Intermittent high glucose promotes expression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The aim of this study was to examine expression of proinflammatory cytokines in monocytes under fluctuating glucose conditions. MATERIAL AND TREATMENT Monocytic cells (THP-1) were divided into four groups and cultured in the presence of 5 or 15 mmol/L glucose or in fluctuating conditions (12 h exposure to 15 mmol/L glucose or mannitol medium followed by 12 h exposure to 5 mmol/L glucose or mannitol medium) respectively. METHODS: Levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the supernatants and surface expression of CD11b in monocytes were measured after 72 h culture. Paired Student's t tests were used to compare two groups and ANOVA for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Activation of monocytes was most pronounced in the fluctuating glucose conditions, as measured by concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in cultured supernatants and surface expression of CD11b in monocytes (P < 0.05). Fluctuating mannitol also induced a proinflammatory profile, but to a lesser extent than fluctuating glucose. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that exposure to fluctuating glucose concentrations enhanced activation of monocytes compared with stable elevation of glucose concentrations. The effects were partly attributable to the inherent osmotic changes.