Calcium use in the management of osteoporosis: continuing questions and controversies.

ABSTRACT

Calcium is a vital element in the health and maintenance of growing and mature bone. The amount of calcium recommended for ingestion varies by age, and these requirements can be met by dietary sources or calcium supplementation. This article reviews the role of calcium in the body and the benefits and risks to calcium supplementation. The effects of calcium on fracture risk reduction, bone density, and bone turnover markers as well as the conflicting data on cardiovascular events and increased risk of nephrolithiasis associated with supplementation are discussed.