The relationship of anterior occlusion and skeletal variables with the frontal sinus index: An analytical cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of anterior occlusion and skeletal variables with the frontal sinus index. METHODS: The retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional, study was conducted from July to November 2020 at Dr Ishratul- Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences and Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised data from 2015 to 2018 related to pre-treatment lateral cephalograms for determining frontal sinus index and other cephalometric variables. The dental casts were observed for incisor classification. Patients with Class I incisors formed the comparison group, while the rest comprised 5 malocclusion groups. The frontal sinus was traced, and the sinus index was calculated. Data was analysed using STATA 15 and R 3.5.1. RESULTS: Of the 240 subjects, there were 40(16.66%) in each of the 6 groups; 155(64.6%) females and 85(35.4%) males. The mean age of the sample was 21.33±3.52 years (range: 16-29 years). The mean sinus index was higher in all malocclusion groups than the comparison group, but it was significantly higher only in Class II division 2 and anterior open bite groups (p<0.05). The only exception to the trend was Class II division 1 with and without contact in which the value was lower (p>0.05). The anterior cranial base length, sella-nasion mandibular plane angle, and upper incisor palatal plane angle significantly affected the frontal sinus index (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The frontal sinus index could be considered an indicator of harmonious anterior occlusion.

Growth and microanatomy of the paranasal sinuses in two species of New World monkeys.

Paranasal sinuses of living apes and humans grow with positive allometry, suggesting a novel mechanism for bone enlargement. Here, we examine the paranasal sinuses of the owl monkey (Aotus spp.) and a tamarin (Saguinus midas) across postnatal development. The prediction that paranasal sinuses grow disproportionately faster than the main nasal chamber is tested. We used diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography and histology to study sinuses in eight Aotus and three tamarins ranging from newborn to adult ages. Sinuses were segmented at the mucosa-air cavity interface and measured in volume. All sinuses were lined by a ciliated respiratory epithelium, except for the ethmoid air cells in Aotus, which are lined in part by olfactory epithelium. An age comparison indicates that only the maxillary sinus and ethmoid air cells are present in newborns, and two additional sinuses (invading the orbitosphenoid and the frontal bone), do not appear until late infancy or later. Comparing newborns and adults, the main nasal airway is 10 times larger in the adult Aotus and ~ 6.5 times larger in adult Saguinus. In contrast, the maxillary sinus far exceeds this magnitude of difference: 24 times larger in the adult Aotus and 46 times larger in adult Saguinus. The frontal sinuses add significantly to total paranasal space volume in both species, but this growth is likely delayed until juvenile age. Results suggest ethmoid air cells expand the least. These results support our prediction that most paranasal sinuses have a distinctly higher growth rate compared to the main nasal chamber.

Personal identification using frontal sinus coding methods: The effect of mixed image modality comparisons.

Several code-based methods have been created for comparing the frontal sinus in skeletal identification scenarios. However, little is known regarding matched-pair accuracy rates of these methods or how varying image modalities may affect these rates. The goals of this study were to validate the exclusion rates and to establish matched-pair accuracy rates of two well-cited coding methods, Cameriere et al. [23] and Tatlisumak et al. [24]. Additionally, individual variables were assessed for consistency in scoring between image modalities. Using a sample of U.S. African American, Native American, and European American females and males (n = 225), we examined individual variable scoring and string codes between two different image modalities (radiographs and CT-based 3D models). Arcades showed poor scoring consistency between modalities (p < 0.001). Although exclusion rates were similar to those reported in the original studies (93%-96%), matched-pair accuracy rates were low (13%-18%). None of the demographics (collection, sex, age, ancestry, and orientation) had an effect on the odds of a match. Interobserver and intraobserver analyses showed moderate to near-perfect agreement for all variables except supraorbital cells, which had minimal to no agreement. Currently, we do not recommend the application of these frontal sinus coding methods independent of other supporting identification methods given low variable consistency and accuracy rates. Visual identification should still be used to include or exclude an identification when using the frontal sinus.

