Growth and protein metabolism in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae exposed to environmental levels of atrazine and malathion.

ABSTRACT

Contaminant exposure can affect development, growth, and behaviour of fish larvae, but its effect on rates of protein synthesis and protein degradation are not known. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a single pulsed dose aqueous exposure to environmentally realistic levels of two contaminants, atrazine (0, 40 and 80 microgl(-1)) and malathion (0, 1 and 10 microgl(-1)), on growth and protein synthesis in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae. Growth was assessed in terms of increase in length, weight, and protein content over an 8-day period following exposure. Rates of protein synthesis were measured by the flooding dose technique 2, 4, and 8 days after initial exposure to each contaminant by bathing larvae in seawater containing L-[2,6-(3)H] phenylalanine. Exposure to atrazine had no effect on larval growth in length, but caused marginally significant declines in growth in weight (P=0.05) and protein content (P=0.06). However, protein synthesis rates were significantly higher for atrazine-exposed larvae on days 4 (P=0.04) and 8 (P=0.01), suggesting an increase in rates of protein degradation. On day 8, the efficiency with which synthesised proteins contributed to growth was significantly lower (P=0.04) in atrazine-exposed larvae. In contrast, malathion had no significant effects on growth in length or protein content, but there were significant decreases in growth in weight over 8 days. The only other significant effect of malathion was an increase in protein synthesis on day 2 for treated larvae relative to controls. Previous work [Alvarez, M.C., Fuiman, L.A., 2005. Environmental levels of atrazine and its degradation products impair survival skills and growth of red drum larvae. Aquat. Toxicol. 74, 229-241] reported hyperactivity and increased metabolic rate in larval red drum exposed to atrazine, indicating a clear energetic cost. Our results further emphasise the energetic cost of atrazine exposure through elevated rates of protein synthesis and degradation resulting in reduced protein retention efficiency and lower growth rates. Overall, we conclude that exposure to atrazine from surface water run-off can increase the energy requirements and the larval phase duration in red drum larvae, possibly resulting in reduced survival and recruitment in cohorts exposed to atrazine.