Honorary Professor Garry Graham.

An appreciation of the contribution of Professor Gary Graham to anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic pharmacology and clinical pharmacology.

The European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics-25 years' young and going strong.

Clinical pharmacology as a scientific discipline and medical specialty was unarguably born in the twentieth century. Whilst pharmacology-the science behind the treatment of disease-had been in evolution since at least medieval times, the clinical discipline of pharmacology has had a more recent genesis and rather insidious evolution. During the 1900s, there were some clear father (parent) figures of clinical pharmacology in Europe that emerged and were responsible for the development of the specialty in this continent. This was a time when there were parallel developments in geographically dispersed academic departments (around the globe), during an age of excitement in drug discovery and clinical application of new therapeutic agents. It was the meeting of minds of some of these progenitors of the specialty that led to the development of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) 25 years ago arising from a working party supported by the World Health Organization in Europe. The EACPT now includes all major national organizations for clinical pharmacology in Europe, representing over 4000 individual professionals interested in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. The EACPT has a major interest in promoting the safe use of medicines across Europe and internationally and has supported these aims since 1995, through biennial international scientific congresses and summer schools with delegates and presenters from around the world as well as various working group activities. In this article, the current executive committee members of EACPT recall this history, describe the evolution of the association over the last quarter of a century, and provide an update on the activities and ambitions of the association today.

Barrie Tan, PhD: The Importance of Geranylgeraniol.

No Abstract Available.

Influence of Arabian Pharmacy on Diseases Tretament During Ottoman's Period in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Arab cultural heritage was an era of invaluable preservation and development of numerous teachings, including biomedical sciences. The golden period of Arab medicine deserves special attention in the history of medicine and pharmacy, as it was the period of rapid translation of works from Greek and Persian cultures into Arabic. They preserved their culture, and science from decay, and then adopted them to continue building their science on theirs as a basis. After the fall of Arabian Caliphate, Arabian pharmacy, continued to persevere, and spread through Turkish Caliphate until its fall in the First World War. That way, Arabian pharmacy will be spread to new areas that had benefited from it, including the area of occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina. Because of the vast territorial scope of the Ottoman Empire, the focus of this paper is description of developing pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the time of Ottoman reign.

'The principles of a future pharmacology': Johann Christian Reil (1759-1813) and his role in the development of clinical pharmacology.

AIM: Johann Christian Reil was an eighteenth-century German physician and clinical academic with wide interests. These included building the scientific foundations of modern medical practice. In 1799, he published a work specifically calling for a scientific approach to pharmacology in medical practice. In this paper, I aim to present the key parts of that work for the first time in English translation. METHODS: Reil's 1799 work was translated into English and evaluated against current standards of practice in clinical pharmacology to highlight his 'modern' approach to our subject. RESULTS: Reil defines pharmacology and presents a series of eight rules or principles that should be followed by those wishing to evaluate drugs in humans. These rules highlight the need for scientific rigour, including the use of multiple controlled experiments, and call for the introduction of a specialized vocabulary to facilitate the exchange of ideas between pharmacological researchers. CONCLUSIONS: Although rarely mentioned in the pharmacological literature today, Reil's work in the late eighteenth century is an important precursor of our modern approach to the evaluation and testing of drugs in clinical practice. This English translation of the key sections of his work may now allow others to properly evaluate his contribution.

[PROFESSOR VLADIMIR V. NIKOLAEV AND RUSSIAN PHARMACOLOGY.]

Various stages of scientific research activity of Prof. Vladimir V. Nikolaev are analyzed. The importance of Prof. Nikolaev's discovery of the two-neuron parasympathetic nervous system and some new methods of pharmacological substances evaluation is shown. Prof. Nikolaev is known as the editor of the first USSR Pharmacopoeia. Peculiarities of pharmacology teaching at the First Moscow Medical institute under conditions of changing social demands are described. Successful research of Prof. Nikolaev with colleagues in studying new mechanisms of drug action and developing original pharmacological substances is summarized.

Clinical pharmacology in Russia-historical development and current state.

Clinical pharmacology in Russia has long history and is currently active, but rather unrecognized internationally. It is governmentally approved as a teaching/scientific specialty since 1983 and as a medical specialty since 1997. Courses of clinical pharmacology are included in the undergraduate curricula in the 5th and/or 6th year of education at all medical schools in the Russian Federation. Postgraduate education includes initial specialization in internal medicine with further residency in clinical pharmacology. Governmental legislation recommends that every healthcare institution has either a department or a single position of clinical pharmacologist. Major routine duties include information about and monitoring of medication use, consultations in difficult clinical situations, pharmacogenetic counseling, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacovigilance, and participation in drug and therapeutics (formulary) committees. There are official experts in clinical pharmacology in Russia responsible for coordinating relevant legislative issues. The chief expert clinical pharmacologist represents the discipline directly at the Ministry of Health. Research in clinical pharmacology in Russia is extensive and variable, but only some of it is published internationally. Russia is a participant of international societies of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics and collaboration is actively ongoing. There are still certain problems related to the development of the discipline in Russia-some healthcare institutions do not see the need for clinical pharmacology. However, the number of clinical pharmacologists in Russia is increasing as well as their role in physicians' education, national healthcare, and research.

