The Bankart repair: past, present, and future.

Arthur Sidney Blundell Bankart was a London-based orthopedic surgeon who discovered the essential lesion in recurrent anterior shoulder instability in 1923. He pioneered a technique, the Bankart repair, to re-establish stability to the glenohumeral joint, without sacrificing native joint motion. In this article, the original Bankart repair is compared to the modern arthroscopic Bankart repair, accompanied by a surgical video of Blundell Bankart performing the Bankart repair in 1951, shortly before his death. Bankart's original description included an open repair with a coracoid osteotomy and subscapularis tenotomy and repair. The history of the technique, its utility in present day, and the future of the Bankart repair are discussed.

Insights into the Past and Future of Atlantoaxial Stabilization Techniques.

Over the past century, atlantoaxial stabilization techniques have improved considerably. To our knowledge there has been a scarcity of articles published that focus specifically on the history of atlantoaxial stabilization. Examining the history of instrumentation allows us to evaluate the impact of early influences on current modern stabilization techniques. It also provides inspiration to further develop the techniques and prevents repetition of mistakes. This paper reviews the evolution of C1-C2 instrumentation techniques over time and provides insights into the future of these practices.We did an extensive literature search in PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar, using the following search terms: 'medical history', 'atlantoaxial', 'C1/C2', 'stabilization', 'instrumentation', 'fusion', 'arthrodesis', 'grafting', 'neuroimaging', 'biomechanical testing', 'anatomical considerations' and 'future'.Many different entry zones have been tested, as well as different constructs, from initial attempts with use of silk threads to use of hooks and rod-wire techniques, and handling of bone grafts, which eventually led to the development of the advanced screw-rod constructs that are currently in use. Much of this evolution is attributable to advancements in neuroimaging, a wide range of new materials available and an improvement in biomechanical understanding in relation to anatomical structures.

The Bristow-Latarjet procedure, a historical note on a technique in comeback.

The Bristow-Latarjet procedure is a well-known surgical technique designed to treat shoulder instability. In this procedure, the coracoid process is transferred to the glenoid rim, to serve as augmentation of an associated bony defect. Because long-term results following a soft tissue procedure (Bankart repair) reveal that up to 21 and 33 % of the patients might experience recurrent instability and with the advent of the arthroscopic coracoid transfer, there is renewed interest in this procedure to treat shoulder instability. The aim of this study is to provide a historical overview, with emphasis on the original inventors Bristow and Latarjet, the complications and following modifications regarding the surgical approach, the coracoid transfer and the arthroscopic technique. Level of evidence V.

History of shoulder instability surgery.

PURPOSE: The surgical management of shoulder instability is an expanding and increasingly complex area of study within orthopaedics. This article describes the history and evolution of shoulder instability surgery, examining the development of its key principles, the currently accepted concepts and available surgical interventions. METHODS: A comprehensive review of the available literature was performed using PubMed. The reference lists of reviewed articles were also scrutinised to ensure relevant information was included. RESULTS: The various types of shoulder instability including anterior, posterior and multidirectional instability are discussed, focussing on the history of surgical management of these topics, the current concepts and the results of available surgical interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The last century has seen important advancements in the understanding and treatment of shoulder instability. The transition from open to arthroscopic surgery has allowed the discovery of previously unrecognised pathologic entities and facilitated techniques to treat these. Nevertheless, open surgery still produces comparable results in the treatment of many instability-related conditions and is often required in complex or revision cases, particularly in the presence of bone loss. More high-quality research is required to better understand and characterise this spectrum of conditions so that successful evidence-based management algorithms can be developed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

History of surgical intervention of anterior shoulder instability.

BACKGROUND: Anterior glenohumeral instability most commonly affects younger patients and has shown high recurrence rates with nonoperative management. The treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability has undergone significant evolution over the 20th and 21 centuries. METHODS: This article presents a retrospective comprehensive review of the history of different operative techniques for shoulder stabilization. RESULTS: Bankart first described an anatomic suture repair of the inferior glenohumeral ligament and anteroinferior labrum in 1923. Multiple surgeons have since described anatomic and nonanatomic repairs, and many of the early principles of shoulder stabilization have remained even as the techniques have changed. Some methods, such as the Magnusson-Stack procedure, Putti-Platt procedure, arthroscopic stapling, and transosseous suture fixation, have been almost completely abandoned. Other strategies, such as the Bankart repair, capsular shift, and remplissage, have persisted for decades and have been adapted for arthroscopic use. DISCUSSION: The future of anterior shoulder stabilization will continue to evolve with even newer practices, such as the arthroscopic Latarjet transfer. Further research and clinical experience will dictate which future innovations are ultimately embraced.