Automatic segmentation and classification of frontal sinuses for sex determination from CBCT scans using a two-stage anatomy-guided attention network.

Sex determination is essential for identifying unidentified individuals, particularly in forensic contexts. Traditional methods for sex determination involve manual measurements of skeletal features on CBCT scans. However, these manual measurements are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and error-prone. The purpose of this study was to automatically and accurately determine sex on a CBCT scan using a two-stage anatomy-guided attention network (SDetNet). SDetNet consisted of a 2D frontal sinus segmentation network (FSNet) and a 3D anatomy-guided attention network (SDNet). FSNet segmented frontal sinus regions in the CBCT images and extracted regions of interest (ROIs) near them. Then, the ROIs were fed into SDNet to predict sex accurately. To improve sex determination performance, we proposed multi-channel inputs (MSIs) and an anatomy-guided attention module (AGAM), which encouraged SDetNet to learn differences in the anatomical context of the frontal sinus between males and females. SDetNet showed superior sex determination performance in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, accuracy, Brier score, and specificity compared with the other 3D CNNs. Moreover, the results of ablation studies showed a notable improvement in sex determination with the embedding of both MSI and AGAM. Consequently, SDetNet demonstrated automatic and accurate sex determination by learning the anatomical context information of the frontal sinus on CBCT scans.

Efficacy of Frontal Sinus as a Reliable Tool for Sex Differentiation - A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: Gender determination is pivotal in establishing a biological profile of human remains, where fragments of the skull persist with unidentifiable dental arch data. Owing to the resistance and stability against external factors such as trauma and fractures, radiological assessment of the frontal sinus can be a useful indicator for sexual dimorphism. Keeping this in mind, a study was designed to analyse the efficacy of morphometric assessment of the frontal sinus for gender determination in the North Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 300 (150 males and 150 females) lateral cephalograms of the age >20 years were retrieved. The frontal sinus index (ratio of maximum height to depth), area, and perimeter of the same were calculated using Adobe Photoshop software. The results obtained were further subjected to statistical analysis. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The study yielded an accuracy rate of 75.3% for sex differentiation. The frontal sinus perimeter was a novel parameter which was utilised as a variable in the obtained discriminant equation for sex differentiation. Thus, this cost-effective technique might be useful as an adjunct to assess sexual dimorphism.

Nasosinusal Endoscopic Anatomy and Physiology

The present article focuses on the analysis of the nasal cavity's anatomy succinctly and descriptively. This essay was carried out through a bibliographic review, directed to the detailed anatomy of the nasal cavity, and the structures that form its sinuses. We have identified the need formore studies directed to the related anatomical area so that the improved knowledge of this region ensures a nasoendoscopic treatment with better effectiveness and no complications.

Variaciones anatómicas de los senos frontales en radiografías de cráneo de pacientes con cráneos braquicéfalos / Anatomical variations of frontal sinuses in skull radiographs of patients with brachycephalic skulls

Introducción: La anatomía ósea de las cavidades paranasales presenta múltiples variantes, que pueden ser causa o factor predisponente de enfermedad rinosinusal, entre las que se encuentran las asimetrías y las agenesias. Éstas pueden ser reparos de gran importancia en la cirugía endoscópica nasal y demandan atención médica con frecuencia. Objetivo: Determinar las variaciones anatómicas de los senos frontales en los pacientes con cráneos braquicéfalos y que no presentaron diagnóstico de enfermedad rinosinusal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, donde fueron estudiados los diámetros transversales y longitudinales de los senos frontales a través de radiografías de cráneo AP en 28 pacientes con cráneos braquicéfalos, en el servicio de imagenología del Hospital Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso en los meses de enero y febrero de 2019. Resultado: Se identificaron las principales variaciones de los senos frontales a través de radiografías de cráneo y su comportamiento según variables epidemiológicas. Conclusiones: Predominó los enfermos (9) en el rango etáreo de 19-29 años, lo que representa un 32,1 por ciento, hubo un ligero predominio de los hombres con respecto a las mujeres, 10 (35,7 por ciento) pacientes presentaron agenesia bilateral y 3 (10,7 por ciento) agenesia unilateral izquierda. Las magnitudes de las cavidades derechas fueron mayores que las izquierdas y los senos frontales estudiados son asimétricos por su tamaño y posición(AU)

