Naturally occurring free thiols within beta 2-glycoprotein I in vivo: nitrosylation, redox modification by endothelial cells, and regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell injury.

ß2-Glycoprotein I (ß2GPI) is an evolutionary conserved, abundant circulating protein. Although its function remains uncertain, accumulated evidence points toward interactions with endothelial cells and components of the coagulation system, suggesting a regulatory role in vascular biology. Our group has shown that thioredoxin 1 (TRX-1) generates free thiols in ß2GPI, a process that may have a regulatory role in platelet adhesion. This report extends these studies and shows for the first time evidence of ß2GPI with free thiols in vivo in both multiple human and murine serum samples. To explore how the vascular surface may modulate the redox status of ß2GPI, unstimulated human endothelial cells and EAhy926 cells are shown to be capable of amplifying the effect of free thiol generation within ß2GPI. Multiple oxidoreductase enzymes, such as endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp 46) and TRX-1 reductase, in addition to protein disulfide isomerase are secreted on the surface of endothelial cells. Furthermore, one or more of these generated free thiols within ß2GPI are also shown to be nitrosylated. Finally, the functional significance of these findings is explored, by showing that free thiol-containing ß2GPI has a powerful effect in protecting endothelial cells and EAhy926 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death.