[History of vertebral body replacement]. / Geschichte des Wirbelkörperersatzes.

BACKGROUND: Vertebral body replacement after corpectomy is nowadays a standard procedure in spinal surgery. OBJECTIVE: Description of the developmental process of vertebral body replacement. METHOD: Historical description of the innovations in vertebral body replacement. RESULTS: The first serious attempts to perform vertebral body replacement were initiated approximately 50 years ago. Over several decades spinal surgeons used bone grafts, polymethyl methacrylate, titanium and glass-ceramics containing apatite and wollastonite. Known vertebral surgeons, including Scoville, Polster, Kaneda and Harms, to name but a few, were involved in the continuous development of vertebral body replacement. CONCLUSION: Many different expandable and non-expandable implants are now available and both types of implant can still be justified. This article describes the historical development of these implants and shows how this innovational process has significantly increased the therapy options for surgeons.

Simple acute postero-lateral elbow dislocation: A historical perspective.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to summarize (1) the historical knowledge of the posterolateral elbow dislocation (PLED) pattern and the biomechanical, radiographic, and clinical data that engendered its evolution; and (2) to help clinicians better understand the management of PLED. METHODS: A literature search was performed using Ovid, Scopus and Cochrane Library, and the Medical Subject Headings vocabulary. Results are discussed as a chronologic review of the relevant literature between 1920-2022. RESULTS: In 1966 Osborn and Cotterill were the first to describe posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) causing the PLED. Several theories on PLED were then published by others surgeons as our understanding of elbow biomechanics continued to improve. Multiple treatment protocols have been designed based on the aforementioned theories. Conservative and surgical treatment for PLED provides excellent functional outcomes. However, high rates of persistent pain stiffness and instability have been reported long-term, and no single approach to treatment has been widely accepted. CONCLUSION: Despite a growing body of biomechanical evidence, there is no consensus surgical indication for the treatment of PLED. Both conservative and surgical management result in satisfactory functional outcomes after PLED. However, elevated rates of residual pain, and instability have also been described and may limit heavy labor and sports participation. The next challenge for elbow surgeons will be to identify those patients who would benefit from surgical stabilization following PLED.

Osteotomy around the knee: evolution, principles and results.

PURPOSE: This article summarises the history and evolution of osteotomy around the knee, examining the changes in principles, operative technique and results over three distinct periods: Historical (pre 1940), Modern Early Years (1940-2000) and Modern Later Years (2000-Present). We aim to place the technique in historical context and to demonstrate its evolution into a validated procedure with beneficial outcomes whose use can be justified for specific indications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A thorough literature review was performed to identify the important steps in the development of osteotomy around the knee. RESULTS: The indications and surgical technique for knee osteotomy have never been standardised, and historically, the results were unpredictable and at times poor. These factors, combined with the success of knee arthroplasty from the 1980s onward, led to knee osteotomy being regarded as an irrelevant surgical option by many surgeons. Despite its fluctuating reputation, this article demonstrates the reasons for the enduring practice of osteotomy, not least because achieving the appropriate alignment is now recognised as the foundation step when planning any surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate patient selection, accurate pre-operative planning, modern surgical fixation techniques and rapid rehabilitation, osteotomy around the knee is now an effective biological treatment for degenerative disease, deformity, knee instability and also as an adjunct to other complex joint surface and meniscal cartilage surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

Patella instability: building bridges across the ocean a historic review.

The diagnosis of and treatment for musculoskeletal disease and injuries have seen an explosion of new knowledge. More precise imaging, correlative injury anatomy, more focused physical examination features, among others, have led this upsurge of current insight. Crucial to this knowledge revolution is the expansion of international knowledge, which is aided by an adoption of a universal scientific language, electronic transfer of information, and personal communication of surgeons and scientists across national boundaries. One area where this is particularly evident is in our knowledge and treatment for patellofemoral disorders. This article will review the developments in the management of patellar dislocations by tracing their historical roots. This is not meant to be a comprehensive review, but rather to give current readers a "historical memory" upon which to judge and interpret our present-day bridge of knowledge. Level of evidence V.

