Advances in molecular markers of germ cell cancer in patients with disorders of sex development.

ABSTRACT

The risk of malignant transformation of germ cells, leading to germ cell cancer (GCC) in patients with disorders of sex development, is highly heterogeneous and dependent on a number of parameters, of which the presence of Y-chromosomal material is essential. This chapter describes the networks, both protein-coding and regulatory processes, related to normal gonadal development and GCC, with focus on recent advances of molecular markers for early diagnosis.