Introduction: The bone anatomy of paranasal cavities presents a large number of variants which may be the cause of or predisposing factor for rhinosinus disease, among which are asymmetry and agenesis. These may be very important hurdles in nasal endoscopic surgery and often require medical care. Objective: Determine the anatomical variations in the frontal sinuses of patients with brachycephalic skulls not diagnosed with rhinosinus disease. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted of frontal sinus longitudinal and transverse diameters of frontal sinuses based on AP skull radiographs of 28 patients with brachycephalic skulls attending the imaging service of Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Hospital from January to February 2019. Result: Identification was made of the main frontal sinus variations in skull radiographs and their behavior according to epidemiological variables. Conclusions: The 19-29 years age group prevailed, with 9 patients (32.1 percent). There was a slight predominance of men versus women. Ten (35.7 percent) patients had bilateral agenesis and 3 (10.7 percent) had unilateral left agenesis. The magnitudes for right cavities were greater than those for left cavities. The frontal sinuses studied were asymmetrical in terms of size and position(AU)

Cuerpo esqueletizado identificado por análisis morfológico del seno frontal y características del material de osteosíntesis - relato de caso pericial / Skeletonized body identified by analysis of frontal sinus morphology and characteristics of osteosynthesis material: a forensic case report

La odontología legal resulta fundamental para la identificación de víctimas en descomposición avanzada, carbonizadas o esqueletizadas. Este trabajo relata un caso de identificación humana, por medio de análisis morfológico del seno frontal y material de osteosíntesis. Un cuerpo esqueletizado fue sometido a examen antropológico, evidenciándose la existencia de tres placas de osteosíntesis en ambas regiones periorbitarias. Parientes de la supuesta víctima aportaron radiografías ante-mortem, en las que se aprecia una sola placa de osteosíntesis. Empero, tras la realización de exámenes imagenológicos del esqueleto, con la misma incidencia de los efectuados ante-mortem, se constató una clara semejanza morfológica del seno frontal y de la única placa de osteosíntesis presente en las imágenes ante-mortem y post-mortem. Así, fue posible identificar positivamente a la víctima, allanando el camino a la investigación criminal y realzando el rol de las imágenes radiográficas y caracteres anatómicos en el proceso de identificación humana.

Forensic dentistry is essential for the identification of highly decomposed and charred bodies, as well as skeletal remains. This study reports a case of human identification by analyzing the morphology of the frontal sinuses and osteosynthesis material. In the anthropological assessment of skeletal remains a surgical plate used for osteosynthesis was detected in the periorbital regions. Relatives of the potential victim provided ante-mortem (AM) radiographs which revealed the presence of an osteosynthesis plate. Post-mortem (PM) imaging exams were performed to reproduce the AM data. Similarities were observed between the AM and PM radiographs, especially regarding the morphology of the frontal sinuses and the position and outline of the surgical plate used for osteosynthesis. The comparison of AM and PM images made it possible to identify the victim and to aid the criminal investigation. It also highlighted the role of radiographs and anatomical characteristics in the process of human identification.

The possible effects of altitude and climate on the development of the frontal sinus in adults / Los posibles efectos de la altitud y el clima sobre el desarrollo del seno frontal en adultos

Climatic and altitude features of living region may affect human body. Many changes in several tissues and organs and several health problems due to climatic and altitude effects were defined in the literature. However, there were limited number of studies which evaluated correlation between development of frontal sinus and climatic/altitude effect. In this study, widths, heights, AP lengths and volumes of frontal sinus were compared by Paranasal CT scans in populations living in Van which has colder climate and higher altitude and Manisa which has milder climate and lower altitude. It was found that widths, antero-posterior lengths and volumes of frontal sinus were higher in populations living in colder climate and higher altitude according to populations living in milder climate and lower altitude. Heights of frontal sinuses were on the contrary of this. These results were found appropriate to increasing of cephalic index in cold climate according to Allen's Rule. We suggest that larger population study should be made with peoples having the same or similar race and genetic structure in different climate and altitude regions and the proportional comparison of frontal sinus measurements with cephalic index should be considered in future studies.

