Enhanced Fungicidal Efficacy by Co-Delivery of Azoxystrobin and Diniconazole with Cauliflower-Like Metal-Organic Frameworks NH2-Al-MIL-101.

Long-term use of a single fungicide increases the resistance risk and causes adverse effects on natural ecosystems. Controlled release formulations of dual fungicides with different modes of action can afford a new dimension for addressing the current issues. Based on adjustable aperture and superhigh surface area, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal candidates as pesticide release carriers. This study used Al3+ as the metal node and 2-aminoterephthalic acid as the organic chain to prepare aluminum-based metal-organic framework material (NH2-Al-MIL-101) with "cauliflower-like" structure and high surface area of 2359.0 m2/g. Fungicides of azoxystrobin (AZOX) and diniconazole (Dini) were simultaneously encapsulated into NH2-Al-MIL-101 with the loading content of 6.71% and 29.72%, respectively. Dual fungicide delivery system of AZOX@Dini@NH2-Al-MIL-101 demonstrated sustained and pH responsive release profiles. When the maximum cumulative release rate of AZOX and Dini both reached about 90%, the release time was 46 and 136 h, respectively. Furthermore, EC50 values as well as the percentage of inhibition revealed that AZOX@Dini@NH2-Al-MIL-101 had enhanced germicidal efficacy against rice sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani), evidenced by the synergistic ratio of 1.83. The present study demonstrates a potential application prospect in sustainable plant protection through co-delivery fungicides with MOFs as a platform.

Analysis of the Different Metabolic Phenotypes of Metalaxyl Enantiomers in Adolescent Rat by Using 1H NMR Based Urinary Metabolomics.

Over 30% of commercial pesticides are racemic mixtures. Nowadays, the environmental safety of chiral pesticides has received more and more attention. Metalaxyl is a broad-spectrum fungicide with systemic function, which has a chiral carbon. Although its fungicidal activity almost entirely originates from the R-enantiomer, the enantioselective toxicity of metalaxyl in animals and human beings are not yet clear. In this study, the urinary metabolomics approach was applied to analyze the changes in metabolic phenotypes in adolescent rats by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the urinary metabolomics results, the metabolic profiles of the different enantiomers were distinguishable, and the characteristic metabolites were different. Both in the exposure of R/S-enantiomers, the disturbed metabolic pathways in common were butanoate metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and glutamine and glutamate metabolism. These pathways were closely involved in gut microbiota. In addition to the disturbed metabolic pathways common to both, three metabolic pathways were abnormal in the exposure of S-metalaxyl, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, and citrate cycle. These disturbed metabolic pathways could cause genetic diseases and affect the liver function. These results indicate that a specific insight into the effects of different metalaxyl enantiomers on metabolic disturbance. Our work could allow us to well understand the health risk assessments of metalaxyl enantiomers, especially at the metabolic level.

Interactions between cyazofamid and human drug transporters.

We aimed to investigate the intestinal permeability and interaction of cyazofamid with clinically important transporters. The intestinal permeability of cyazofamid was low (0.21 ± 0.02 cm/s), and it is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) with a Km value of 83.1 µM, indicated that P-gp in the intestinal lumen could serve as a protective barrier to this fungicide. Cyazofamid was not a substrate for clinically important transporters. However, cyazofamid inhibited organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) and OAT1, with IC50 values of 1.54 and 17.3 µM, respectively, but could not result in OAT3- and OAT1-mediated cyazofamid-drug interactions because of its low plasma concentration. Cyazofamid poorly interacted with OCT1, OCT2, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), OATP1B3, P-gp, breast cancer resistance-related protein, and multidrug resistance-related protein 2. In conclusion, the interactions of cyazofamid with human drug transporters have been evaluated as part of the safety assessment. Given its low intestinal permeability and poor interaction with human drug transporters, cyazofamid might not cause serious toxicity or adverse events.

