Koro: a socially-transmitted delusional belief.

INTRODUCTION: Koro is a delusion whereby a man believes his penis is shrinking into his abdomen and this may result in his death. This socially-transmitted non-neuropsychological delusional belief occurs (in epidemic form) in South-East and South Asia. We investigated whether the two-factor theory of delusion could be applied to epidemic Koro. METHODS: We scrutinised the literature on epidemic Koro to isolate features relevant to the two questions that must be answered to provide a two-factor account: What could initially prompt the Koro delusional hypothesis? Why is this hypothesis adopted as a belief? RESULTS: We concluded that the Koro hypothesis is usually prompted by the surprising observation of actual penis shrinkage-but only if the man has access to background beliefs about Koro. Whether the hypothesis is then adopted as a belief will depend on individual factors such as prior belief in the Koro concept or limited formal education and sociocultural factors such as deference to culture, to media, or to rumours spread by word of mouth. Social transmission can influence how the first factor works and how the second factor works. CONCLUSION: The two-factor theory of delusion can be applied to a socially-transmitted delusion that occurs in epidemic form.

[Koro syndrome : when culture interacts with psychopathology]. / Le syndrome de Koro : quand la culture interagit avec la psychopathologie.

Koro syndrome is a psychiatric disorder specific to certain Asian cultures. It is characterized by acute and intense anxiety with fear of a retraction of the penis into the body and resultant death. We report the case of a 43-year-old Moroccan male presenting with persistent anxiety associated with avoidance behaviors and a chronic belief that his genitalia may shrink or disappear and lead to his death. This impacted his professional and family functioning. The diagnosis of culture-bound syndrome was considered although the presenting syndrome was chronic and sporadic. The Moroccan culture, which attributes a great importance to the male sex, would explain this syndrome.

Le syndrome de Koro est un trouble psychiatrique spécifique à certaines cultures asiatiques. Il est caractérisé par la survenue brutale d'une anxiété intense associée à la peur d'une rétraction du pénis dans le corps qui peut mener à la mort. Nous rapportons le cas d'un patient marocain âgé de 43 ans, qui présente une anxiété persistante avec des conduites d'évitement associées à une chronique croyance que ses organes génitaux pourraient se rétrécir ou disparaître et conduire à sa mort, ce qui a impacté son fonctionnement professionnel et familial. Le diagnostic d'un trouble lié aux concepts culturels semble le plus probable, en se référant à la culture marocaine qui attribue une grande importance au sexe masculin, même s'il s'agit d'un cas chronique et sporadique.

Koro-Like Symptoms in an Adolescent Female With Schizophrenia.

Koro is a disorder characterized by the fear of genitals shrinking and retracting into the body.1 While it is not included in the cultural concepts of distress in DSM-5, DSM-IV-TR described koro as "an episode of sudden and intense anxiety that the penis (or, in female patients, the vulva and nipples) will recede into the body and possibly cause death." The term koro originates from the Malay language, referring to the retracting motion of the head of turtles or tortoises into their shells. In the United States and Europe, the term genital retraction syndrome is commonly used instead of koro. In classical koro, cultural belief plays a role in its origin and spread, often in epidemics in Asian countries.2 On the other hand, Koro-like syndrome (KLS) has been reported worldwide secondary to medical and psychiatric disorders.2 Similar to koro, KLS is more prevalent in males, with only 3 documented cases in female patients worldwide (Table 1). We present the first case to our knowledge of KLS in an adolescent female patient with schizophrenia. The patient's parents gave consent for the publication of this case report.

Concurrent Koro and Cotard syndromes in a Spanish male patient with a psychotic depression and cerebrovascular disease.

Koro and Cotard syndromes are uncommon conditions described in a variety of psychiatric and medical disorders. The authors report the third case of a simultaneous presentation of both syndromes, in a 62-year-old inpatient Spanish male with major depressive disorder with psychotic features, parkinsonism and cognitive impairment. A discussion of the literature and the possible relationship between both syndromes and other neuropsychiatric disorders are presented.

