnologia , Depressão/terapia , Internet , Terapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Adulto , Colômbia/etnologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Internet/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Satisfação do Paciente/etnologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Listas de EsperaRESUMO
Using multilevel models, we examined mother-, father-, and child-reported (N = 1,336 families) externalizing behavior problem trajectories from age 7 to 14 in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). The intercept and slope of children's externalizing behavior trajectories varied both across individuals within culture and across cultures, and the variance was larger at the individual level than at the culture level. Mothers' and children's endorsement of aggression as well as mothers' authoritarian attitudes predicted higher age 8 intercepts of child externalizing behaviors. Furthermore, prediction from individual-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes to more child externalizing behaviors was augmented by prediction from cultural-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes, respectively. Cultures in which father-reported endorsement of aggression was higher and both mother- and father-reported authoritarian attitudes were higher also reported more child externalizing behavior problems at age 8. Among fathers, greater attributions regarding uncontrollable success in caregiving situations were associated with steeper declines in externalizing over time. Understanding cultural-level as well as individual-level correlates of children's externalizing behavior offers potential insights into prevention and intervention efforts that can be more effectively targeted at individual children and parents as well as targeted at changing cultural norms that increase the risk of children's and adolescents' externalizing behavior.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Agressão , Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Pai , Mães , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Comportamento Problema , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , China/etnologia , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Itália/etnologia , Jordânia/etnologia , Quênia/etnologia , Masculino , Filipinas/etnologia , Suécia/etnologia , Tailândia/etnologia , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: No previous studies have been conducted to determine the normal number of nail matrix melanocytes in Latin American individuals. The objective of this work was to determine the number of melanocytes per linear millimetre present in the nail matrix and the nail bed in samples obtained from Colombian individuals. METHODS: Twenty-six unilateral biopsies were taken from 19 cadavers subjected to clinical and medico-legal autopsies. These biopsy samples were processed with conventional histotechnology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-HMB-45 and anti-MiTF. Three sets of photographs (HE, HMB-45 and MiTF) were taken of each biopsy sample and independently assessed by three pathologists. Each observer counted the number of melanocytes present in 1 linear mm of the nail matrix or bed. RESULTS: We found an average of 4.6 melanocytes x linear mm with H & E staining, 9.8 with HMB-45 and 12.4 with MiTF. CONCLUSIONS: The use of IHC significantly increases and facilitates the identification of melanocytes in unilateral biopsies. Our IHC counts exceed the averages found in the literature. This finding warrants new studies to verify whether the Colombian population presents higher numbers of melanocytes in the nail matrix than other populations or whether the observed increase is a result of the use of MiTF.
Assuntos
Melanócitos/citologia , Unhas/citologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Cadáver , Contagem de Células , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Lactente , Masculino , Melanócitos/metabolismo , Antígenos Específicos de Melanoma/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição Associado à Microftalmia/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antígeno gp100 de MelanomaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between working hours (WHs) and the likelihood of poor self-reported general health (SRGH) in the first data wave from a cohort of immigrant and native workers in Spain. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analyses from a prospective cohort study. METHODS: Data were drawn from the first wave of the Platform of Longitudinal Studies on Immigrant Families. The selected sample was composed of 217 immigrant workers and 89 native-born workers. We explored differences by immigrant status and family structure, assessing prevalences and Poisson regression models; an additional analysis explored statistically optimized work hour cut points. RESULTS: Highest prevalence of poor SRGH (72.7%) was reported by immigrant, single-parent workers working >40 WH/week. Immigrant single-parent families were more likely to report poor SRGH for three WH categories: ≤20 WH/week (prevalence ratio [PR] = 3.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-7.2), >30-≤40 WH/week (PR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-6.4), and >40 WH/week (PR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.8-10.1). In two-parent families, immigrants working standard hours (i.e. >30-≤40) and native-born workers in the highest and lowest categories of WHs (i.e. ≤20 and >40) had similar PRs for poor SRGH compared with native-born workers working standard hours. Findings suggested that native-born workers residing in two-parent families were able to work more than 10 h longer per week than immigrant workers before reporting equivalent prevalences of poor SRGH. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the association of WHs and poor SRGH among immigrants in Spain seem to be explained by family structure, which suggests that the influence of WHs on health differentially affects vulnerable groups, such as immigrant workers residing in single-parent families.
Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Emprego/estatística & dados numéricos , Características da Família , Nível de Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Equador/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Espanha , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: To establish the influence of acculturation strategies on quality of life, henceforth QoL. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, two questionnaires were applied, the WHOQoL-BREF from the World Health Organization and Basabe's acculturation strategies. The questionnaires were applied to 853 Colombian and Peruvian immigrants living in Northern Chilean cities of Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago de Chile. RESULTS: In the psychological and social domains, as well as in the overall assessment of QoL, the most beneficial strategies are those where customs are maintained from the homeland, where "integration" then "separation" are the most beneficial. On the contrary, when the strategy for maintaining homeland customs is low, the QoL tends to be lower. The strategy of "marginalized" is associated with a lower QoL. CONCLUSIONS: Acculturation strategies mildly or moderately affect the psychological and social domains of quality of life as well as the overall assessment of QoL.
Assuntos
Aculturação , Adaptação Psicológica , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Chile , Colômbia/etnologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Bidirectional relations among adolescents' positivity, perceived positive school climate, and prosocial behavior were examined in Colombian youth. Also, the role of a positive school climate in mediating the relation of positivity to prosocial behaviors was tested. Adolescents (N = 151; Mage of child in Wave 1 = 12.68, SD = 1.06; 58.9% male) and their parents (N = 127) provided data in two waves (9 months apart). A model of bidirectional relations between positivity and perceived positive school climate emerged. In addition, adolescents with higher levels of perceived positive school climate at age 12 showed higher levels of prosocial behaviors in the following year. Positive school climate related positivity to adolescents' prosocial behavior over time.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Comportamento Infantil/etnologia , Instituições Acadêmicas , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Criança , Colômbia/etnologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Percepção SocialRESUMO
This study set out to explore the social-psychological aspects of living with HIV among a group of HIV-positive Colombian gay men in London, and the strategies that they deployed to manage ensuing threats to their identities. Focus group and individual interview data were collected from 14 Colombian gay men living with HIV, and were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis and identity process theory. The following themes are discussed: (1) identity struggles and conflicts in Colombia, (2), managing multiple layers of social stigma in England, and (3) changing interpersonal and intergroup dynamics, which highlight the inter-connections between sexual prejudice, sexual risk-taking and HIV stigma. Identity may be chronically threatened due to the multiple layers of stigma, which can limit the coping strategies available to individuals. Findings strongly support the need for action and programmes to highlight and tackle both racism and HIV stigma on the gay scene and to fund more specific resources for sub-communities of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men, which employ appropriately trained and culturally competent staff.