Residues, dissipation and risk evaluation of spiroxamine in open-field-grown strawberries using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

The dissipation dynamic and residues of spiroxamine in open-field-grown strawberries were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Spiroxamine application was performed according to Egyptian good agricultural practices recommendation. A QuEChERS-based extraction method along with direct analysis with an LC-MS/MS analytical method were optimized and validated, and the specificity of the techniques used was considered satisfactory. Good linearity (R2 > 0.999) was obtained for spiroxamine within the range of 0.001-0.1 µg/ml. The mean recoveries varied between 97.1 and 108.2%, with inter- and intra-day precision (RSD) <4.9%. The limit of quantitation for spiroxamine was 0.001 mg/kg. The results indicated that spiroxamine degradation in strawberry followed first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.9929) with an estimated half-life value of 4.71 days. Considering the Australian maximum residue limit (0.05 mg/kg) in strawberry and based on the results from residue trials with a preharvest interval of 14 days for strawberry, compliance can be expected. The present results could provide guidance to fully evaluate the risks of spiroxamine residues, preventing any potential health risk to consumers.

Effects of mineral oil spray additives on the distribution and dissipation kinetics of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin in banana leaves, fruits, and soil.

Using LC-MS/MS, a rapid and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin residues in banana matrices (leaf and whole banana) and soil was established. The samples were extracted using acetonitrile and purified through C18 dispersive solid-phase extraction. The average recovery of the analytes in various matrices was in the range of 77.3%-103.9% with an RSD range of 0.9%-9.5%. The initial deposition amounts of pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin at 2 h in the banana leaves of the mineral oil group were 1.43 and 1.31 times in Guangxi, and 2.10 and 1.81 times in Hainan for the water group, whereas those in the soil of the water group were 3.45 and 3.03 times in Guangxi, and 2.14 and 3.48 times in Hainan for the mineral oil group. The half-lives in the leaves and soil of the mineral oil group were not remarkably different from those of the water group. The terminal residue of the analytes on the whole banana was <0.02 mg/kg at 14 days after application from the two sites. The results of this work may indicate and promote the safety of using pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin in banana production, especially with mineral oil spray adjuvants.

Vepris macrophylla (Baker) I. Verd Essential Oil: An Antifungal Agent against Phytopathogenic Fungi.

Rutaceae are widely used in ethnomedicine to treat infectious diseases in humans and plants. In this study, the antifungal activity of the Vepris macrophylla leaf essential oil (VEO) and its main components, citral and citronellol, was evaluated against six phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, the possible action of VEO on the synthesis of mycotoxins was evaluated as well. To determine the antifungal activity of VEO we used the agar dilution method and VEO showed inhibitory activity against all the tested fungi. In particular, VEO resulted to be fungicidal against Phytophthora cryptogea and Fusarium avenaceum. For all other fungi VEO exhibited fungistatic activity and the weakest effect was observed on Alternaria solani. Citral was very effective against P. cryptogea, F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. graminearum. On the other hand, citronellol showed good activity towards P. cryptogea and F. avenaceum and weaker activity towards F. poae and F. graminearum. It can be concluded that VEO can be considered a promising antifungal agent, especially against P. cryptogea and F. avenaceum, suggesting a possible use in the formulation of new selective and natural fungicides.

Uptake and accumulation of pentachloronitrobenzene in pak choi and the human health risk.

Nowadays, nanocarbon is widely employed to enwrap into fertilizers. However, the influence of nanocarbon on the transportation of contaminants from soil to plants and its mechanism remain unclear. In this study, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), a typical organochlorine fungicide utilized all over the world, was chosen as the target contaminant to investigate the influence of nanocarbon on its transportation in soil-pak choi system. The maximum PCNB concentration in the root and leaf reached to 112 and 86 ng/g, respectively, demonstrating that PCNB would be absorbed by pak choi. The ratio of PCNB between leaf and root indicated that nanocarbon promoted root of pak choi to absorb PCNB. The transportation of PCNB inside plant was inhibited when pak choi was planted in soil containing higher concentration of nanocarbon. Human risk assessment showed that people consuming the pak choi in this study would not experience risk. However, in vitro toxicity test indicated that PCNB could directly impair intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells) and thus pose a potential risk to human intestine.

Evaluation of pyraoxystrobin bioconcentration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using modified QuEChERS extraction.