Making up koro: multiplicity, psychiatry, culture, and penis-shrinking anxieties.

Koro is a syndrome in which the penis (or sometimes the nipples or vulva) is retracting, with deleterious effects for the sufferer. In modern psychiatry, it is considered a culture-bound syndrome (CBS). This paper considers the formation and development of psychiatric conceptions of koro and related genital retraction syndromes from the 1890s to the present. It does so by examining the different explanations of koro based on shifting conceptions of mental illness, and considers the increased recognition of the role culture has to play in psychiatric concepts. Conceptions of culture (deriving from colonial psychiatry as well as from anthropology) actively shaped the ways in which psychiatrists conceptualized koro. Cases under consideration, additional to the first Dutch descriptions of koro, include the ways in which koro was identified in white western cases, and the 1967 Singaporean koro epidemic. Following a number of psychiatrists and psychologists who have addressed the same material, attention is also paid to the recent genital-theft panics in sub-Saharan Africa, considering the implications of the differences between koro and other genital-theft panics. Finally, the paper addresses the role played by koro in the development of the concept of CBSs, which was first presented in the DSM IV in 1994. This is explored against the backdrop of emerging ideas about culture and psychiatry from the late colonial period, especially in Africa, which are central to modern ideas about transcultural psychiatry.

[Chronic Koro-like Syndrome (KLS) in recurrent depressive disorder as a variant of Cotard's delusion in an italian male patient. A case report and historical review]. / Un caso di Koro-Like Syndrome (KLS) cronica, come variante di un delirio di Cotard, in un paziente italiano affetto da depressione monopolare cronica. Presentazione del caso clinico con revisione storica della letteratura.

Cotard's syndrome is a delusional syndrome, first described in the 1880ies by Cotard, characterized by a nihilistic delusions about the self and/or the world. In same other cases there is an intense nihilistic belief that the patient's entire body or parts of it are disintegrated or dead. The syndrome is often associated with severe depression, but are also described neurological cases. Koro was described a little later from Asia and consisted in the belief that one's own genitalia are shrinking or disappearing and death will ensue thereafter, but there are many cultural variants and the syndrome may present in an incomplete form. We report on a KLS sharing more features with annihilation delusions, such as Cotard's syndrome. In KLS, the délire de négation may be limited to localized systems or organs. We believe that some complete and incomplete forms of Koro, when embedded in a depressive core, may represent a variant of Cotard's delusion. In fact, our patient did not reach a complete denial of his entire body, but rather focused on sexual identity. We analysed the psychosexual issues of our case according to Kretschmer's 1918 view of a "bipolar setting" between sthenic and asthenic characters of a patient suffering from sensitive delusions of (self-) reference. This view may allow us to relate the personological character to the genetic comprehensibility of the delusion.

Ramadan fasting triggering koro-like symptoms during acute alcohol withdrawal: a case report from Oman.

This article describes a case of koro-like symptoms from Oman associated with alcohol withdrawal and illustrates how the socio-cultural practices of Ramadan-fasting affected the patterning and timing of presentation of severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms. The patient was severely distressed by the delusion that his penis had been amputated. The acute anxiety involving this delusion appears to be conceptually and phenomenologically similar to koro.

[Mental illness in the former Dutch Indies--four psychiatric syndromes: amok, latah, koro and neurasthenia]. / Geestesziek in Nederlands-Indië--vier psychiatrische syndromen: amok, latah, koro en tropenneurasthenie.

--At the beginning of the 20th century Dutch psychiatrists in the former Dutch Indies encountered exotic psychiatric syndromes and variant expressions of psychopathological diseases that were also prevalent in Europe. --The amok and latah syndromes were reported relatively frequently and were considered typical endemic psychopathologies. Amok is an acute condition of insanity in which the affected individual, a man, attempts to kill others. Latah is a shock-like condition in which the affected individual, a woman, mimics the movements and sounds of those nearby against her will. --The koro syndrome is considered a typical but rare psychosis seen primarily among the Chinese population of the former Dutch Indies. Patients have a recurring fear of the penis retracting into the body. --A diagnosis of 'tropical neurasthenia' was frequently made in Europeans for what today would be referred to as dysthymic disorder or minor depressive disorder.

