RESUMO
The threat of criminal activity in the fisheries sector has concerned the international community for a number of years. In more recent times, the presence of organized crime in fisheries has come to the fore. In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly asked all states to contribute to increasing our understanding the connection between illegal fishing and transnational organized crime at sea. Policy-makers, researchers and members of civil society are increasing their knowledge of the dynamics and destructiveness of the blue shadow economy and the role of organized crime within this economy. Anecdotal, scientific and example-based evidence of the various manifestations of organized crime in fisheries, its widespread adverse impacts on economies, societies and the environment globally and its potential security consequences is now publicly available. Here we present the current state of knowledge on organized crime in the fisheries sector. We show how the many facets of organized crime in this sector, including fraud, drug trafficking and forced labour, hinder progress towards the development of a sustainable ocean economy. With reference to worldwide promising practices, we highlight practical opportunities for action to address the problem. We emphasize the need for a shared understanding of the challenge and for the implementation of intelligence-led, skills-based cooperative law enforcement action at a global level and a community-based approach for targeting organized crime in the supply chain of organized criminal networks at a local level, facilitated by legislative frameworks and increased transparency.
Assuntos
Crime/economia , Política Ambiental/economia , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Pesqueiros/economia , Oceanos e Mares , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/economia , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/legislação & jurisprudência , Animais , Tráfico de Drogas/economia , Fraude/economia , Tráfico de Pessoas/economia , Humanos , Internacionalidade , Impostos/economiaRESUMO
In most of sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS is driven by endemic structural problems such as unemployment, poverty, forced migration, sexual exploitation, and concurrent sexual partnerships. In the Niger Delta of Nigeria, the epidemic is exacerbated by recurring regional conflict and negative environmental externalities resulting from 50 years of oil exploration. This article seeks to identify and analyze potential barriers to HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment from oil pollution and other environmental stressors in Nigeria's Niger Delta. We develop a conceptual framework to understand how oil politics and economic systems affect HIV risks in Nigeria. We then evaluate evidence of how environmental exposures can amplify risks. Using 10 semi-structured interviews, with 85 focus group participants, we test the argument that HIV transmission in the Niger Delta is related to a manipulative "divide and rule" power dynamic that characterizes multinational oil companies' role in shaping conflict contours in oil communities. Oil exploration destroys livelihoods, institutions, and values and forces impoverished and illiterate girls and women to migrate or be trafficked to urban centers as child laborers and sex workers. The elevated HIV/AIDS risk in the Niger Delta brings into focus the political economy of resource extraction, globalization, and indigenous, minority rights and struggles.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Tráfico de Pessoas/economia , Poluição por Petróleo/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/economia , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Tráfico de Pessoas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Militares , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Campos de Petróleo e Gás , Poluição por Petróleo/economia , Política , Delitos Sexuais , Parceiros Sexuais , Problemas Sociais , Guerra , Direitos da MulherAssuntos
Pessoal de Saúde/organização & administração , Tráfico de Pessoas/prevenção & controle , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Tráfico de Órgãos/prevenção & controle , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/legislação & jurisprudência , Aloenxertos/provisão & distribuição , Tráfico de Pessoas/economia , Tráfico de Pessoas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Rim/cirurgia , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Transplante de Rim/economia , Transplante de Rim/legislação & jurisprudência , Transplante de Rim/métodos , Turismo Médico/economia , Turismo Médico/legislação & jurisprudência , Turismo Médico/tendências , Tráfico de Órgãos/economia , Tráfico de Órgãos/estatística & dados numéricos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Papel Profissional , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/economia , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/organização & administração , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/estatística & dados numéricosAssuntos
Abuso Sexual na Infância/economia , Abuso Sexual na Infância/prevenção & controle , Tráfico de Pessoas/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Enfermagem Escolar/métodos , Criança , Defesa da Criança e do Adolescente , Tráfico de Pessoas/economia , Humanos , Masculino , Menores de Idade , Estados UnidosRESUMO
As Nepal mourns the 1-year commemoration of the April 2015 earthquake and its aftershocks that killed more than 8500 people and left thousands injured and displaced, other more hidden repercussions of the resultant chaotic environment need attention: the increased risk of human trafficking. Considering that natural disasters provide a milieu for this illicit trade, there is a need for a robust response from stakeholders such as donors, civil society organizations, and government organizations against human trafficking following disasters such as the Nepal earthquake. Responsibility to prevent and fight trafficking should be explicitly included in the mandate of relief and rehabilitation mechanisms set up at the national level to coordinate the disaster relief response, serving to support populations in both rural and urban areas. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:153-154).