Pyraoxystrobin is a novel strobilurin fungicide that is widely used on many crops. The high log Kow of pyraoxystrobin implies that it tends to accumulate in aquatic organisms. This study optimized the sorbents of QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) using 13C-labelled pyraoxystrobin as the internal standard (IS). It has been established a QuEChERS-LC-MS/MS IS method to study the bioconcentration and elimination of pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The results indicated that the method had satisfactory linearity between 0.234 and 15 µg L-1 (R2 = 0.9996). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for pyraoxystrobin were 0.01 and 0.03 µg L-1, respectively. The LOQs of the method for water and zebrafish were 0.05 µg L-1 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The mean recovery of pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish and water at fortification levels of 0.01-0.3 mg kg-1 and 0.05-1.5 µg L-1 ranged from 98.31 to 105.61% and 101.87 to 108.48%, respectively, with a % RSD (relative standard deviation) of 0.94-3.57%. The bioconcentration has been evaluated. The bioconcentration factors for pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish were 1,792 and 3,505 after exposure to 0.5 µg L-1 for 168 h and 0.05 µg L-1 for 216 h, respectively. The half-life of pyraoxystrobin in zebrafish was 9.0-9.5 d.

Dissipation pattern and residual levels of boscalid in cucumber and soil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

To stipulate the rationale of spraying doses and to determine the safe interval period of boscalid suspension concentrate (SC), the degradation dynamics and residual levels were investigated in cucumber and soil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Field trials were conducted according to Chinese Guideline on pesticide residue trials. Following application, the degradation kinetics was best ascribed to first-order kinetic models with half-life of 2.67-9.90 d in cucumber. Spraying boscalid SC at 1.5-fold the recommended dosage yield terminal residues, which are clearly lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) established by China (MRL =5 mg.kg-1) in cucumber. At variance, the dissipation dynamics in soil did not fit to first-order kinetics and the half-life was more than 17 days, the finding which denotes that the degradation behavior of boscalid in soil proceeds slowly. It has therefore been shown that boscalid is safe for use on cucumbers under the recommended dosage.

Excretion stereoselectivity of triticonazole in rat urine and faeces.

The purpose of this study was to study the excretion stereoselectivity of triticonazole enantiomers in rat urine and faeces. Six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administrated 50 mg/kg rac-triticonazole. Rats urine and faeces were separately and quantitatively collected at the following intervals: 0-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12, 12-24, 24-36 and 36-48 h. The faeces samples were homogenized in an aqueous solution containing 0.2% DMSO at the ratio of 1 g: 40 mL. An aliquot of 100 µL rats urine or faeces homogenate was spiked and mixed with 6.0 µL of 1.00 µg/mL flusilazole as an internal standard. The triticonazole enantiomers in urine and faeces were determined by using an HPLC/MS-MS after samples preparation. The excreted amounts of enantiomers in the urine showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) except for 3-6 h. The cumulative excretion rate (Xu0→24) in urine was 26.43 ± 0.08% and 37.58 ± 0.11% for R-(-)- and S-(+)-triticonazole, respectively, indicating high enantioselectivity (P < 0.001). The cumulative excretion rate (Xu0→72) in faeces was 6.93 ± 0.03% and 6.77 ± 0.03% for R-(-)- and S-(+)-triticonazole, respectively, without a difference. The results showed that the total cumulative percentage of triticonazole enantiomers accounted for in urine and faeces was 64.00 ± 0.13% and 13.70 ± 0.32%, the urinary excretion of R-(-)- and S-(+)-triticonazole were significantly different and S-(+)-triticonazole was preferentially excreted. However, the faecal excretion of the enantiomers showed no difference.

The ADME profile of the fungicide tricyclazole in rodent via the oral route: A critical review for human health safety assessment.