Las características climáticas y de altitud de una región pueden afectar al cuerpo humano. En la literatura se han identificado muchos cambios en varios tejidos y órganos, como así también numerosos problemas de salud debido a los efectos climáticos y de altitud. Sin embargo, existe un número limitado de estudios que han evaluado la correlación entre el desarrollo del seno frontal y el efecto climático / altitud. En este estudio, los anchos, alturas, longitudes antero-posteriores y volúmenes de seno frontal se compararon mediante tomografía computarizada paranasal en poblaciones que viven en Van, que tiene un clima más frío y mayor altitud, y Manisa, que tiene un clima más suave y menor altitud. Se encontró que los anchos, las longitudes antero-posteriores y los volúmenes de los senos frontales eran mayores en poblaciones que vivían en un clima más frío y de mayor altitud respecto a poblaciones que vivían en clima más suave y con menor altitud. En relación a la altura de los senos frontales, se dio la situación contraria a lo anterior. Estos resultados se encontraron adecuados con el aumento del índice cefálico en la región de clima frío, de acuerdo con la Regla de Allen. Sugerimos que se realice un estudio poblacional más amplio con poblaciones de raza y estructura genética iguales o similares en diferentes regiones climáticas y de altitud. La comparación proporcional de las mediciones de los senos frontales con índice cefálico debería considerarse en futuros estudios.

Análise das dimensões da célula do Agger nasi e do óstio do seio frontal utilizando tomografia computadorizada de seios paranasais / Analysis of the Agger nasi cell and frontal sinus ostium sizes using computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses

A célula do Agger nasi (CAN) e o óstio do seio frontal (OF) são estruturas importantes que podem influenciar a anatomofisiologia do recesso frontal. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença e as dimensões da CAN e do OF e correlacioná-las de acordo com o sexo, raça e entre si. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 40 pacientes submetidos à tomografia computadorizada de seios paranasais com reconstrução sagital. Foram realizadas as medidas: diâmetro ântero-posterior da CAN (AGAP), diâmetro crânio-caudal da CAN (AGCC), diâmetro látero-lateral da CAN (AGLL), diâmetro ântero-posterior do OF (OFAP) e diâmetro látero-lateral do OF (OFLL). RESULTADOS: Vinte e dois pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 18, do feminino; média de idade de 33,7 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era da raça branca (45%), seguidos pelos da raça parda (32,5%), da raça negra (20%) e da raça amarela. A CAN esteve presente em 98,7% das fossas nasais. Houve diferença estatística para AGAP no sexo feminino e AGLL no sexo feminino e na amostra total. Não houve diferenças para as medidas tanto quanto ao sexo como quanto à raça. As medidas da CAN e do OF apresentaram correlação, mas de maneira ruim ou péssima. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da CAN em nossa amostra foi alta e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a maioria das medidas realizadas. A correlação das medidas da CAN e do OF foi ruim ou péssima.

The Agger nasi cell (ANC) and the frontal sinus ostium (FO) are important structures that can influence the anatomy and physiology of the frontal recess. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and size of ANC and the FO and correlate them according to gender, race and among themselves. METHOD: A prospective study with 40 patients who underwent CT of the paranasal sinuses with sagittal reconstruction. Measurements: ANC (APAN) anteroposterior diameter, ANC (CCAN) craniocaudal diameter, ANC (LLAN) side-to-side diameter, anteroposterior diameter of the FO (APFO) and side-to-side diameter of the FO (LLFO). RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were male and 18 females, mean age 33.7 years. Most patients were white (45%), followed by browns (32.5%), blacks (20%) and asians (2.5%). The ANC was present in 98.7% of patients. There was statistical difference for APAN on females and LLAN on females and on the total sample. There were no differences for all measurements regarding gender, as well as the race. ANC and FO measurements showed positive correlation, but poor or very poor. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ANC in our sample was high and did not show a statistically significant difference for most measurements. The correlation between measurements of ANC and the FO was poor or very poor.

