Determinants of death following burn injury.

BACKGROUND: Burn care has changed considerably. Early surgery, nutritional support, improved resuscitation and novel skin replacement techniques are now well established. The aim of the study was to establish whether changes in management have improved survival following burn injury and to determine the contributory factors leading to non-survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective outcome analysis of data collected from a consecutive series of 4094 patients with burns admitted to a tertiary referral, metropolitan teaching hospital between 1972 and 1996. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 3.6 per cent. This decreased from 5.3 per cent (1972--1980) to 3.4 per cent (1993--1996) (P = 0.076). The risk of death was increased with increasing burn size (relative risk (RR) 95.90 (95 per cent confidence interval 12.60--729.47) if more than 35 per cent of the total body surface area was burned; P < 0.001) increasing age (RR 7.32 (3.08--17.42) if aged more than 48 years; P < 0.001), inhalation injury (RR 3.61 (2.39--5.47); P < 0.001) and female sex (RR 1.82 (1.23--2.69); P = 0.003). Operative intervention (RR 0.11 (0.06--0.21); P < 0.001) and the presence of an upper limb burn (RR 0.53 (0.35--0.79); P = 0.002) decreased the risk. CONCLUSION: Modern burn care has decreased the mortality rate. Increasing burn size, increasing age, inhalation injury and female sex increased, while operative intervention and an upper limb burn decreased, the risk of death. Presented to the 10th Congress of the International Society for Burn Injuries, in Jerusalem, November 1998