Herein, we publish data from regulatory studies investigating the oral ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) of tricyclazole in vivo, in silico and in vitro. The oral route is relevant to human dietary exposure assessment. Tricyclazole is readily absorbed and highly bioavailable in rodents (>86%) with indication of saturation of absorption at high doses. Enterohepatic recirculation is evident. Excretion occurs quickly both via urinary (31-64%) and faecal routes (39-65%), with substantial biliary elimination in the rat (≥58%). The tricyclazole-derived radioactivity is distributed to major organs, including those investigated in in vivo genotoxicity studies (liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow). There is no evidence of bioaccumulation. Metabolism is extensive (approximately 30 metabolites), with the liver being identified as the primary metabolism organ with Phase I and II enzymes involved. Several metabolites are formed following an initial cleavage of the central thiazole ring, with no loss of free triazole from the remaining phenyl ring. A group of 4 metabolites derive from an initial oxidation step with the formation of the tricyclazole-alcohol, a relevant crop metabolite, and account for up to 13% of the administered dose. In vitro metabolism, investigated with liver microsomes, confirmed that humans do not form unique metabolites.

In vitro enantioselective study of the toxicokinetic effects of chiral fungicide tebuconazole in human liver microsomes.

Tebuconazole (TEB) is a chiral triazole fungicide that is globally marketed and used as a racemic mixture to control plant pathogens. Due to its use as a racemic mixture, TEB may exhibit enantioselective toxicokinetics toward nontarget organisms, including humans. Therefore, the in vitro enantioselective metabolism of TEB by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) was studied using human liver microsomes, and the in vivo toxicokinetic parameters were predicted. A new enantioselective, reversed-phase LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to analyze the enantiomers of TEB and its main metabolite, 1-hydroxytebuconazole (TEBOH). In vitro metabolic parameters were obtained, and in vitro-in vivo extrapolations were performed. Michaelis-Menten and atypical biphasic kinetic profiles were observed with a total intrinsic clearance ranging from 53 to 19 mL min-1 mg-1. The in vitro-in vivo extrapolation results showed that TEB first passage effect by the liver seems to be negligible, with hepatic clearance and extraction ratios ranging from 0.53 to 5.0 mL min-1 kg-1 and 2.7-25%, respectively. Preferential metabolism of (+)-TEB to rac-TEB and (-)-TEB was observed, with preferential production of (+)-TEBOH. Furthermore, reaction phenotyping studies revealed that, despite the low hepatic clearance in the first pass metabolism of TEB, multiple human CYP450 isoforms were involved in TEB metabolism when TEBOH enantiomers were generated, mainly CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, which makes TEB accumulation in the human body more difficult due to multiple metabolic pathways.

Myclobutanil accumulation, transcriptional alteration, and tissue injury in lizards (Eremias argus) treated with myclobutanil enantiomers.

Enantioselective toxicokinetics, accumulation, and toxicity of myclobutanil were investigated by oral exposure of myclobutanil enantiomers to lizards. After a single oral administration, the absorption half-lives ( [Formula: see text] ) and elimination half-lives (t1/2k) were in the range of 0.133-14.828 and 3.641-17.682 h, respectively. The absorption and elimination half-lives of (+)-myclobutanil showed no significant differences from those of (-)-myclobutanil in lizard blood, whereas preferential enrichment of (-)-enantiomer was observed in the liver, fat, skin, intestine, lung and kidney. In the bioaccumulation experiments, the residue of (-)-myclobutanil was detected in most tissues at 7, 14, and 28 days, while (+)-myclobutanil was found only in lizard skin, at a concentration lower than that of (-)-myclobutanil. Thus, (-)-myclobutanil was preferentially accumulated in lizards. The transcriptional responses of metabolic enzyme genes indicated that cytochrome P450 1a1 (cyp1a1), cyp2d3, cyp2d6, cyp3a4 and cyp3a7 played a crucial role in the metabolism of (+)-myclobutanil, whereas cyp1a1, cyp2d3, cyp2d6, cyp2c8, and cyp3a4 contributed to the metabolism of (-)-myclobutanil. The difference in metabolism pathways may be a reason for the enantioselectivity of myclobutanil in lizard. Myclobutanil also affected the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes, and the (+)-myclobutanil treatment might produce higher oxidative stress in lizard liver when compared with its antipode. Hepatic histopathological changes such as hepatocellular hypertrophy, nuclear pyknosis, vacuolation, and non-zonal macrovesicular lipid accumulation were observed in the liver of lizards for both (+)-myclobutanil and (-)-myclobutanil treatments. Thus, myclobutanil could affect lizard liver upon multiple exposure. The findings of this study provide specific insights into the enantioselective metabolism and toxicity of chiral triazole fungicides in lizards.