Frontal sinus size on facial plain radiographs

Introduction: Plain radiographs are still routinely used for diagnosis in dentistry. They allow the assessmentof anatomical structures and their variations, and the detection of abnormalities in the region assessed. Theaim of this research was to determine the width and height distances of the frontal sinus on posteroanteriorskull view of Brazilian subjects. Materials and methods: The sample was composed of 158 posteroanteriorfacial radiographs (Caldwell projection). It was measured the height and width of the frontal sinus, both sides,under a standardized protocol, using rules and a viewer box. The relationship between frontal sinus size andside of the face, and size and age were evaluated. Results: Thirteen radiographs were excluded (six of unilateralfrontal sinus, two agenesies, and five showing totally individualized chambers). The final sample studied was of145 subjects. The mean values obtained were a 68 mm for latero-lateral and 39 mm for superoinferior distances.In 39.3% cases both sides were approximately equal or had the left chamber larger than the right one. Therewas a significant correlation between width and height of frontal sinus (Spearman coefficient), however therewas no significant difference among the age groups studied (Kruskal-Wallis, p > 0,05). Conclusion: There is agreat anatomical variety of frontal sinus in this population. The left cavity of frontal sinus is larger or equal tothe right one and the age group differences was not significant regarding the size of the frontal sinus.

Tratamento cir£rgico de seio frontal atrav‚s da cranializa‡Æo e utiliza‡Æo do acesso bicoronal – relato de caso / Surgical treatment of frontal sinus through cranialization using bicoronal access – case report

O trauma maxilofacial ‚ um dos grandes desafios para os servi‡os de sa£de e representa um dos problemas mais importantes devido … elevada taxa de incidˆncia e alto custo financeiro. A frequente associa‡Æo entre trauma craniofacial e maxilofacial exige abordagens e tratamento multiprofissional e sÆo cada vez mais complexos, com tempo de interna‡Æo mais longo e altos custos para o sistema p£blico de sa£de. Este estudo apresenta um relato de caso cl¡nico de um paciente admitido no servi‡o de emergˆncia do Hospital Municipal Salgado Filho (HMSF) – RJ, v¡tima de agressÆo f¡sica por pedra no ter‡o superior de face e submetido ao tratamento cir£rgico por equipe multiprofissinal (neurocirurgiÆo e cirurgiÆo bucomaxilofacial), com cranializa‡Æo do seio frontal e reparo do defeito ¢sseo com tela de titƒnio de reconstru‡Æo. Conclui-se neste trabalho que a proposta cir£rgica, que consistiu na cranializa‡Æo do seio frontal pelo acesso bicoronal, como tratamento proposto para o paciente, apresentou- -se satisfat¢ria, segundo as referˆncias liter rias consultadas. Sugere-se acompanhamento p¢s-operat¢rio cl¡nico e radiogr fico do paciente, uma vez que neste relato foi mencionado apenas o tratamento cir£rgico do caso.

TMaxillofacial trauma is a major challenge for health services and represents a serious problem due to its high incidence and high costs. The frequent association between craniofacial and maxillofacial trauma requires multidisciplinary approaches and treatment, and it i salso very complex, with longer hospitalization time and high costs to the public health system. This study presents a case report of a patient assisted in the emergency department of the Salgado Filho Municipal Hospital (HMSF) – RJ, victim of physical assault by stone in the upper third of the face, who underwent surgery conducted by multiprofissinal team (neurosurgeons and maxillofacial surgeon) with cranialization of the frontal sinus and repair of bone defect reconstruction with titanium screen. It was concluded that the surgical approach, which consisted of the frontal sinus cranialization using bicoronal access was satisfactory as treatment according to the researched literature. It is suggested post-operative clinical and radiographic follow-up of the patient since in this report only the surgical treatment of the case was approached.