Paleopathological interpretations of hypermobility syndrome in the art from ancient America.

Paleopathological representations of hypermobility syndrome were assumed in pre-Columbian artifacts from different ancient civilizations from America. Anthropomorphic sculptures from several museums and galleries visited on site or thru Internet show the human figure in contorted positions. These positions are only possible within well-trained individuals or persons with hyperextensibility of the joints.

Surgery for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: a historical perspective.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has entertained scientific minds since the Weber brothers provided biomechanical insight into the importance of the ACL in maintaining normal knee kinematics. Robert Adams described the first clinical case of ACL rupture in 1837 some 175 years to date, followed by Mayo-Robson of Leeds who performed the first ACL repair in 1895. At that time, most patients presented late and clinicians started to appreciate signs and symptoms and disabilities associated with such injuries. Hey Groves of Bristol provided the initial description of an ACL reconstruction with autologous tissue graft in 1917, almost as we know it today. His knowledge and achievements were, however, not uniformly appreciated during his life time. What followed was a period of startling ingenuity which created an amazing variety of different surgical procedures often based more on surgical fashion and the absence of a satisfactory alternative than any indication that continued refinements were leading to improved results. It is hence not surprising that real inventors were forgotten, good ideas discarded and untried surgical methods adopted with uncritical enthusiasm only to be set aside without further explanation. Over the past 100 years, surgeons have experimented with a variety of different graft sources including xenograft, and allografts, whilst autologous tissue has remained the most popular choice. Synthetic graft materials enjoyed temporary popularity in the 1980 and 1990s, in the misguided belief that artificial ligaments may be more durable and better equipped to withstand stresses and strains. Until the 1970s, ACL reconstructions were considered formidable procedures, often so complex and fraught with peril that they remained reserved for a chosen few, never gaining the level of popularity they are enjoying today. The increasing familiarity with arthroscopy, popularised through Jackson and Dandy, and enhancements in surgical technology firmly established ACL reconstruction as a common procedure within the realm of most surgeons' ability. More recently, the principle of anatomic ACL reconstruction, aiming at the functional restoration of native ACL dimensions and insertion sites, has been introduced, superseding the somewhat ill-advised concept of isometric graft placement. Double-bundle reconstruction is gaining in popularity, and combined extra- and intra-articular procedures are seeing a revival, but more accurate and reliable pre- and post-operative assessment tools are required to provide customised treatment options and appropriate evaluation and comparability of long-term results. Modern ACL surgery is united in the common goal of re-establishing joint homoeostasis with normal knee kinematics and function which may ultimately assist in reducing the prevalence of post-operative joint degeneration. This review hopes to provide an insight into the historical developments of ACL surgery and the various controversies surrounding its progress. Level of evidence V.

The Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) The New Ligament?

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in technology, graft rupture rates reported in the literature following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery range from 1.8% to 18%. Recent anatomical studies have identified a lateral structure, the anterolateral ligament (ALL), as a potential source of residual pivoting following ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this report is to review the history surrounding the ALL and recent anatomic studies, identify its biomechanical and clinical implications, and develop a practical approach to utilizing it during ACL reconstruction. METHODS: An extensive review of the historical and current literature surrounding the identification of the ALL, its biomechanical function, reconstruction, and outcomes of ALL reconstruction was performed. DISCUSSION: After the storm of media coverage surrounding the "new ligament" known as the ALL, much attention was focused on cadaveric dissection, biomechanical analysis, and reconstruction of this structure. Several techniques have been described, and currently studies are being performed both retrospectively and prospectively to evaluate the added benefit of ALL reconstruction to the rotational stability of the knee and outcomes after ACL reconstruction. CONCLUSION: The ALL is a lateral-based structure that provides rotational stability to the knee in the presence of ACL deficiency. Reconstruction of this ligament may provide added benefit to stability and outcomes following ACL reconstruction in certain patient populations. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate the true benefit of ALL reconstruction and those patients who should undergo this added procedure.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome--a historical review.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is an inherited heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders, characterized by abnormal collagen synthesis, affecting skin, ligaments, joints, blood vessels and other organs. It is one of the oldest known causes of bruising and bleeding and was first described by Hipprocrates in 400 BC. Edvard Ehlers, in 1901, recognized the condition as a distinct entity. In 1908, Henri-Alexandre Danlos suggested that skin extensibility and fragility were the cardinal features of the syndrome. In 1998, Beighton published the classification of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome according to the Villefranche nosology. From the 1960s the genetic make up was identified. Management of bleeding problems associated with Ehlers-Danlos has been slow to progress.

