Safety education in a pediatric primary care setting.

Parents of 171 children coming to the Yale-New Haven Hospital Primary Care Center for their 6-month checkup were randomized into an intervention group (n = 85) and a control group (n = 86). Parents in the intervention group received a three-part individualized course in child safety that required active parental participation. Parts 1, 2, and 3 were given at the 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month well-child visits, respectively. Parents in the control group received routine safety education as provided at well-child visits. The educational phase of the study was completed by 129 families, 65 in the intervention group and 64 in the control group. Safety knowledge, number of hazards in the home, and reported accidents were assessed by a "blinded" community health worker approximately 1 month after the 12-month well-child visit. A total of 109 home visits were made, 55 for the intervention group and 54 for the control group. Parental safety knowledge was assessed based upon pictorial hazard recognition. Of 13 possible hazards, the mean number of hazards recognized by the intervention group parents was 9.4 (n = 55) v 8.4 (n = 50) by the control group parents (t = 2.1, P less than .05, two-tailed). A hazard score was determined for each family based on nine possible hazards observed at the home visit. The mean hazard score for the intervention group was 2.4 (n = 55 v 3.0 (n = 54) for the control group (t = 2.4, P less than .02, two-tailed). Parentally reported accidents and accidents reported in hospital records were similar for both groups. Results of this study suggest that age-appropriate safety education that is repetitive and individualized and that requires active parental participation results in an increase in parental knowledge and an improvement in certain safety practices.

The response of mothers to health education and the incidence of gastro-enteritis among their babies in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

The study was carried out among 100 nursing mothers attending infant welfare clinics in order to evaluate their behavioural response to methods of hygiene taught to them about their babies' feeding utensils by health workers. The respondents studied were those with children whose ages ranged between 0 and 12 months, irrespective of birth order. One major purpose of organizing educational talks and of demonstrating food preparations and hygiene is to reduce and possibly prevent the prevalence of intestinal infections, especially during the transition from breast to bottle feeding and to the use of solids. Therefore, the incidence of gastro-enteritis among babies who attended the clinic was investigated. In the analysis of their behavioural response, consideration was given to the environmental conditions under which respondents lived. The response of the mothers was positive to health education. There was a significant difference in the incidence of diarrhoea among babies at the 1% level after exposure of their mothers to health education.

The effects of a maternal preparation program on mother-infant pairs: a pilot study.

This quasi-experimental pilot study examined the association of a maternal preparation program with womens' competence in maternal care behaviors, self-perceived adaptation to the maternal role, and satisfaction with the maternal preparation received in conjunction with obstetric and delivery care. Sixteen subjects participated in the program. A cost-benefit questionnaire was completed by the program participants to examine whether the availability of such a maternal preparation program would influence future selections of a hospital for delivery. Our Occupational Therapy Maternal Role Preparation Program was provided to the subjects in four sessions. The program included material on physiological changes in the new mother, orchestration of activities of daily living, infant development and individual differences, and the mother-infant relationship. Results were statistically significant only for the factor of the mothers' satisfaction with their obstetric care and preparation for the maternal role, in favor of the treatment group. In addition, all 8 members of the treatment group reported that they thought the program was helpful and would recommend it to other mothers.

Training young parents to identify and report their children's illnesses.

We developed a comprehensive training program to teach young parents what symptoms to look for to judge the severity of their children's illnesses, what to do at home to comfort their children, and when to consult their children's physician or take them for emergency treatment. Three pairs of subjects received training that included written handouts, verbal instructions, modeling, positive practice, and verbal reinforcement. Skill acquisition was assessed by a behavioral test in which parents assessed, treated, or reported a simulated illness in a child. Written materials when used alone did not improve the parent's ability to identify and report children's illnesses. Modeling and role-playing followed by positive practice were successful in teaching these parents skills that were maintained for 3 months without additional training or instruction.