Peripheral markers of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in euthymia of bipolar disorder--Gender and obesity effects.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative and nitrosative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of uni- and bipolar disorder. Herein we primarily sought to characterize markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress during euthymia in adults with bipolar disorder (BD). Oxidative markers were further evaluated in this BD sample in synopsis with excess overweight or obesity and/or comorbid metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: Peripheral markers of oxidative stress [i.e. thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, (TBARS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonyl proteins] and antioxidant markers [e.g. total antioxidative capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST)] were obtained in a cohort of euthymic adults with BD (N=113) and compared to healthy controls (CG) (N=78). Additionally, anthropometric measures included the body mass index (BMI) [kg/m(2)], waist and hip circumference [cm], waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), waist to height ratio (WtHR) as well as the IDF-defined MetS. RESULTS: The major finding was a significantly decreased TAC in BD compared to the CG (p<0.01; BD M 1.18, SD 0.47; CG M 1.39, SD 0.49). MDA was significantly and TBARS by trend higher in the CG compared to the euthymic bipolar test persons (MDA p<0.01, BD M 0.70, SD 0.18; CG M 0.81, SD 0.25; TBARS p<0.1, BD M 0.78, SD 0.28; CG M 0.76, SD 0.30). The antioxidative enzyme GST was significantly elevated in both patients and controls (BD M 298.24, SD 133.02; CG M 307.27 SD 118.18). Subgroup analysis revealed that the CG with concurrent MetS and obesity had significantly elevated TAC when compared to CG without concurrent MetS (p<0.05, no MetS M 1.33, SD 0.50; MetS M 1.67, SD 0.32), as well as persons with BD with or without current MetS (no MetS M 1.18, SD 0.44; MetS M 1.15, SD 0.49). Significant correlations between GST and anthropometric variables were found in male study participants. Multivariate analysis indicated a significant gender effect concerning TBARS values in all patients and CG (p<0.01, females M 0.73, SD 0.29; males M 0.83, SD 0.28). CONCLUSION: Euthymic bipolar adults exhibit peripheral evidence of a disturbed biosignature of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense. Male test persons showed significantly higher peripheral markers of oxidative stress than women- female sex may exert protective effects. Furthermore, the biosignature of oxidative stress obtained herein was more pronounced in males with concurrent metabolic disorders. Our results further extend knowledge by introducing the moderating influence of gender and obesity on oxidative stress and BD.