The evil of the unknown--risk-benefit evaluation of new synthetic drugs in the 19th century.

In the 19th century, synthetic chemistry discovered completely new chemical entities for medicinal use, which dramatically enriched the therapeutic armamentarium. However, no information was available regarding the safety of these new drugs, which were unrelated to most of the medicinal agents formerly known. Therefore, the question arises, if and how far, considerations regarding the relationship between benefit and risks were made. In this study, chloroform, phenazone (antipyrine) and sulfonal, were investigated as examples for drugs newly introduced in the 19th century. The results revealed that these drugs were provided by the manufacturer, tested by the physicians in a multicentre pattern and side effects were published in the medical literature soon after. Within a few years, several hundred cases were reported but the data were rarely summarized statistically. Therefore, physicians needed to stay updated with the medical literature because neither systematic industrial research nor regulatory authorities existed. The number of case reports within the first years were sufficient to detect common (> 1/100 to < 1/10) side effects but rare events were also reported. An extraordinary example is the drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis, which is commonly known as the Lyell syndrome or its less severe form, the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. This reaction has been clearly described by Baruch Spitz (1854-1932) as a side effect of antipyrine in 1887, several decades before Stevens, Johnson and particularly Lyell.

[Scientist and Citizen (Touches to the portrait of academician Nikolai Kravkov)].

Scientist and Citizen (Touches to the portrait of academician Nikolai Kravkov). The. article deals with social and political views of the prominent pharmacologist Nikolai Kravkov, expressed in his previously unknown letters to his brother Vasily, written during the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War. The letter's texts are published for the first time.

[History of clinical pharmacology in France: adaptation, evaluation, defense and illustration of drug in France 1978-1981]. / Histoire de la pharmacologie clinique en France : dans une scintillante introspective, l'adaptation, l'évaluation, la défense et l'illustration du médicament en France 1978-1981.

This text illustrates some unknown aspects of the history and beginnings of clinical pharmacology in France in the late 1970s and early 1980s From the current situation, development and objectives of clinical pharmacology are recalled as well as obstacles necessary to overcome to change the paradigm in the field of drug evaluation and appropriate use in France. The text recalls this important moment where French medicine and medical pharmacology entered the modern era.

Efforts and success world-wide in the field of clinical pharmacology. A personal review on the occasion of Folke Sjöqvist's 80th birthday.

In this personal review I describe my early expectations and experiences when I first came to work with Prof. Folke Sjöqvist as a training fellow in the early 1970s. At that time Prof. Sjöqvist and his unit had already earned an international reputation, and in the following decades this success has been magnified many times. Although a description of the research performed by Prof. Sjöqvist during his long career is not the main objective of this article, it is clear that the research carried out in his unit has been instrumental in the development of his international reputation. Over an 18-year period from 1994 onwards, some 272 papers bearing the name of Folke Sjöqvist have been cited over 13,000 times, with an average of over 50 citations per paper. In terms of training clinical pharmacologists from around the world, at the last count 112 individuals from 37 different countries have received a substantial part of their training in his unit. As another measure of his world-wide success, 33 individuals from 18 different countries who received a substantial part of their training in his unit between 1968 and 1996 have gone on to become professors of clinical pharmacology. Prof. Sjöqvist has been requested to consult on various aspects of clinical pharmacology in 15 different countries, from Russia to Spain and from Egypt to Latvia. Here I describe the long-term involvement that Prof. Sjöqvist has had with IUPHAR (now the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology) and with institutions such as the World Health Organisation (WHO). In particular, I recount his role in the long-term saga involved in updating the original WHO manifesto on clinical pharmacology published in 1970 up to the eventual success of the new manifesto published by WHO in 2012. Finally, I briefly describe the international honours that have been bestowed on Prof. Sjöqvist, including various prizes, designated lectureships and honorary Doctorates (5). Taken together, these honours provide a magnificent measure of Prof. Sjöqvist's world wide-success-a success that has been emulated by very few clinical pharmacologists.

Erich Harnack (1852-1915) and a short history of apomorphine.

Apomorphine, now established as an efficacious therapy for refractory motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease, has a long and chequered history in medical and veterinary therapeutics. The preclinical in vivo pharmacological effects of apomorphine were first studied about 150 years ago following which the drug was introduced for the treatment of behavioural vices in domesticated animals. Erich Harnack's early pharmacological studies in Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia), where he belonged to the pharmacological dynasty of Buchheim and Schmiedeberg, are of particular historical significance as he emphasised that while apomorphine had potent emetic effects, the drug also had complex effects on the central nervous system.

Professor Barrie Vernon-Roberts, AO, MD, BSc, PhD, FRCPath, FRCPA, FAOrthA (Hon), FRS.SA.

This issue of Inflammopharmacology contains papers that have been submitted to commemorate the life and work of Professor Barrie Vernon-Roberts, an outstanding clinical scientist in the field of bone pathology and its pharmacological regulation. This review briefly summarizes his major works and achievements as well as a list of his publications.

Ferid Murad (1936-2023).

Physician-scientist who discovered NO signaling.