Controlled-release of fluazinam from biodegradable PLGA-based microspheres.

Pesticides are biological or chemical substances used to manage pests and diseases. Encapsulation of pesticides in biodegradable carriers creates a slow-release system that can improve water dispersibility and prolong residual activity. We prepared two kinds of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants. These were used to encapsulate the fungicide fluazinam (Flu) against Rhizoctonia solani using the Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane emulsification method. Both nanoparticles had uniform spherical shapes with average diameters of 314.13 nm (SDS) and 612.80 nm (PVA). The slow-release microspheres had excellent sustained-release properties, resistance to UV degradation, storage stability, leaf surface coverage and antifungal efficacy compared to the commercial formulation.

Antifungal activity of P3HB microparticles containing tebuconazole.

In this study, tebuconazole (TEB)-loaded poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB)-based microparticles were developed and comprehensively characterized. TEB-loaded microparticles with the initial loading amounts of the fungicide of 10, 25, and 50% of the polymer mass (TEB 10, TEB 25, and TEB 50%) were prepared using emulsion technique. Encapsulation efficiency of TEB varied from 59 to 86%. As the loading amount was increased, the average diameter of microparticles increased too, from 41.3 to 71.7 µm, while zeta potential was not influenced by TEB loading, varying between -32.6 and -35.7 mV. TEB was gradually released from the microparticles to the model medium, and after 60 d, from 25 to 43% of TEB was released depending on the content of the encapsulated fungicide. The data obtained from in vitro TEB release were fitted to different mathematical models. It was shown that the release profiles of TEB could be best explained by the Zero-order, Higuchi, and Hixson-Crowell models. The antifungal activity of the P3HB/TEB microparticles against phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium solani was demonstrated by in vitro tests conducted in Petri dishes. Thus, hydrophobic agrochemicals (TEB) can be effectively encapsulated into P3HB microparticles to construct slow-release formulations.

Enantioselective toxic effects and digestion of furalaxyl enantiomers in Scenedesmus obliquus.

Research on the enantioselective environmental behavior of chiral pesticides has been a hot spot of environmental chemistry recently. In this study, the acute toxicity and digestion of furalaxyl enantiomers were determined on the aquatic algae Scendesmus obliquus. After exposure for 96 hours, the EC50 values for (S)-furalaxyl and (R)-furalaxyl were 13.59 and 15.26 mg/L, respectively. In addition, enantioselectivity was observed from the determined chlorophyll contents and antioxidant enzyme (CAT and SOD) activities of algae cells after exposure to furalaxyl enantiomers for 96 hours. The digestion rate of (S)-furalaxyl and (R)-furalaxyl were almost the same in S. obliquus. On the basis of these data, the inactive enantiomers (S)- furalaxyl is more toxic than the active one on the non-target species S. obliquus, indicating that such enantiomeric differences should be taken into consideration in the study of pesticide risk assessment.

Establishment and validation of microsampling techniques in wild rodents for ecotoxicological research.

Compounds and products in the biocide and plant protection sector can only be registered after formal risk assessment to ensure safety for users and the environment. In bird and mammal risk assessment, this is routinely done using generic focal species as models, which are of particular exposure risk. Such a species is the common vole (Microtus arvalis) due to its high food intake relative to the low body weight. For wild species, biological samples, data and hence realistic exposure estimations are particularly difficult to obtain. In recent years, advances have been made in the techniques related to serial microsampling of laboratory mice and rats that allow for a reduction in sampling volumes. Similar progress in wild species sampling is missing. This study presents a proof of concept to dose wild rodents with relevant compounds and to draw serial, low volume blood samples suitable for state-of-the art toxicokinetic analyses. For the first time, the jugular vein of common voles was used to administer compounds (two frequently used fungicidal components). This procedure and the following microsampling of blood (2 × 10 µl six times within 24 hours) from the lateral tail vein did not affect body weight and mortality of voles. Samples were sufficient to detect dissipation patterns of the compounds from blood in toxicokinetic analysis. These results suggest that microsampling can be well translated from laboratory mice to wild rodent species and help to obtain realistic exposure estimates in wild rodents for ecotoxicological studies as well as to promote the 3R concept in studies with wild rodent species.