Anatomical variations of the frontal sinus

An anatomical study of the frontal sinus in 100 macerated skulls. The study introduces an innovation on the literature by means of the measurement of the sinus's volume. All the found information in the literature attained to other aspects including the diameters of the sinus and the geometric area of the same. Objective: Evaluation of the measures of the frontal sinus frequently involved in cranial base surgeries and supraorbital craniotomies in order to help the surgical approaches that cross this anatomical route Methods: The measurement included: sagital, transverse and antero-posterior diameter acquired with a paquimeter and the volume obtained after filling the sinus with sand. Results: They are in accordance with the literature that shows the male's predominance in all measurements done.

Se presenta un estudio anatómico del seno frontal que fue realizado en 100 cráneos. El estudio introduce una novedad en la literatura, que es la medida volumétrica del seno frontal. Toda la literatura se refiere a otros aspectos, incluyendo los diámetros de los senos y su área geométrica. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar las medidas del seno frontal que con frecuencia hacen parte en las cirugías de la base del cráneo y en las craneotomías supraorbitarias, con la finalidad de facilitar las vías de acceso quirúrgico por estas regiones. Las medidas realizadas fueron: diámetro sagital, transversal y antero-posterior con un caliper, y el volumen fue obtenido llenando el seno con arena fina. Los resultados están de acuerdo con la literatura que demuestra un mayor predominio del sexo masculino en todas las medidas efectuadas.

Estudo da anatomia do recesso frontal por meio de dissecção endoscópica em cadáveres / Frontal recess anatomy study by endoscopic dissection in cadavers

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: O óstio do seio frontal freqüentemente apresenta difícil reconhecimento devido a estruturas anatômicas que encobrem sua visibilização. O objetivo principal desse estudo foi identificar e descrever as estruturas anatômicas do recesso frontal que dificultam o reconhecimento do óstio do seio frontal. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo por meio de dissecção endoscópica consecutiva de 32 cadáveres (59 fossas nasais), 10 (31,25 por cento) do sexo feminino e 22 (68,75 por cento) do sexo masculino. Após exérese endoscópica da porção inferior do processo uncinado, com a preservação da sua inserção superior, avaliamos quais estruturas anatômicas necessitavam ser removidas até a completa visibilização endonasal do óstio do seio frontal. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: A visibilização do óstio do seio frontal após a exérese da porção inferior do processo uncinado foi possível em apenas 11 (18,64 por cento) fossas nasais. O processo uncinado (recesso terminal) representou a principal estrutura anatômica que dificultou o reconhecimento endonasal do óstio do seio frontal, ocorrendo em 45 (76,27 por cento) fossas nasais, seguido pela bolha etmoidal (16,95 por cento) e a célula agger nasi (6,78 por cento).

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The frontal sinus ostium is frequently difficult to recognize because of anatomical structures that hide it. The objective of the present study was to identify and describe the frontal recess anatomy that impairs the endoscopic recognition of the frontal sinus ostium. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted by consecutive endoscopic dissections of 32 cadavers (59 sides), 10 (31.25 percent) females and 22 (68.75 percent) males. After resection of the lower portion of the uncinate process, with preservation of its upper insertion, we evaluated which anatomical structures needed to be removed for complete visualization of the frontal sinus ostium. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Visualization of the frontal sinus ostium after resection of the lower portion of the uncinate process was possible in only 11 (18.64 percent) nasal cavities. The uncinate process (terminal recess) was the main anatomical structure that impaired the recognition of the frontal sinus ostium, present in 45 (76.27 percent) nasal cavities, followed by the ethmoid bulla (16.95 percent) and agger nasi cells (6.78 percent).