A conceptual history of Koro.

Koro is a culture-bound syndrome characterized by a fear that the genitals or breasts will retract into the body and cause death. Here we consider the history of ideas about Koro, from early concepts in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to contemporary ideas from medicine and sociology. This conceptual history reveals important issues about the classification (nosology) of Koro. In doing so, it demonstrates the need to integrate standardized phenomenological criteria with etiological models in order to capture the important features of complex behavioral disorders in the cross-cultural setting.

Clinical course and treatment outcome of Koro: A follow up study from a Koro epidemic reported from West Bengal, India.

BACKGROUND: Koro, as a culture bound syndrome is predominantly reported from Asian countries. There is dearth of well-designed research focussing on course and outcome of Koro. METHOD: In the index study, 64 consecutive consenting patients with symptoms of Koro reported in different disciplines of a tertiary care Government Hospital of West Bengal were recruited over a period of 3 months. They were treated by standard treatment protocol and followed up for next 3 months. Data was collected on clinical course and treatment outcome by a pretested semi-structured proforma, specially developed for this study. RESULTS: A typical subject was a young single male, educated up to primary standard, agricultural worker by occupation and belonged to Hindu rural joint family. Among the whole sample 23% were female. Majority were referred from either private doctors or hospitals or government hospitals and reported first at non-psychiatric OPD. Dropout and recovery rates were 28% (male 33%, female 13%) and 89% (male 89%, female 92%) respectively. 20%, 75%, 9%, 31%, 19% of patients needed indoor admission, oral anxiolytics, injectable tranquilizers, specific pharmacological and psychosocial treatment, supportive medical treatment respectively. There was a subtle difference in course and treatment outcome noted between the genders. A new modality of psycho-sexual intervention 'sex education in vivo' was applied on patients of Koro with favourable result. CONCLUSION: Female counterpart represented a significant proportion. Overall improved trend of utilizing medical care facilities was observed. But sceptical attitude towards Psychiatric treatment is prevailing. An overall good treatment outcome was noted among the Koro victims.

Chronic koro-like symptoms - two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Koro is a culture bound syndrome, which has been reported usually from Asian countries. It has been described as an acute, brief lasting illness, which often occurs in epidemics. There is no description in literature of a chronic form of this syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION: Two sporadic cases with koro-like symptoms from East India are presented where the illness had a chronic course with durations spanning more than ten years. In contrast to acute, good prognosis, psycho-education responsive form that is usually seen in epidemics; the chronic form, appeared to be associated with greater morbidity and poorer response to interventions. CONCLUSION: There is a possibility of a chronic form of koro syndrome.

Research on culture-bound syndromes: new directions.

The unprecedented inclusion of culture-bound syndromes in DSM-IV provides the opportunity for highlighting the need to study such syndromes and the occasion for developing a research agenda to study them. The growing ethnic and cultural diversity of the U.S. population presents a challenge to the mental health field to develop truly cross-cultural approaches to mental health research and services. In this article, the authors provide a critique of previous analyses of the relationship between culture-bound syndromes and psychiatric diagnoses. They highlight the problems in previous classificatory exercises, which tend to focus on subsuming the culture-bound syndromes into psychiatric categories and fail to fully investigate these syndromes on their own terms. A detailed research program based on four key questions is presented both to understand culture-bound syndromes within their cultural context and to analyze the relationship between these syndromes and psychiatric disorders. Results of over a decade of research on ataques de nervios, a Latino-Caribbean cultural syndrome, are used to illustrate this research program. The four questions focus on the nature of the phenomenon, the social-cultural location of sufferers, the relationship of culture-bound syndromes to psychiatric disorders, and the social and psychiatric history of the syndrome in the life course of the sufferer.