Integration of chemical and toxicological tools to assess the bioavailability of copper derived from different copper-based fungicides in soil.

Because the extensive use of Cu-based fungicides, the accumulation of Cu in agricultural soil has been widely reported. However, little information is known about the bioavailability of Cu deriving from different fungicides in soil. This paper investigated both the distribution behaviors of Cu from two commonly used fungicides (Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride) during the aging process and the toxicological effects of Cu on earthworms. Copper nitrate was selected as a comparison during the aging process. The distribution process of exogenous Cu into different soil fractions involved an initial rapid retention (the first 8 weeks) and a following slow continuous retention. Moreover, Cu mainly moved from exchangeable and carbonate fractions to Fe-Mn oxides-combined fraction during the aging process. The Elovich model fit well with the available Cu aging process, and the transformation rate was in the order of Cu(NO3)2 > Bordeaux mixture > copper oxychloride. On the other hand, the biological responses of earthworms showed that catalase activities and malondialdehyde contents of the copper oxychloride treated earthworms were significantly higher than those of Bordeaux mixture treated earthworms. Also, body Cu loads of earthworms from different Cu compounds spiked soils were in the following order: copper oxychloride > Bordeaux mixture. Thus, the bioavailability of Cu from copper oxychloride in soil was significantly higher than that of Bordeaux mixture, and different Cu compounds should be taken into consideration when studying the bioavailability of Cu-based fungicides in the soil.

Enantioselective metabolism of triadimefon and its chiral metabolite triadimenol in lizards.

Chinese lizards (Eremias argus) were exposed to separated R-(-)-triadimefon, S-(+)-triadimefon and racemic triadimefon to evaluate enantioselective accumulation of triadimefon. After single oral administration of R-(-)-triadimefon, S-(+)-triadimefon and racemic triadimefon, the time-concentration curves in different tissues were found to be different. Triadimefon enantiomers crossed the blood-brain barrier and brain is a main target organ. The residues of triadimefon enantiomers in fat were highest after 24h indicating that fat was the main tissue of accumulation. In racemic triadimefon exposure group, the enantiomer fractions of R-(-)-triadimefon in different tissues showed that the differences between R-(-)-triadimefon and S-(+)-triadimefon were significant in absorption and metabolism, but the differences became smaller in exclusion and accumulation. From the results of mathematical models, S-(+)-triadimefon was absorbed and eliminated faster than R-(-)-triadimefon, and R-(-)-triadimefon was easily distributed in the tissues and more easily converted into its metabolites. Furthermore, among the four enantiomers of triadimenol, SR-(-)-triadimenol produced by S-(+)-triadimefon may have the highest fungicidal activity and the strongest biological toxicity, RR-(+)-triadimenol produced by R-(-)-triadimefon was most likely to bioaccumulate in lizard. Identifying toxicological effects and dose-response relationship of SR-(-)-triadimenol and RR-(+)-triadimenol will help fully assess the risk of TF enantiomers use in the future. The results enrich and supplement the knowledge of the environmental fate of triadimefon enantiomers.

Tissue distribution and toxicity effects of myclobutanil enantiomers in lizards (Eremias argus).

In recent years, serious environmental pollution has caused a decrease in the abundance of many species worldwide. Reptiles are the most diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates. There are large amounts of toxicological data available regarding myclobutanil, but the adverse effects of myclobutanil on lizards has not been widely reported. In this study, treatment groups were orally administered a single-dose of myclobutanil (20mg/kg body weight (bw)). Subsequently, it was found that there were differences in myclobutanil levels between the different tissues and concentrations also changed with degradation time. The tissue concentrations of myclobutanil decreased in the order of: stomach > liver > lung > blood > testis > kidney > heart > brain. Based on our results, the liver and testis were considered to be the main target organs in lizards, indicating that the myclobutanil could induce potential hepatic and reproductive toxicity on lizards. Meanwhile, it was also demonstrated that the toxic effects of myclobutanil was different in different species, and the distribution of different pesticides in lizards were different.