Contribution of mutations in low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes to familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL): a reappraisal by using a resequencing approach.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Defective low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) alleles have been implicated in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). However, their contribution might have been influenced by diagnostic criteria. This study was aimed to reassess the frequency of rare and common variants in LDLR and LPL in FCHL individuals classified with stringent criteria. METHODS: LDLR and LPL were resequenced in 208 FHCL and 171 controls. Variants were classified as loss- (LOF) or gain-of-function (GOF) based upon in silico prediction, familial segregation and available functional data. RESULTS: Eight LOF variants were detected in LDLR, 6 of which were missense and 2 were predicted to disrupt normal splicing; all were present at heterozygous state. They were found in 10 FCHL but not in controls, thus indicating that 4.8% of FCHL individuals should be reclassified as FH. LDL-C (positive) and BMI (negative) were the strongest predictors of LDLR mutations with LDL-C 181 mg/dl being the best threshold for diagnosing the presence of dysfunctional LDLR alleles. The cumulative prevalence of definite LPL defective alleles (1 rare and 2 common heterozygous missense variants) was comparable between FCHL and controls (10.1% vs. 10.5%). Conversely, the LPL GOF variant p.Ser474* showed a lower frequency in FCHL than in controls (13.5% vs. 24.0%, p = 0.008). Overall, LOF LPL variants did not show a TG-modulating effect. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that, in well characterized FCHL individuals, variants in LDLR and LPL provide a small contribution to this dyslipidemia, thus limiting the need for such genetic testing.