A Trefinação do Seio Frontal deve ser sempre realizada a 1cm da linha média? Um estudo tomográfico / Is there a reason for performing frontal sinus trephination at 1 cm from midline? A tomographic study

A complexa anatomia do recesso frontoetmoidal, bem como sua relação anatômica com estruturas vitais, explicam a razão do considerável cuidado que se tem durante a cirurgia para preservar estas estruturas e minimizar complicações relacionadas ao processo de cicatrização. A trefinação é um procedimento amplamente aceito para acesso ao seio frontal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o melhor ponto para se realizar a trefinação do seio frontal. MÉTODOS: Mensuração da profundidade do seio frontal em 3 pontos eqüidistantes da linha média (crista galli) em cortes tomográficos axiais. RESULTADOS: Foram medidos 138 seios frontais (69 pacientes). A profundidade do seio frontal medida a 0,5cm da linha média foi significativamente maior do que a 1,0 e 1,5cm, assim como a medida a 1,0cm foi significativamente maior do que a 1,5cm (12,22±4,25 vs 11,78±4,65 p<0,05; 12,22±4,25 vs 10,78±5,98 p<0,001; 11,78±4,65 vs 10,78±5,98 p<0,05). O trefinador usado (penetração máxima de 0,7cm) é seguro de ser usado em cerca de 80 por cento dos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A trefinação pode ser realizada em pontos variáveis do seio frontal, mas a distância de 1cm da linha média parece ser mais segura e apresentar resultados estéticos melhores.

The complex anatomy of the frontoethmoidal recess, as well as its anatomical relationship with the vital adjacent structures in the region explain the reason for considerable surgical care to protect these structures and minimize complications related to healing. Trephination is an accepted procedure to access the frontal sinus. AIM: Discuss the best location for performing frontal sinus trephination. METHODS: Measuring sinus frontal depth at 3 points equidistant to the midline (crista galli) through the axial tomographic sections. RESULTS: We measured 138 frontal sinus (69 patients). Frontal sinus depth at 0,5 cm was statistically larger than 1 cm and 1,5 cm, as well as the 1 cm trephine point was significantly larger than 1,5 cm (12,22±4,25 vs 11,78±4,65 p<0,05; 12,22±4,25 vs 10,78±5,98 p<0,001; 11,78±4,65 vs 10,78±5,98 p<0,05). The trephine set used (maximum depth of penetration of 0,7 cm) is safe to be applied in approximately 80 percent of the patients. CONCLUSION: Analizing the results, the trephination may be performed at variable points of the frontalsinus, but the distance of 1 cm from midline appears to be safer and shows better aestethic results.

Anatomo-radiological and morphometrical study of the frontal sinus in humans

An understanding of frontal sinus anatomy is important for clinical and forensic medicine. In this study, we examinedthe relationship between skull and sinus dimensions. Fifty human skulls were measured and radiographed in twoprojections (Caldwell’s view and in a lateral view) to visualize the paranasal sinuses. The radiological dimensions ofthe frontal sinus (height, width, thickness and area) were measured using the software Autocad R 14. The possiblecorrelations between the skull measurements and the sinus dimensions were examined. The frontal sinus was presentin all specimens. The maximum dimensions of the frontal sinus included a width of 49 to 79 mm, a height of 8 to 18mm, and an area of 0.5 to 9.5 mm2. A significant positive correlation was observed between the sinus area and theother dimensions of sinus. Thus, increase in dimensions also increased the sinus area. A weak positive correlation wasalso observed between the skull height and sinus thickness, and between skull length and frontal sinus area.Key words: Anatomy, frontal sinus, morphology, radiology, skull.

The frontal sinus morphology in radiographs of Brazilian subjects: its forensic importance

The determination of gender of unknown persons is of vital importance in forensic investigations, such as anthropologic,medical and dental forensic studies, mainly in cases where only fragments of the skull remain and there is no possibility of identification based on the dental arch. The aim of the present study was to develop a mathematical method based on logistic regression analysis capable of determining the gender of individuals using measurements of the frontal sinus. The right and left areas and the maximum height and width of the frontal sinus were determined in 100 radiographs taken by the Caldwell technique of 50 women and 50 men between 20 and 30 years old, with the help of the prog ram SIARCS 3.0 (EMBRAPA). The mean values of the frontal sinus were greater in males and the left area was larger than the right area, based on Student’s t-test at the 5% level of significance. The mathematical model based on logistic regression analysis gave a concordanceindex for gender of 79.7% in the cases studied. The areas of the frontal sinus and the logistic regression technique proved to be useful in the determination of gender. (Logit = 1.6905 – 0.5383* left area).

