Cytotoxic effects of kazinol A derived from Broussonetia papyrifera on human bladder cancer cells, T24 and T24R2.

BACKGROUND: Broussonetia papyrifera (B. papyrifera), also known as paper mulberry, has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including ophthalmic disorders and impotency. However, the biological activity of kazinol A (1) among flavonols isolated from B. papyrifera has not been identified. PURPOSE: We identified a candidate metabolite for anti-human bladder cancer treatment from B. papyrifera and investigated the possible molecular mechanisms underlying its cytotoxic effects in T24 and cisplatin-resistant T24R2 human bladder cancer cells. METHODS: T24 and T24R2 cells were treated with five flavonols from B. papyrifera and their cytotoxic effects were determined using MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and propidium iodide staining. Autophagy rate was calculated by counting LC3-GFP dots in the cells. All related protein expressions were analyzed by immunoblotting. RESULTS: Compound 1 showed relatively higher cytotoxicity in the human bladder cancer cells, T24 and T24R2, rather than other tissues-originated cancer cells. Compound 1 significantly attenuated cell growth through G0/1 arrest mediated by a decrease in cyclin D1 and an increase of p21. Apoptosis and autophagy induced by compound 1 treatment was accompanied by a modulation of the AKT-BAD pathway and AMPK-mTOR pathway, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that compound 1 induces cytotoxic effects in human bladder cancer cells, including the cisplatin-resistant T24R2. Compound 1 may be a candidate for the development of effective anti-cancer drug on human urinary bladder cancer.