TGF-ß signalling and its role in cancer progression and metastasis.

The transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) system signals via protein kinase receptors and SMAD mediators to regulate a large number of biological processes. Alterations of the TGF-ß signalling pathway are implicated in human cancer. Prior to tumour initiation and early during progression, TGF-ß acts as a tumour suppressor; however, at later stages, it is often a tumour promoter. Knowledge about the mechanisms involved in TGF-ß signal transduction has allowed a better understanding of cancer progression, invasion, metastasis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, several molecular targets with great potential in therapeutic interventions have been identified. This review discusses the TGF-ß signalling pathway, its involvement in cancer and current therapeutic approaches.