History, Prevalence and Assessment of Limited Joint Mobility, from Stiff Hand Syndrome to Diabetic Foot Ulcer Prevention: A Narrative Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Limited Joint Mobility (LJM) is a dreaded complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). During the last half century, LJM has been studied in patients of different age because it has been considered useful for the monitoring of a patient's condition and for the prevention of vascular disease and diabetic foot. OBJECTIVES: The main aims of this review are to describe the relationship between DM and joint mobility as well as its prevalence and assessment. We have also investigated the role of LJM in the development of diabetic foot ulcers. METHODOLOGY: An in-depth literature search was conducted to identify studies that examined the prevalence and characteristics of LJM in patients with DM of different types, age, durations and chronic complications. RESULTS: Many factors (therapy improvements, population characteristics and different evaluation methods) concur to hinder an exact assessment of the prevalence of LJM. However, it has been confirmed that LJM is widespread among patients with DM and may affect more than two-thirds of them in addition to being a major risk factor for foot ulcer. Its role in the monitoring of a patient's condition is also important for the definition of risk thresholds such as in patients with diabetic foot. The efficacy of exercise therapy for the treatment of LJM, also in patients at risk of foot ulcer, has not been discussed. CONCLUSION: Difficulties encountered in the definition of the prevalence of LJM may hinder its study and the establishment of preventive interventions. However, LJM plays a key role in the monitoring of patients, especially those at risk for ulcer.

[The historical course of diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instability]. / Omuz instabilitesinin tani ve tedavisinin tarihsel gelisimi.

Although shoulder instability is one of the oldest issues in the history of medicine, its definitive treatment is still a matter of controversy in many aspects. This article aims to present a short summary on historical evolution of treatment of shoulder instability with regard to diagnosis, pathological anatomy, and open and closed treatments.

Addressing the Hill-Sachs Lesion Humeral Head Bone Loss and Glenohumeral Instability.

Osseous injuries affecting the posterosuperolateral aspect of the humeral head, also known as the Hill-Sachs lesion, are common and can pose a difficult problem for the operating surgeon. Hill-Sachs lesions can lead to recurrent shoulder instability if not identified and addressed. This review will focus on osseous defects of the humeral head and address the pathoanatomy, diagnosis, indications, and surgical techniques for the treatment of these lesions.

The search for the Holy Grail: a century of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

A perspective on the history of the development of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is presented. The lack of critical analyses establishing the relative effectiveness of many previously described procedures is documented.

Open surgical treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability: an historical perspective and review of the literature. Part I.

Anterior glenohumeral instability is an undesirable result of trauma to the shoulder. Several surgical treatments for this condition have been developed, beginning in the early years of the twentieth century. Although these procedures were usually popular at their inception, many of them have fallen out of favor as more information has been acquired concerning the long-term results and complications of their use. Often successful in preventing recurrent instability, these earlier procedures also often led to a loss of external rotation, and consequently, function. Newer procedures that aim to prevent recurrent instability while maintaining full range of motion and function have been devised. Part I of this paper presents a brief history of the treatment of glenohumeral instability and a review of the literature, including the Bankart and du Toit procedures. Part II, which will be published in the December 1998 issue, includes the Putti-Platt, Magnuson-Stack, Bristow, and newer procedures.

Open surgical treatment of anterior glenohumeral instability: an historical perspective and review of the literature. Part II.

Anterior glenohumeral instability is an undesirable result of trauma to the shoulder. Several surgical treatments for this condition have been developed, beginning in the early years of the twentieth century. Although many of these procedures were popular at their inception, many of them have fallen out of favor as more information has been acquired concerning the long-term results and complications of their use. While often successful in preventing recurrent instability, these earlier procedures also often led to a loss of external rotation, and consequently, function. Newer procedures have been devised that aim to prevent recurrent instability while maintaining full range of motion and function. Part I of this paper, published in the November issue, presented a brief history of the treatment of glenohumeral instability and a review of the literature, including the Bankart and du Toit procedures. Part II includes the Putti-Platt, the Magnuson-Stack, the Bristow, and capsular shift procedures.