Mucocele gigante del seno frontal: reporte de un caso clínico / Giant mucocele of the frontal sinus: report of a clinical case

Los mucoceles son las lesiones más comunes que pueden causar expansión ósea y agrandamiento del seno frontal. Los sitios que con mayor frecuencia se afectan son el seno frontal, los senos etmoidales y el seno maxilar. El propósito de este trabajo es reportar un caso de gran tamaño y largo tiempo de evolución

Fracturas del seno frontal: enfoque neuroquirúrgico / Frontal sinus injuries: neurosurgical focusing

Injurias del cráneo y las meninges; frecuentemente ocurren concomitantes con el TEC. Las fracturas del seno frontal son un tópico importante de estas lesiones. Controversias sobre el tratamiento quirúrgico vs. el conservador son todavía evidentes en la literatura más reciente. Como son diferentes especialistas los que tratan esta patología, los consensos se alejan más todavía. Por otra parte el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las fracturas del seno frontal está aún en desarrollo. Dependiendo la literatura que se revise, los criterios para tratar estas lesiones son variables. Parte de esto está condicionado, por el reducido número de pacientes y el corto período de seguimiento de las series inicialmente publicadas. Además la disponibilidad, cada vez mayor de técnicas de imagen de alta definición, ha ocasionado que se pueda realizar un diagnóstico más acusioso de la extensión de estas fracturas y por ende plantear conductas terapéuticas más acertadas. En este trabajo presentamos un flujograma terapéutico empleado en 29 casos de fracturas del seno frontal, originado de una revisión crítica de la literatura y de la experiencia adquirida, durante los últimos cuatro años de trabajo (1992-1996) en un servicio de urgencia metropolitano; caracterizado por una alta incidencia de patología traumática. Nuestro enfoque está basado fundamentalmente en la localización anatómica, la severidad y el grado de desplazamiento de la fractura y la presencia de brecha osteomeningea (BOM) y/o fístula licuórica; que sumamos al criterio aprendido con colegas otorrinolaringólogos respecto a la importancia del involucro del ducto frontonasal en estas lesiones; nos han permitido una evolución conceptual, individualizándo los casos, pero al mismo tiempo tomando decisiones escalonadas en base a una mejor comprensión de esta compleja y controvertida temática que es parte importante del traumatismo de la fosa craneal anterior. Creemos así mismo, posible desprender algunos criterios de utilidad para el manejo del seno frontal durante la craneotomía frontal, habitual en procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos electivos y los cada vez más frecuentes accesos ampliados a la base del cráneo. Incidencias de complicaciones en estas intervenciones, no han sido muy bien documentadas, pero no hay duda de su existencia

Estudo da anatomia do recesso frontal através da dissecção endoscópica em cadáveres / Study of the anatomy of the frontal recess by endoscopic dissection in cadavers

Para avaliar as estruturas do recesso frontal que dificultam a visualização endoscópica do óstio do seio frontal, foi realizada a dissecção consecutiva de 32 cadáveres. Verificou-se que o processo uncinado foi a principal estrutura anatômica que dificultou a visualização do óstio do seio frontal, seguido pela bolha etmoidal e a célula agger nasi. A presença de células fronto-etmoidais também dificultou o reconhecimento deste óstio, devido às múltiplas aberturas encontradas no recesso frontal / To evaluate the structures of the frontal recess that impair the endoscopic visualization of the frontal sinus ostium, 32 cadavers were dissected consecutively. The uncinate process was the major anatomical structure that impaired the visualization of the frontal sinus ostium, followed by the ethmoidal bulla and the agger nasi cell. The presence of frontoethmoid cells also impaired the recognition of this ostium due to the multiple openings found in the frontal recess...